Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 04 PDF

BSNR TERM ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 118 01 CHAPTER 04: TISSUES...

BSNR TERM ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 118 01 CHAPTER 04: TISSUES AUTOPSY TISSUES AND HISTOLOGY ▪ EXAMINATION OF THE ORGANS OF AN DECEASED BODY TO TISSUES DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF DEATH OR TO STUDY CHANGES ▪ COLLECTION OF SPECIALIZED CELLS AND THE EXTRACELLULAR CAUSED BY THE DISEASE SUBSTANCES SURROUNDING THEM. ▪ MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF TISSUES IS OFTEN PART OF AN ▪ CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR TYPES ACCORDING TO THEIR CELL AUTOPSY STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, AND CELL FUNCTION EMBRYONIC TISSUE o EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX: NONCELLULAR SUBSTANCE THAT SURROUNDS THE CELL ▪ 13 TO 14 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION, EMBRYONIC STEM FORM A ▪ EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE SLIGHTLY ELONGATED DISK CONSISTING OF TWO LAYERS: THE o MOST DIVERSE IN FORM EPIBLAST AND HYPOBLAST o CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE; INCLUDING THE CELL SHAPE, RELATIONSHIP OF CELLS TO ONE ANOTHER, AND EMBRYONIC GERM LAYERS COMPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX THE BEGINNING OF ALL ADULT STRUCTURES CAN BE TRACED BACK TO ▪ MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TISSUE ONE OF THEM. THE GERM LAYERS GIVE RISE TO ALL THE TISSUES OF THE o ALSO CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE AS WELL AS BY FUNCTIONAL BODY CHARACTERISTICS AND LOCATION ▪ FUNCTION OF BODY STRUCTURE IS OFTEN DETERMINED BY ITS ▪ ENDODERM THE INNER LAYER, FORMS THE LINING OF THE SPECIFIC TYPE OF TISSUE. DIGESTIVE TRACT AND ITS DERIVATIVES o THIN LAYERS OF SPECIALIZED EPITHELIAL TISSUE IN THE ▪ MESODERM THE MIDDLE LAYER, FORMS TISSUES SUCH AS LUNGS ALLOWS THE EXCHANGE OF GASES IN BETWEEN AIR MUSCLE, BONE, AND BLOOD VESSELS AND BLOOD ▪ ECTODERM THE OUTER LAYER, FORMS THE SKIN o THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE THAT COMPOSED o NEUROECTODERM A PORTION OF THE ECTODERM THAT THE SKIN PROVIDES PROTECTION TO THE TISSUES BENEATH BECOMES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THEM ▪ NEURAL CREST CELLS GROUPS OF CELLS THAT BREAK AWAY FROM ▪ TISSUES ARE INTERDEPENDENT THE NEUROECTODERM DURING DEVELOPMENT THAT GIVES RISE o LOSS OF ONE VITAL TISSUE THROUGH DISEASE OR INJURY TO PARTS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVES, SKIN PIGMENT, THE COULD LEAD TO ORGAN FAILURE AND DEATH MEDULLA OF THE ADRENAL GLAND, AND MANY TISSUES OF THE o MUSCLE WON’T BE ABLE TO PRODUCE MOVEMENT WITHOUT FACE. OXYGEN CARRIED BY RBCs o BONE TISSUE WON’T BE ABLE TO FORM IF THE EPITHELIAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE TISSUES DOESN’T ABSORBS CALCIUM AND OTHER NUTRIENTS FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACK COVERS AND PROTECTS SURFACES, BOTH OUTSIDE AND INSIDE THE BODY HISTOLOGY COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE ▪ MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF TISSUES ▪ BY EXAMINING TISSUES, MORE INFORMATION REGARDING A MOSTLY COMPOSED OF CELLS PERSON’S HEALTH CAN BE GAINED ▪ CONSISTS ENTIRELY OF CELLS WITH VERY LITTLE MATRIX IN BIOPSY BETWEEN ▪ PROCESS OF REMOVING TISSUE SAMPLES FROM PATIENT COVERS BODY SURFACES SURGICALLY OR WITH A NEEDLE FOR DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES ▪ COVERS THE BODY SURFACE & FORMS GLANDS ▪ THROUGH TISSUE EXAMINATIONS, VARIOUS DISORDER CAN BE ▪ INCLUDES EXTERIOR SURFACE, LINING OF THE DIGESTIVE AND DETECTED SUCH AS: SICKLE-CELL DISEASE WHICH IS RESPPIRATORY TRACK, HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS, AND THE CHARACTERIZED BY ABNORMAL SHAPE OF RBC, WHILE RBC ARE LINING OF MANY BODY CAVITIES RELATIVELY SMALLER IN PATIENTS WITH IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA. DISTINCT