Basic Tissues of the Body and Body Organisation

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

  • Regulate airflow
  • Facilitate gas exchange (correct)
  • Filter dust particles from the air
  • Conduct oxygen-rich air

Which structure is responsible for producing voice within the respiratory system?

  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tree
  • Larynx (correct)
  • Pharynx

What type of gland releases its secretion directly into the bloodstream?

  • Endocrine gland (correct)
  • Exocrine gland
  • Thyroid gland (correct)
  • Salivary gland

Which type of muscle tissue is considered voluntary?

<p>Skeletal muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

<p>Nutrient absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the cartilaginous rings in the trachea serve?

<p>Provide structural support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of contraction does smooth muscle exhibit?

<p>Continuous and involuntary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are skeletal muscle cells characterized?

<p>Long and multinucleated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of blood in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system acts as a passageway for both air and food?

<p>Pharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do muscle proteins actin and myosin use to generate movement?

<p>Sliding filament mechanism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mucociliary escalator in the bronchial tree?

<p>Filter and transport mucus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes cardiac muscle cells?

<p>Irregularly branched with intercalated discs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?

<p>Exocrine glands have ducts; endocrine do not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system contains turbinate bones?

<p>Nasal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of control does cardiac muscle function under?

<p>Inherent contractility under involuntary modulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a neuron in nervous tissue?

<p>To facilitate rapid and precise communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of myofibroblasts?

<p>They are specialized for tissue repair with contractile ability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily involved in the intercellular communication within nervous tissue?

<p>Neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tissues from organs?

<p>Tissues are collections of specialized cells, while organs are made up of multiple tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these tissues is primarily characterized by contractility?

<p>Muscle tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do pericytes serve in the human body?

<p>They provide structural support around blood vessels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for facilitating the transport of information away from a neuron's cell body?

<p>Axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues is NOT considered a type of muscle tissue?

<p>Fibrous muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Regulating body temperature and blood supply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?

<p>Adrenal glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lymphatic system contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?

<p>By draining tissue fluid and fighting infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for producing erythropoietin?

<p>Kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system?

<p>They closely interact to maintain bodily fluids and defense (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance do capillaries primarily facilitate in the circulatory system?

<p>Exchange of oxygen and nutrients with tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is known for producing glucocorticoids?

<p>Adrenal glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of hormones produced by the endocrine system?

<p>Stimulating growth and metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ligaments in the joints?

<p>To limit range of motion and provide stability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main organ of the nervous system?

<p>Muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of the nervous system?

<p>To analyse and integrate stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tendons connect which of the following?

<p>Muscle to bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ligaments is true?

<p>They can attach some serous membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of the urinary system?

<p>To regulate the chemical composition and volume of body fluids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does erythropoietin play in the urinary system?

<p>It stimulates the production of red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for mechanical reduction in the gastrointestinal system?

<p>Stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the gastrointestinal system, what does the term 'excrete' refer to?

<p>The removal of indigestible materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the musculoskeletal system acts as a mechanical basis for movement?

<p>Bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of digestion within the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>To break down food into smaller chemical units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

<p>Secreting testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the gastrointestinal process?

<p>Ingest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Exocrine Glands

Glands that secrete substances through ducts.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Muscle Tissue

Specialized contractile cells arranged into muscles.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue that moves the skeleton.

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Smooth Muscle

Muscle tissue found in internal organs, with involuntary control.

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Cardiac Muscle

Muscle tissue found only in the heart, for rhythmic contractions.

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Muscle Cell Shape - Skeletal

Long, elongated, and multinucleated.

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Muscle Cell Shape - Smooth

Spindle-shaped (cigar-shaped), with a single nucleus.

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Myoepithelial cells

Contractile cells surrounding gland acini that squeeze secretions.

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Pericytes

Single-cell contractile units surrounding blood vessels.

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Myofibroblasts

Specialized fibroblasts for tissue repair, with contractile ability and collagen production.

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Neuron

The main cell in nervous tissue, responsible for rapid communication.

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Nervous tissue function

Provides rapid and precise communication between body parts.

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Dendrons

Parts of a neuron that carry information towards the cell body.

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Axon

Part of a neuron that carries information away from the cell body.

