Basic Tissues of the Body and Body Organisation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

  • Regulate airflow
  • Facilitate gas exchange (correct)
  • Filter dust particles from the air
  • Conduct oxygen-rich air

    • Which structure is responsible for producing voice within the respiratory system?

  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tree
  • Larynx (correct)
  • Pharynx

    • What type of gland releases its secretion directly into the bloodstream?

  • Endocrine gland (correct)
  • Exocrine gland
  • Thyroid gland (correct)
  • Salivary gland

    • Which type of muscle tissue is considered voluntary?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

    <p>Nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the cartilaginous rings in the trachea serve?

    <p>Provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of contraction does smooth muscle exhibit?

    <p>Continuous and involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are skeletal muscle cells characterized?

    <p>Long and multinucleated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of blood in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system acts as a passageway for both air and food?

    <p>Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do muscle proteins actin and myosin use to generate movement?

    <p>Sliding filament mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the mucociliary escalator in the bronchial tree?

    <p>Filter and transport mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>Irregularly branched with intercalated discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?

    <p>Exocrine glands have ducts; endocrine do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system contains turbinate bones?

    <p>Nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control does cardiac muscle function under?

    <p>Inherent contractility under involuntary modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a neuron in nervous tissue?

    <p>To facilitate rapid and precise communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of myofibroblasts?

    <p>They are specialized for tissue repair with contractile ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily involved in the intercellular communication within nervous tissue?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes tissues from organs?

    <p>Tissues are collections of specialized cells, while organs are made up of multiple tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these tissues is primarily characterized by contractility?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do pericytes serve in the human body?

    <p>They provide structural support around blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for facilitating the transport of information away from a neuron's cell body?

    <p>Axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues is NOT considered a type of muscle tissue?

    <p>Fibrous muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Regulating body temperature and blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the lymphatic system contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>By draining tissue fluid and fighting infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for producing erythropoietin?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system?

    <p>They closely interact to maintain bodily fluids and defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance do capillaries primarily facilitate in the circulatory system?

    <p>Exchange of oxygen and nutrients with tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands is known for producing glucocorticoids?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of hormones produced by the endocrine system?

    <p>Stimulating growth and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligaments in the joints?

    <p>To limit range of motion and provide stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a main organ of the nervous system?

    <p>Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the nervous system?

    <p>To analyse and integrate stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendons connect which of the following?

    <p>Muscle to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ligaments is true?

    <p>They can attach some serous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of the urinary system?

    <p>To regulate the chemical composition and volume of body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does erythropoietin play in the urinary system?

    <p>It stimulates the production of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily responsible for mechanical reduction in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the gastrointestinal system, what does the term 'excrete' refer to?

    <p>The removal of indigestible materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the musculoskeletal system acts as a mechanical basis for movement?

    <p>Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of digestion within the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>To break down food into smaller chemical units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

    <p>Secreting testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the gastrointestinal process?

    <p>Ingest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basic Tissues of the Body and Body Organisation

    • Learning Outcomes:

      • Name the four main tissue types and their function/structure.
      • Explain the difference between tissues, organs, and systems.
      • List the main body systems and associated organs.
      • State the functions of each body system and how they interrelate.

    • Four Basic Tissue Types:

      • Nervous Tissue: Conveys nerve impulses, coordinates responses.
      • Muscle Tissue: Provides movement.
      • Epithelial Tissue: Protects the body, can be secretory/absorbent.
      • Connective Tissue: Binds tissues together.

    Connective Tissue

    • Definition: Tissues that support and hold organs/tissues in place, providing structural scaffolding.
    • Examples:
      • Loose connective tissue between organs
      • Dense connective tissue in skin
      • Capsules around organs (e.g., liver, spleen)
      • Ligaments and tendons
      • Bones, cartilage
      • Blood
    • Functions:
      • Structural framework
      • Mechanical strength
      • Fat storage
      • Space filling
      • Physical and metabolic support (carrying nutrients/waste)

    Connective Tissue Composition

    • Cells: Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes
    • Fibers: Collagen (tensile strength), elastin (elasticity)
    • Ground Substance: Glycoproteins, complex carbohydrates
    • Extracellular Matrix: Combined components, determine physical properties/density

    Connective Tissue Types

    • Blood
    • Haematopoietic tissue
    • Loose connective tissue (areolar)
    • Adipose (fat) tissue
    • Dense connective tissue (fibrous)
    • Cartilage
    • Bone

    Connective Tissue Functions

    • Cells function to produce, maintain, and recycle extracellular matrix
    • Cells derived from mesenchyme

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Definition: Covers organs, cavities, and tubes within the body; diverse tissue types.