CELL SURFACES ▪ CANCER IS ALSO IDENTIFIED BASED ON CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES IN TISSUE: ▪ APICAL/FREE: SURFACE WHERE CELLS ARE EXPOSED AND NOT o CHANGES IN EPITHELIAL TISSUE: CANCER OF UTERINCE ATTACHED TO OTHER CELLS OFTEN LINES THE LUMEN OF DUCTS, CERVIX VESSELS, AND CAVITIES o CHANGES IN WBC: LEUKEMIA ▪ LATERAL: SURFACE WHERE CELLS ARE ATTACHED TO OTHER o INCREASE IN WBC: INFECTION EPITHELIAL CELLS o ABNORMAL EPITHELIAL CELLS: BRONCHITIS/LUNG CANCER ▪ BASAL: SURFACE ATTACHED TO A BASEMENT MEMBRANE ▪ TISSUE SAMPLE CAN BE SENT TO A LABORATORY FOR ▪ BASEMENT MEMBRANE: SPECIALIZED TYPE OF EXTRACELLULAR EXAMINATION OR IT COULD BE REMOVED SURGICALLY AND MATERIAL SECRETED BY EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE EXAMINED WHILE THE PATIENT IS STIL ANETHETIZED, THIS GIVES CELLS TIME TO THE PHYSICIAN TO PLAN APPROPRIATE MEDICAL o HELPS ATTACH THE EPITHELIAL CELLS TO THE UNDERLYING APPROACH OR THERAPY TISSUE o IMPORTANT IN SUPPORTING & GUIDING CELL MIGRATION o TYPICALLY POROUS, ALLOWS MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES IN AND OUT OF THE EPITHELIAL TISSUE ABOVE ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118  BSNR 118 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | TERM 01 CELL AND MATRIX CONNECTIONS TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM ▪ Cells connect to surrounding cells and extracellular matrix ▪ SPECIAL TYPE OF STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM WHERE THE CELL SHAPE CHANGES FROM CUBOIDAL/COLUMNAR TO SQUAMOUS-LIKE NONVASCULAR WHEN STRETCHED ▪ LACKS BLOOD VESSELS BASED ON SHAPE ▪ AVASCULAR: MATERIALS MUST MOVE BY DIFFUSION FROM UNDERLYING CONNECTIVE TISSUE SQUAMOUS CAPABLE OF REGENERATION ▪ CELLS ARE FLAT OR SCALELIKE ▪ ABILITY TO REPLACE DAMAGED CELLS; STEM CELLS CUBOIDAL CONTINUOUSLY DIVIDE AND PRODUCE NEW CELLS ▪ CELLS ARE CUBE-SHAPED—ABOUT AS WIDE AS THEY ARE TALL FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES COLUMNAR PROTECTING UNDERLYING STRUCTURES ▪ (TALL AND THIN, SIMILAR TO A COLUMN) CELLS TEND TO BE ▪ EX. SKIN & EPITHELIUM OF ORAL CAVITY TALLER THAN THEY ARE WIDE ACTING AS A BARRIER TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES ▪ EX. SKIN ACTS AS BARRIER AND PREVENTS WATER FROM COMING SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM IN AND OUT AS WELL AS PREVENTING TOXINS AND MICROORGANISM FROM ENTERING THE BODY PERMITTING THE PASSAGE OF SUBSTANCES ▪ EX. ALLOWS THE EXCHANGE OF GASSES BETWEEN AIR AND BLOOD IN THE LUNGS’ EPITHELIUM THROUGH DIFFUSION ▪ EX. ALLOWING THE PASSAGE OF OTHER SUBSTANCE FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE URINE BUT NOT BLOOD CELLS AND PROTEINS THROUGH THE KIDNEY FILTRATION SECRETING SUBSTANCES ▪ EX. MUCOUS GLANDS, SWEAT GLANDS, AND THE ENZYME- SECRETING PORTION OF THE PANCREAS STRUCTURE: ▪ THESE ARE COMPOSED OF EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT SECRETE THEIR PRODUCTS ONTO SURFACES ▪ SINGLE LAYER OF FLAT, OFTEN HEXAGONAL CELLS; THE NUCLEI APPEAR AS BUMPS WHEN VIEWED IN CROSS SECTION BECAUSE ABSORBING SUBSTANCES THE CELLS ARE SO FLAT ▪ EX. PLASMA MEMBRANES OF CERTAIN EPITHELIAL TISSUES FUNCTION: CONTAIN CARRIER PROTEINS WHICH REGULATE THE ABSORPTION OF MATERIALS. ▪ DIFFUSION, FILTRATION, SOME SECRETION, AND SOME PROTECTION AGAINST FRICTION CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES LOCATION: ▪ CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO: NUMBER OF CELL LAYER & SHAPE OF SUPERFICIAL CELLS ▪ LINING OF BLOOD VESSELS AND THE HEART, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, ALVEOLI OF THE LUNGS, PORTIONS OF THE KIDNEY TUBULES, BASED ON NUMBER OF CELL LAYER LINING OF SEROUS MEMBRANES OF BODY CAVITIES (PLEURAL, PERICARDIAL, PERITONEAL) SIMPLE EPITHELIUM SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM ▪ SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS; CELLS ARE EXTENDING FROM THE BASE MEMBRANE TO THE FREE SURFACE STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM ▪ MORE THAN ONE LAYER; ONLY THE BASAL LAYER ATTACHES TO THE DEEPEST LAYER TO THE PLAMSMA MEMBRANE PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM ▪ SPECIAL TYPE OF SIMPLE EPITHELIUM ▪ PSEUDO MEANS FALSE; APPEARS TO BE STRATIFIED BUT ITS NOT ▪ IT ONLY APPEARS TO BE TWO OR MORE LAYERS BECAUSE SOME TALL CELLS EXTEND TO THE FREE SURFACE AND SMALL CELL DONT ▪ CONSIST OF ONE LAYER WHICH ARE ATTACHED TO THE STRUCTURE: BASEMENT MEMBRANE ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118 pg. 2  BSNR 118 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | TERM 01 ▪ SINGLE LAYER OF CUBE-SHAPED CELLS; SOME CELLS HAVE FUNCTION: MICROVILLI (KIDNEY TUBULES) OR CILIA (TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES OF THE LUNGS) ▪ SYNTHESIZE AND SECRETE MUCUS ONTO THE FREE SURFACE AND MOVE MUCUS (OR FLUID) THAT CONTAINS FOREIGN PARTICLES FUNCTION: OVER THE SURFACE OF THE FREE SURFACE AND FROM PASSAGES ▪ SECRETION AND ABSORPTION BY CELLS OF THE KIDNEY TUBULES; LOCATION: SECRETION BY CELLS OF GLANDS AND CHOROID PLEXUSES; MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES EMBEDDED IN MUCUS OUT OF THE ▪ LINING OF NASAL CAVITY, NASAL SINUSES, AUDITORY TUBES, TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES BY CILIATED CELLS PHARYNX, TRACHEA, AND BRONCHI OF LUNGS LOCATION: STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM ▪ KIDNEY TUBULES, GLANDS AND THEIR DUCTS, CHOROID PLEXUSES OF THE BRAIN, LINING OF TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES OF THE LUNGS, AND SURFACES OF THE OVARIES SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM STRUCTURE: ▪ SEVERAL LAYERS OF CELLS THAT ARE CUBOIDAL IN THE BASAL LAYER AND PROGRESSIVELY FLATTENED TOWARD THE SURFACE; THE EPITHELIUM CAN BE NONKERATINIZED (MOIST) OR KERATINIZED; IN NONKERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS STRUCTURE: EPITHELIUM, THE SURFACE CELLS RETAIN A NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM; IN KERATINIZED STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM, THE ▪ SINGLE LAYER OF TALL, NARROW CELLS; SOME CELLS HAVE CILIA CYTOPLASM OF CELLS AT THE SURFACE IS REPLACED BY A PROTEIN (BRONCHIOLES OF LUNGS, AUDITORY TUBES, UTERINE TUBES, CALLED KERATIN, AND THE CELLS ARE DEAD AND UTERUS) OR MICROVILLI (INTESTINES) FUNCTION: FUNCTION: ▪ PROTECTS AGAINST ABRASION, FORMS A BARRIER AGAINST ▪ MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES OUT OF THE BRONCHIOLES OF THE INFECTION, AND REDUCES LOSS OF WATER FROM THE BODY LUNGS BY CILIATED CELLS; PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF OOCYTES THROUGH THE UTERINE TUBES BY LOCATION: CILIATED CELLS; SECRETION BY CELLS OF THE GLANDS, THE STOMACH, AND THE INTESTINES; ABSORPTION BY CELLS OF THE ▪ KERATINIZED—OUTER LAYER OF THE SKIN; NONKERATINIZED— INTESTINES MOUTH, THROAT, LARYNX, ESOPHAGUS, ANUS, VAGINA, INFERIOR URETHRA, AND CORNEAS LOCATION: STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM ▪ GLANDS AND SOME DUCTS, BRONCHIOLES OF LUNGS, AUDITORY TUBES, UTERUS, UTERINE TUBES, STOMACH, INTESTINES, GALLBLADDER, BILE DUCTS, AND VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM STRUCTURE: STRUCTURE: ▪ MULTIPLE LAYERS OF SOMEWHAT CUBE-SHAPED CELLS ▪ SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS; SOME CELLS ARE TALL AND THIN AND FUNCTION: REACH THE FREE SURFACE, AND OTHERS DO NOT; THE NUCLEI OF ▪ SECRETION, ABSORPTION, PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION THESE CELLS ARE AT DIFFERENT LEVELS AND APPEAR STRATIFIED; THE CELLS ARE ALMOST ALWAYS CILIATED AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GOBLET CELLS THAT SECRETE MUCUS ONTO THE FREE SURFACE ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118 pg. 3  BSNR 118 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | TERM 01 LOCATION: FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ▪ SWEAT GLAND DUCTS, OVARIAN FOLLICULAR CELLS, SALIVARY CELL