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Tissue

A group of specialised cells and their products.

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Heart function

Pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to organs.

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Respiratory system function

Conducts air to the lungs for gas exchange, removes carbon dioxide from the body, and helps with smell and speech.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Trachea

The windpipe; a passageway for air.

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Larynx

The voice box; regulates air flow and produces sound.

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Bronchial tree

A branching network of tubes that carry air to the lungs.

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Blood

Connective tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

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Gas exchange

The process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

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Ligament

A strong, fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to each other, providing support, stability, and limiting joint movement.

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Nervous system functions

The nervous system receives stimuli, analyzes information, initiates responses, and regulates internal processes.

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Brain

The central control center of the nervous system, responsible for thought, perception, and coordinating bodily functions.

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Spinal cord

A long, cylindrical bundle of nerves that extends from the brain, responsible for relaying messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

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Male Reproductive System

The system responsible for producing sperm and hormones like testosterone.

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Testis Function

Produces sperm and testosterone.

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Epididymis Function

Stores, matures, and transports sperm.

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Penis Function

Delivers sperm, allows urinary excretion.

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Urinary System Function

Regulates body fluids, eliminates waste, and acts as an endocrine gland.

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Kidneys Function

Filter waste, regulate fluids, produce erythropoietin.

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Ureters Function

Transport urine from kidneys to bladder.

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Gastrointestinal System Function

Ingests food, breaks it down, absorbs nutrients, excretes waste.

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Cardiovascular system function

The cardiovascular system transports oxygen, nutrients, immune substances, hormones, and chemicals to tissues and organs, and carries away waste products and carbon dioxide. It also regulates blood pressure, body temperature, and blood supply to tissues.

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Systemic circulation

Part of the circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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Pulmonary circulation

Part of the circulatory system that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen, and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

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Lymphatic system function

The lymphatic system drains tissue fluid, absorbs and transports fat, and plays a role in the body's defense system.

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Lymph nodes

Small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the lymphatic system, filtering lymph and playing a role in immune responses.

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Adrenal glands function

The adrenal glands produce hormones like mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids.

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Pituitary gland function

The pituitary gland is connected to the brain and produces essential hormones for growth, reproduction, and other processes.

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Kidneys and Erythropoietin

Kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone essential for red blood cell production.

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Study Notes

Basic Tissues of the Body and Body Organisation

  • Learning Outcomes:

    • Name the four main tissue types and their function/structure.
    • Explain the difference between tissues, organs, and systems.
    • List the main body systems and associated organs.
    • State the functions of each body system and how they interrelate.

  • Four Basic Tissue Types:

    • Nervous Tissue: Conveys nerve impulses, coordinates responses.
    • Muscle Tissue: Provides movement.
    • Epithelial Tissue: Protects the body, can be secretory/absorbent.
    • Connective Tissue: Binds tissues together.

Connective Tissue

  • Definition: Tissues that support and hold organs/tissues in place, providing structural scaffolding.
  • Examples:
    • Loose connective tissue between organs
    • Dense connective tissue in skin
    • Capsules around organs (e.g., liver, spleen)
    • Ligaments and tendons
    • Bones, cartilage
    • Blood
  • Functions:
    • Structural framework
    • Mechanical strength
    • Fat storage
    • Space filling
    • Physical and metabolic support (carrying nutrients/waste)

Connective Tissue Composition

  • Cells: Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes
  • Fibers: Collagen (tensile strength), elastin (elasticity)
  • Ground Substance: Glycoproteins, complex carbohydrates
  • Extracellular Matrix: Combined components, determine physical properties/density

Connective Tissue Types

  • Blood
  • Haematopoietic tissue
  • Loose connective tissue (areolar)
  • Adipose (fat) tissue
  • Dense connective tissue (fibrous)
  • Cartilage
  • Bone

Connective Tissue Functions

  • Cells function to produce, maintain, and recycle extracellular matrix
  • Cells derived from mesenchyme

Epithelial Tissue

  • Definition: Covers organs, cavities, and tubes within the body; diverse tissue types.