    • Examples:

      • Skin
      • Serous membranes (mesothelium)
      • Lining of upper respiratory tract
      • Lining of gastrointestinal tract
      • Lining of heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels (endothelium)

    • Functions:

      • Protection (barrier)
      • Regulation of molecule exchange (selective diffusion/absorption)
      • Synthesis/secretion of glandular products

    • Classification: Based on number of cell layers, shape of apical cells, special features (cilia, goblet cells, microvilli).

    • Characteristics: Composed of cells, a basement membrane and junctions between adjacent cells.

    Glandular Epithelium

    • Definition: Epithelium primarily involved in secretion, arranged into structures called glands.
    • Types:
      • Exocrine: Secretion through ducts (e.g., salivary gland)
      • Endocrine: Secretion directly into blood stream (e.g., thyroid gland)

    Muscle Tissue

    • Definition: Composed of specialized contractile cells (muscles); actin/myosin interact for movement.

    • Examples:

      • Skeletal muscle (thigh muscle)
      • Smooth muscle (small intestine)
      • Cardiac muscle (heart)

    • Functions/Characteristics:

      • Highly arranged, giving striated appearance in some
      • Voluntary or involuntary (conscious/unconscious control)
      • Contraction (sliding filament mechanism), shortening and broadening.

    • Additional Types of muscle tissue:

      • Myoepithelial cells (surround glands)
      • Pericytes (surround blood vessels)
      • Myofibroblasts (tissue repair)

    Nervous Tissue

    • Definition: Main cell is the neuron; rapid/precise communication between body parts.

    • Function: Receive and send electrical information (communication)

    • Structure: Dendrons (receive information), axons (carry information away), axon hillock, terminal boutons, nucleus, cytoplasm (perikaryon), Nodes of Ranvier, Schwann cells.

    • Neuron Shapes: Different types with varying shapes (e.g., multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar)

    Tissues, Organs, and Systems

    • Tissue: Collection of specialized cells (one cell type dominates)
    • Organ: Collection of tissues forming structure
    • System: Collection of organs and tissues related in function

    Cardiorespiratory System

    • Components: Cardiovascular system, respiratory system.
    • Functions: Oxygen transport to tissues, removal of carbon dioxide, fluid exchange.

    Respiratory System

    • Organs/Structures:
      • Pharynx
      • Larynx
      • Nasal cavity
      • Turbinate bones
      • Oral cavity
      • Trachea
      • Bronchial tree - Bronchioles
      • Alveoli
      • Lungs
    • Functions:
      • Conduct inspiration/expiration
      • Gaseous exchange (oxygen & carbon dioxide)
      • Olfaction (smell), sound production, temperature control

    Cardiovascular System

    • Organs/Structures: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
    • Functions:
      • Transport (oxygen, nutrients, immune cells)
      • Remove waste (carbon dioxide)
      • Regulate blood pressure/flow
      • Temperature control

    Lymphatic System

    • Organs/Components: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils), lymphocytes.
    • Functions: Drainage of tissue fluid, absorption/transport of fat, immune functions (defense).

    Endocrine System

    • Organs/Components: Pituitary gland, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, testes, pancreas, thyroid gland, etc.
    • Functions: Homeostasis, growth/maturation, reproduction, stress/infection adaption, behavior

    Reproductive System (Female)

    • Organs: Ovary, oviduct, uterine horn, cervix, vagina, uterine ligament, mammary glands.
    • Functions: Ovum/egg production, hormone (estrogen/progesterone) production, reproductive tract preparation.

    Reproductive System (Male)

    • Organs: Testes, epididymis, deferent duct, accessory sex glands (prostate), penis.
    • Functions: Sperm production (spermatogenesis), seminal fluid production, testosterone hormone secretion.

    Urinary System

    • Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
    • Functions: Regulate chemical composition/volume of body fluids, remove nitrogenous waste, act as an endocrine gland (erythropoietin)

    Gastrointestinal System

    • Organs/Structures (in a general sense): Mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
    • Functions: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, metabolism of food/nutrients, and excretion of waste.

    Musculoskeletal System

    • Organs: Bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles.
    • Functions: Protection, support, movement, growth, range of motion, transmit muscle contraction

    Nervous System

    • Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves (cranial/spinal nerves).
    • Functions: Receive stimuli, analyze/integrate stimuli, generate appropriate response, regulate internal environment.

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