LAYERS AND CELL SHAPE GLAND DUCTS ▪ THE NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS AND THE CELL SHAPE IN A SPECIFIC STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM TYPE OF EPITHELIUM REFLECT THE FUNCTION OF THE EPITHELIUM PERFORMS ▪ CONTROLLING THE PASSAGE OF MATERIALS THROUGH THE EPITHELIUM ▪ PROTECTING THE UNDERLYING TISSUES FREE CELL SURFACES ▪ CAN BE SMOOTH OR FOLDED ▪ SMOOTH SURFACES REDUCE FRICTION MICROVILLI: ▪ INCREASE CELL’S SURFACE AREA ▪ EX. SMALL INTESTINE CILIA: STRUCTURE: ▪ MOVE MATERIALS ACROSS CELL’S SURFACE ▪ EX. TRACHEA MULTIPLE LAYERS OF CELLS WITH TALL, THIN CELLS RESTING ON LAYERS OF MORE CUBE-SHAPED CELLS; THE CELLS ARE CILLATED IN THE LARYNX GOBLET CELLS: FUNCTION: ▪ PRODUCE MUCUS ▪ EX. STOMACH PROTECTION, SECRETION CELL CONNECTIONS LOCATION: DESMOSOME MAMMARY GLAND DUCTS, LARYNX, A PORTION OF THE MALE URETHRA ▪ DISK-SHAPED REGIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE; OFTEN FOUND IN AREAS THAT ARE SUBJECTED TO STRESS. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM ▪ CONSISTS OF AN ESPECIALLY ADHESIVE MATERIAL BETWEEN THE CELLS AND INTERMEDIATE PROTEIN FILAMENTS THAT EXTEND INTO CYTOPLASM OF CELLS. ▪ STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM OF THE SKIN. HEMIDESMOSOMES ▪ HALF OF A DESMOSOME; ATTACH EPITHELIAL CELLS TO BASEMENT MEMBRANE PREVENTING MOVEMENT OF THE TISSUE. TIGHT JUNCTION ▪ OLD CELLS TOGETHER, FORM PERMEABILITY BARRIER. STRUCTURE: ADHESION BELTS ▪ STRATIFIED CELLS THAT APPEAR CUBOIDAL WHEN THE ORGAN OR ▪ FOUND JUST BELOW TIGHT JUNCTIONS THAT HELP ANCHOR TUBE IS NOT STRETCHED AND SQUAMOUS WHEN THE ORGAN OR EPITHELIAL CELLS TO EACH OTHER TO PREVENT PASSAGE OF TUBE IS STRETCHED BY FLUID MATERIALS BETWEEN CELLS; PROVIDES ADDITIONAL STRENGTH FUNCTION: TO THE TIGHT JUNCTIONS. ▪ ACCOMMODATES FLUCTUATIONS IN THE VOLUME OF FLUID IN GAP JUNCTIONS AN ORGAN OR A TUBE; PROTECTS AGAINST THE CAUSTIC EFFECTS ▪ PROTEIN CHANNELS AID INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION. OF URINE ▪ ALLOWS IONS AND SMALL MOLECULES TO PASS THROUGH. LOCATION: ▪ FUNCTION IN EPITHELIUM IS UNCLEAR. ▪ COORDINATE FUNCTION OF CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLE BY ▪ LINING OF URINARY BLADDER, URETERS, AND SUPERIOR ALLOWING ELECTRICAL SIGNALS TO PASS FROM CELL TO CELL; URETHRA INTERCALATED DISKS, FOUND BETWEEN CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS ARE COMPOSED OF GAP JUNCTIONS AND DESMOSOMES. ▪ MAY HELP COORDINATE MOVEMENT OF CILIA IN CILIATED TYPES OF EPITHELIA. ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118 pg. 4  BSNR 118 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | TERM 01 GLANDS MEROCRINE ▪ SECRETORY ORGANS ▪ most common type of secretion ▪ COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF EPITHELIUM, WITH A SUPPORTING ▪ used by water-producing sweat glands and the exocrine portion of NETWORK OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE the pancreas. ▪ DEVELOP FROM AN INFOLDING OR OUTFOLDING OF EPITHELIUM APOCRINE IN THE EMBRYO ▪ IF THE GLAND MAINTAINS AN OPEN CONTACT WITH THE ▪ INVOLVES THE RELEASE OF SECRETORY PRODUCTS AS PINCHED- EPITHELIUM FROM WHICH IT DEVELOPED, A DUCT IS PRESENT OFF FRAGMENTS OF THE GLAND CELLS ▪ BOTH THE GLANDS AND THEIR DUCTS ARE LINED WITH EPITHELIUM HOLOCRINE EXOCRINE ▪ INVOLVES THE SHEDDING OF ENTIRE CELLS ▪ USED BY THE SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS OF THE SKIN ▪ GLANDS WITH DUCTS ▪ UNICELLULAR GLAND o GOBLET CEELLS THAT SECRETE MUCUS ▪ MULTICELLULAR GLAND CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE STRUCTURE DUCTS AND SECRETORY REGIONS o SIMPLE GLAND HAVE A SINGLE, NONBRANCHED DUCT CONNECTIVE TISSUES ▪ ABUNDANT; FOUND IN EVERY ORGAN. ▪ CONSISTS OF CELLS SEPARATED BY EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. ▪ MANY DIVERSE TYPES AND FUNCTIONS. FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES ENCLOSING AND SEPARATING OTHER TISSUES o COMPOUND GLAND ▪ SHEETS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE FORM CAPSULES AROUND HAVE MULTIPLE, BRANCHED DUCTS ORGANS ▪ CONNECTIVE TISSUE ALSO FORMS LAYERS THAT SEPARATE TISSUES AND ORGANS CONNECTING TISSUES TO ONE ANOTHER ▪ TENDONS: STRONG CABLES, OR BANDS, OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT ATTACH MUSCLES TO BONE ▪ LIGAMENTS: CONNECTIVE TISSUE BANDS THAT HOLD BONES TOGETHER SUPPORTING AND MOVING PARTS OF THE BODY ENDOCRINE ▪ BONE: PROVIDE RIGID SUPPORT ▪ SEMI-RIGID CARTILAGE: SUPPORTS STRUCTURES SUCH AS THE ▪ GLANDS WITH NO DUCTS NOSE, EARS, AND JOINT SURFACES ▪ HAVE EXTENSIVE BLOOD VESSELS ▪ JOINTS: ALLOW ONE PART OF THE BODY TO MOVE RELATIVE TO ▪ PRODUCES HORMONES OTHER PARTS GLAND SHAPE STORING COMPOUNDS TUBULAR: SHAPED AS TUBULES (SMALL TUBES); CAN BE STRAIGHT OR ▪ ADIPOSE TISSUE STORES HIGH-ENERGY MOLECULES; BONES COILED STORES MINERALS ACINAR/ALVEOLAR: SHAPED IN SACLIKE STRUCTURES CUSHIONING AND INSULATING TUBOACINAR/TUBOALVEOLAR: A COMBINATION OF THE TWO ▪ ADIPOSE TISSUE PROVIDES CUSHION FOR THE TISSUE IT SURROUNDS, WHILE PROVIDING INSULATION BENEATH THE SKIN CLASSIFICATION OF EXOCRINE GLAND TO CONSERVE HEAT CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO HOW PRODUCTS LEAVE THE CELL ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118 pg. 5  BSNR 118 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | TERM 01 TRANSPORTING RETICULAR FIBERS ▪ BLOOD ACTS AS TRANPORT MATERIAL PROTECTING ▪ CELLS FROM THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE BLOOD PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST TOXINS, TISSUE INJURY, AND MICROORGANISMS; BONES PROTECT UNDERLYING TISSUES CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES ▪ BLASTS: FORMS THE MATRIX ▪ CYTES: MAINTAINS ▪ VERY FINE COLLAGEN FIBERS ▪ CLASTS: BREAKS DOWN ▪ NOT AS STRONG AS MOST COLLAGEN FIBERS ▪ OSTEOBLASTS: FORMS THE BONE ▪ SHORT, THIN FIBERS THAT BRANCH ANS FORMS A NETWORK ▪ OSTEOCYTES: MAINTAINS THE BONE ▪ OSTEOCLASTS: BREAKDOWNS THE BONE ▪ FIBROBLASTS: FORM FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUES ELASTIC FIBERS ▪ FIBROCYTES: MAINTAINS THE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE ▪ CHONDROBLASTS: FORMS THE CARTILAGE ▪ CHONDROCYTES: MAINTAINS THE CARTILAGE ▪ ADIPOCYTES/ADIPOSE: CONTAINS LARGE AMOUNT OF LIPIDS ▪ MAST CELLS: VITAL IN INFLAMMATION RESPONSE ▪ WHITE BLOOD CELLS: ▪ MACROPHAGES: EITHER FIXED OR MOVING, INGEST FOREIGN SUBSTANCES ▪ CONSISTS OF THE PROTEIN ELASTIN ▪ PLATELETS: SPECIAL PROTEIN; KEY FOR BLOOD CLOTTING ▪ ELASTIC: ABILITY TO RETURN TO ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE ▪ MESENCHYMAL CELLS: ADULT STEM CELLS; HAVE THE POTENTIAL ▪ STRETCHES LIKE A RUBBER BAND; RECOILD WHEN RELAXED TO FORM ADULT CELL TYPES ▪ PROVIDE ELASTICITY OF THE SKIN, LUNGS, AND ARTERIES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX GROUND SUBSTANCE PROTEIN FIBERS ▪ CONSISTS OF NONFIBROUS MOLECULES ▪ SHAPELESS BACKGROUND WHERE CELLS AND COLLAGEN CAN BE COLLAGEN FIBERS SEEN ▪ FORMS THE PROTEIN OF COLLAGEN HYALURONIC ACID ▪ MOST COMMON PROTEIN IN THE BODY ▪ LONG, UNBRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDE CHAIN COMPOSED OF ▪ SYNTHESIZED WITHIN THE FIBROBLASTS & SECRETED INTO THE REPEATING DISACCHARIDE UNITS EXTRACELLULAR SPACE ▪ GOOD LUBRICANTS FOR JOINT ACTIVITIES SINCE IT PROVIDES ▪ MICROSCOPIC ROPES; VERY STRONG AND FLEXIBLE BUT RESIST SLIPPERY QUALITY STRETCHING PROTEOGYLCAN ▪ PROTEIN AND LONG POLYSACCHARIDES CALLED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS. PROTEIN PART ATTACHES TO HYALURONIC ACID. TRAP LARGE AMOUNTS OF WATER ADHESIVE MOLECULE ▪ TYPE I COLLAGEN ▪ HOLD PROTEOGLYCAN AGGREGATES TOGETHER. o MOST ABUNDANT o CHONDRONECTIN IN CARTILAGE o SUITED FOR TENDON, LIGAMENTS, SKIN, AND BONE DUE TO o OSTEONECTIN IN BONE ITS FLEXIBLE AND ROPE-LIKE STRENGTH o FIBRONECTIN IN FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE ▪ TYPE II COLLAGEN o RESIST BEING PULLED BUT SOMEHOW FLEXIBLE FLUID o FOUND IN