  • Examples:

    • Skin
    • Serous membranes (mesothelium)
    • Lining of upper respiratory tract
    • Lining of gastrointestinal tract
    • Lining of heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels (endothelium)

  • Functions:

    • Protection (barrier)
    • Regulation of molecule exchange (selective diffusion/absorption)
    • Synthesis/secretion of glandular products

  • Classification: Based on number of cell layers, shape of apical cells, special features (cilia, goblet cells, microvilli).

  • Characteristics: Composed of cells, a basement membrane and junctions between adjacent cells.

Glandular Epithelium

  • Definition: Epithelium primarily involved in secretion, arranged into structures called glands.
  • Types:
    • Exocrine: Secretion through ducts (e.g., salivary gland)
    • Endocrine: Secretion directly into blood stream (e.g., thyroid gland)

Muscle Tissue

  • Definition: Composed of specialized contractile cells (muscles); actin/myosin interact for movement.

  • Examples:

    • Skeletal muscle (thigh muscle)
    • Smooth muscle (small intestine)
    • Cardiac muscle (heart)

  • Functions/Characteristics:

    • Highly arranged, giving striated appearance in some
    • Voluntary or involuntary (conscious/unconscious control)
    • Contraction (sliding filament mechanism), shortening and broadening.

  • Additional Types of muscle tissue:

    • Myoepithelial cells (surround glands)
    • Pericytes (surround blood vessels)
    • Myofibroblasts (tissue repair)

Nervous Tissue

  • Definition: Main cell is the neuron; rapid/precise communication between body parts.

  • Function: Receive and send electrical information (communication)

  • Structure: Dendrons (receive information), axons (carry information away), axon hillock, terminal boutons, nucleus, cytoplasm (perikaryon), Nodes of Ranvier, Schwann cells.

  • Neuron Shapes: Different types with varying shapes (e.g., multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar)

Tissues, Organs, and Systems

  • Tissue: Collection of specialized cells (one cell type dominates)
  • Organ: Collection of tissues forming structure
  • System: Collection of organs and tissues related in function

Cardiorespiratory System

  • Components: Cardiovascular system, respiratory system.
  • Functions: Oxygen transport to tissues, removal of carbon dioxide, fluid exchange.

Respiratory System

  • Organs/Structures:
    • Pharynx
    • Larynx
    • Nasal cavity
    • Turbinate bones
    • Oral cavity
    • Trachea
    • Bronchial tree - Bronchioles
    • Alveoli
    • Lungs
  • Functions:
    • Conduct inspiration/expiration
    • Gaseous exchange (oxygen & carbon dioxide)
    • Olfaction (smell), sound production, temperature control

Cardiovascular System

  • Organs/Structures: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
  • Functions:
    • Transport (oxygen, nutrients, immune cells)
    • Remove waste (carbon dioxide)
    • Regulate blood pressure/flow
    • Temperature control

Lymphatic System

  • Organs/Components: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils), lymphocytes.
  • Functions: Drainage of tissue fluid, absorption/transport of fat, immune functions (defense).

Endocrine System

  • Organs/Components: Pituitary gland, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, testes, pancreas, thyroid gland, etc.
  • Functions: Homeostasis, growth/maturation, reproduction, stress/infection adaption, behavior

Reproductive System (Female)

  • Organs: Ovary, oviduct, uterine horn, cervix, vagina, uterine ligament, mammary glands.
  • Functions: Ovum/egg production, hormone (estrogen/progesterone) production, reproductive tract preparation.

Reproductive System (Male)

  • Organs: Testes, epididymis, deferent duct, accessory sex glands (prostate), penis.
  • Functions: Sperm production (spermatogenesis), seminal fluid production, testosterone hormone secretion.

Urinary System

  • Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
  • Functions: Regulate chemical composition/volume of body fluids, remove nitrogenous waste, act as an endocrine gland (erythropoietin)

Gastrointestinal System

  • Organs/Structures (in a general sense): Mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
  • Functions: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, metabolism of food/nutrients, and excretion of waste.

Musculoskeletal System

  • Organs: Bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles.
  • Functions: Protection, support, movement, growth, range of motion, transmit muscle contraction

Nervous System

  • Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves (cranial/spinal nerves).
  • Functions: Receive stimuli, analyze/integrate stimuli, generate appropriate response, regulate internal environment.

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