CARTILAGE ▪ TYPE III COLLAGEN o FOUND IN RETICULAR FIBERS ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118 pg. 6  BSNR 118 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | TERM 01 CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES FUNCTION: EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE ▪ LOOSE PACKING, SUPPORT, AND NOURISHMENT FOR THE STRUCTURES WITH WHICH IT IS ASSOCIATED MESENCHYME LOCATION: ▪ WIDELY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY; SUBSTANCE ON WHICH EPITHELIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANES REST; PACKING BETWEEN GLANDS, MUSCLES, AND NERVES; ATTACHES THE SKIN TO UNDERLYING TISSUES ADIPOSE STRUCTURE: ▪ THE MESENCHYMAL CELLS ARE IRREGULARLY SHAPED; THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IS ABUNDANT AND CONTAINS SCATTERED RETICULAR FIBERS LOCATION: STRUCTURE: ▪ MESENCHYME IS THE EMBRYONIC TISSUE FROM WHICH CONNECTIVE TISSUES, AS WELL AS OTHER TISSUES, ARISE ▪ LITTLE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX SURROUNDING CELLS; THE ADIPOCYTES, OR FAT CELLS, ARE SO FULL OF LIPID THAT THE MUCOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE CYTOPLASM IS PUSHED TO THE PERIPHERY OF THE CELL FUNCTION: ▪ PACKING MATERIAL, THERMAL INSULATOR, ENERGY STORAGE, AND PROTECTION OF ORGANS AGAINST INJURY FROM BEING BUMPED OR JARRED LOCATION: ▪ PREDOMINANTLY IN SUBCUTANEOUS AREAS, MESENTERIES, RENAL PELVES, AROUND KIDNEYS, ATTACHED TO THE SURFACE OF THE COLON, MAMMARY GLANDS, AND IN LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT PENETRATES INTO SPACES AND CREVICES STRUCTURE: RETICULAR ▪ MUCOUS TISSUE IS MESENCHYMAL TISSUE THAT REMAINS UNSPECIALIZED; THE CELLS ARE IRREGULARLY SHAPED; THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IS ABUNDANT AND CONTAINS SCATTERED RETICULAR FIBERS LOCATION: ▪ UMBILICAL CORD OF NEWBORN ADULT CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE AREOLAR STRUCTURE: ▪ FINE NETWORK OF RETICULAR FIBERS IRREGULARLY ARRANGED FUNCTION: ▪ PROVIDES A SUPERSTRUCTURE FOR LYMPHATIC AND HEMOPOIETIC TISSUES LOCATION: ▪ WITHIN THE LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN, BONE MARROW STRUCTURE: ▪ A FINE NETWORK OF FIBERS (MOSTLY COLLAGEN FIBERS WITH A FEW ELASTIC FIBERS) WITH SPACES BETWEEN THE FIBERS; FIBROBLASTS, MACROPHAGES, AND LYMPHOCYTES ARE LOCATED IN THE SPACES ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118 pg. 7  BSNR 118 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | TERM 01 DENSE CONNECTIVE STRUCTURE: ELASTIC ▪ MATRIX COMPOSED OF COLLAGEN FIBERS RUNNING IN SOMEWHAT THE SAME DIRECTION IN TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS; COLLAGEN FIBERS RUN IN SEVERAL DIRECTIONS IN THE DERMIS OF THE SKIN AND IN ORGAN CAPSULES FUNCTION: ▪ WITHSTAND GREAT PULLING FORCES EXERTED IN THE DIRECTION OF FIBER ORIENTATION DUE TO GREAT TENSILE STRENGTH AND STRETCH RESISTANCE LOCATION: DENSE REGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE ▪ TENDONS (ATTACH MUSCLE TO BONE) AND LIGAMENTS (ATTACH STRUCTURE: BONES TO EACH OTHER); ALSO FOUND IN THE DERMIS OF THE SKIN, ORGAN CAPSULES, AND THE OUTER LAYER OF MANY BLOOD ▪ MATRIX COMPOSED OF COLLAGEN FIBERS AND ELASTIN FIBERS VESSELS RUNNING IN SOMEWHAT THE SAME DIRECTION IN ELASTIC LIGAMENTS, ELASTIC FIBERS RUN IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF BLOOD VESSEL WALLS FUNCTION: ▪ CAPABLE OF STRETCHING AND RECOILING LIKE A RUBBER BAND WITH STRENGTH IN THE DIRECTION OF FIBER ORIENTATION LOCATION: ▪ ELASTIC LIGAMENTS BETWEEN THE VERTEBRAE AND ALONG THE DORSAL ASPECT OF THE NECK (NUCHA) AND IN THE VOCAL DENSE IRREGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE CORDS; ALSO FOUND IN ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF BLOOD VESSEL WALLS STRUCTURE: ▪ MATRIX COMPOSED OF REGULARLY ARRANGED COLLAGEN FIBERS AND ELASTIC FIBERS FUNCTION: ▪ ABLE TO STRETCH AND RECOIL LIKE A RUBBER BAND, WITH STRENGTH IN THE DIRECTION OF FIBER ORIENTATION LOCATION: ▪ VOCAL FOLDS AND ELASTIC LIGAMENTS BETWEEN THE VERTEBRAE AND ALONG THE DORSAL ASPECT OF THE NECK DENSE IRREGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRUCTURE: SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE ▪ MATRIX COMPOSED OF BUNDLES AND SHEETS OF COLLAGENOUS AND ELASTIC FIBERS ORIENTED IN MULTIPLE DIRECTIONS CARTILAGE FUNCTION: HYALINE ▪ CAPABLE OF STRENGTH, WITH STRETCHING AND RECOIL IN SEVERAL DIRECTIONS LOCATION: ▪ ELASTIC ARTERIES COLLAGENOUS STRUCTURE: ▪ COLLAGEN FIBERS ARE SMALL AND EVENLY DISPERSED IN THE MATRIX, MAKING THE MATRIX APPEAR TRANSPARENT; THE CHONDROCYTES ARE FOUND IN SPACES, OR LACUNAE, WITHIN THE FIRM BUT FLEXIBLE MATRIX FUNCTION: DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118 pg. 8  BSNR 118 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | TERM 01 ▪ ALLOWS GROWTH OF LONG BONES; PROVIDES RIGIDITY WITH SPONGY BONE SOME FLEXIBILITY IN THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI, RIBS, AND NOSE; FORMS STRONG, SMOOTH, YET SOMEWHAT FLEXIBLE ARTICULATING SURFACES; FORMS THE EMBRYONIC SKELETON LOCATION: ▪ GROWING LONG BONES, CARTILAGE RINGS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, COSTAL CARTILAGE OF RIBS, NASAL CARTILAGES, ARTICULATING SURFACE OF BONES, AND THE EMBRYONIC SKELETON FIBROCARTILAGE STRUCTURE: ▪ LATTICELIKE NETWORK OF SCAFFOLDING CHARACTERIZED BY TRABECULAE WITH LARGE SPACES BETWEEN THEM FILLED WITH HEMOPOIETIC TISSUE; THE OSTEOCYTES, OR BONE CELLS, ARE LOCATED WITHIN LACUNAE IN THE TRABECULAE FUNCTION: ▪ ACTS AS SCAFFOLDING TO PROVIDE STRENGTH AND SUPPORT WITHOUT THE GREATER WEIGHT OF COMPACT BONE LOCATION: STRUCTURE: ▪ IN THE INTERIOR OF THE BONES OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAE, STERNUM, AND PELVIS; IN THE ENDS OF THE LONG BONES ▪ COLLAGEN FIBERS SIMILAR TO THOSE IN HYALINE CARTILAGE; THE FIBERS ARE MORE NUMEROUS THAN IN OTHER CARTILAGES AND COMPACT BONE ARE ARRANGED IN THICK BUNDLES FUNCTION: ▪ SOMEWHAT FLEXIBLE AND CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING CONSIDERABLE PRESSURE; CONNECTS STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO GREAT PRESSURE LOCATION: ▪ INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS, PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, AND ARTICULAR DISKS (E.G., KNEES AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR [JAW] JOINTS) STRUCTURE: ▪ HARD, BONY MATRIX PREDOMINATES; MANY OSTEOCYTES (NOT SEEN IN THIS BONE PREPARATION) ARE LOCATED WITHIN ELASTIC CARTILAGE LACUNAE THAT ARE DISTRIBUTED IN A CIRCULAR FASHION AROUND THE CENTRAL CANALS; SMALL PASSAGEWAYS CONNECT ADJACENT LACUNAE FUNCTION: ▪ PROVIDES GREAT STRENGTH AND SUPPORT; FORMS A SOLID OUTER SHELL ON BONES THAT KEEPS THEM FROM BEING EASILY BROKEN OR PUNCTURED LOCATION: ▪ OUTER PORTIONS OF ALL BONES, THE SHAFTS OF LONG BONES STRUCTURE: FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE ▪ SIMILAR TO HYALINE CARTILAGE, BUT MATRIX ALSO CONTAINS BLOOD ELASTIC FIBERS FUNCTION: ▪ PROVIDES RIGIDITY WITH EVEN MORE FLEXIBILITY THAN HYALINE CARTILAGE BECAUSE ELASTIC FIBERS RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL SHAPE AFTER BEING STRETCHED LOCATION: ▪ EXTERNAL EARS, EPIGLOTTIS, AND AUDITORY TUBES BONE ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118 pg. 9  BSNR 118 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | TERM 01 STRUCTURE: ▪ MOVEMENT OF THE BODY; UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL ▪ FORMED ELEMENTS AND A FLUID MATRIX LOCATION: FUNCTION: ▪ ATTACHED TO BONE OR OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE ▪ TRANSPORTS OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, HORMONES, CARDIAC MUSCLE NUTRIENTS, WASTE PRODUCTS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES; PROTECTS THE BODY FROM INFECTIONS AND IS INVOLVED IN TEMPERATURE REGULATION LOCATION: ▪ WITHIN THE BLOOD VESSELS, WHITE BLOOD CELLS FREQUENTLY LEAVE THE BLOOD VESSELS AND ENTER THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACES BONE MARROW STRUCTURE: ▪ CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS ARE CYLINDRICAL AND STRIATED AND HAVE A SINGLE NUCLEUS; THEY ARE BRANCHED AND CONNECTED TO ONE ANOTHER BY INTERCALATED DISKS, WHICH CONTAIN GAP JUNCTIONS FUNCTION: STRUCTURE: ▪ PUMPS THE BLOOD; UNDER INVOLUNTARY (UNCONSCIOUS) CONTROL ▪ RETICULAR FRAMEWORK WITH NUMEROUS BLOOD-FORMING CELLS (RED MARROW) LOCATION: FUNCTION: ▪ IN THE HEART ▪ PRODUCES NEW BLOOD CELLS (RED MARROW); STORES LIPIDS SMOOTH MUSCLE (YELLOW MARROW) LOCATION: ▪ WITHIN MARROW CAVITIES OF BONE; TWO TYPES: (1) RED MARROW (HEMATOPOIETIC, OR BLOOD-FORMING, TISSUE) IN THE ENDS OF LONG BONES AND IN SHORT, FLAT, AND IRREGULARLY SHAPED BONES AND (2) YELLOW MARROW, MOSTLY ADIPOSE TISSUE, IN THE SHAFTS OF LONG BONES MUSCLE TISSUES ▪ ABILITY TO CONTRACT ▪ MUSCLE FIBERS RESEMBLES TINY THREADS ▪ MOVES THE BODY AND PUMPS BLOOD STRUCTURE: TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUES ▪ SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS ARE TAPERED AT EACH END, ARE NOT STRIATED, AND HAVE A SINGLE NUCLEUS SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION: ▪ REGULATES THE SIZE OF ORGANS, FORCES FLUID THROUGH TUBES, CONTROLS THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT ENTERING THE EYE, AND PRODUCES “GOOSE BUMPS” IN THE SKIN; UNDER INVOLUNTARY (UNCONSCIOUS) CONTROL LOCATION: ▪ IN HOLLOW ORGANS, SUCH AS THE STOMACH AND INTESTINE; SKIN AND EYES STRUCTURE: ▪ SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS OR FIBERS APPEAR STRIATED (BANDED); CELLS ARE LARGE, LONG, AND CYLINDRICAL, WITH MANY NUCLEI FUNCTION: ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118 pg. 10  BSNR 118 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | TERM 01 NERVOUS TISSUES ▪ CONTAINS EPITHELIUM WITH GOBLET CELLS, BASEMENT MEMBRANE, LAMINA PROPRIA (SOMETIMES WITH SMOOTH MUSCLE). ▪ FOUND IN THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND NERVES ▪ FOUND IN RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE, URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE ▪ RESPONSIBLE FOR COORDINATING AND CONTROLLING SYSTEMS ACTION POTENTIAL SEROUS MEMBRANE ▪ ABILITY OF NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS TO COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER BY MEANS OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS ▪ SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM CALLED MESOTHELIUM, BASEMENT MEMBRANE, THIN LAYER OF LOOSE C.T. NEURONS ▪ LINE CAVITIES NOT OPEN TO EXTERIOR. ▪ CONDUCTING CELLS OF NERVOUS TISSUE ▪ PERICARDIAL, PLEURAL, PERITONEAL. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE PARTS OF NEURONS ▪ LINE FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS. ▪ CELL BODY: CONTAINS NUCLEUS ▪ PRODUCE FLUID RICH IN HYALURONIC ACID ▪ AXON: : CELL PROCESS; CONDUCTS IMPULSES AWAY FROM CELL BODY; USUALLY ONLY ONE PER NEURON TISSUE DAMAGE AND INFLAMMATION ▪ DENDRITES: CELL PROCESSES; RECEIVE IMPULSES FROM OTHER NEURONS; CAN BE MANY PER NEURON INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE GLIA ▪ BODY RESPONDS TO TISSUE DAMAGE OR INFECTION WITH AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ▪ SUPPORT CELLS OF THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD AND NERVES. ▪ MOBILIZE IMMUNE DEFENSES, DESTROY INFECTION, REMOVE ▪ NOURISH, PROTECT, AND INSULATE NEURONS FOREIGN MATERIALS AND DAMAGED CELLS, AND INITIATE TISSUE REPAIR. TYPES OF NEURONS ▪ MANIFESTATIONS: REDNESS, HEAT, SWELLING, PAIN, DISTURBED MULTIPOLAR FUNCTION. STRUCTURE: CHEMICAL MEDIATORS ▪ A NEURON CONSISTS OF DENDRITES, A CELL BODY, AND A LONG ▪ INCLUDE HISTAMINE, KININS, PROSTAGLANDINS, LEUKOTRIENES. AXON; GLIA, OR SUPPORT CELLS, SURROUND THE NEURONS ▪ STIMULATE PAIN RECEPTOR AND INCREASE BLOOD VESSEL FUNCTION: PERMEABILITY AS WELL MOVEMENT OF WBCS TO AFFECTED AREA. o ▪ NEURONS TRANSMIT INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF ACTION TISSUE SWELLS, CALLED EDEMA. TISSUE REPAIR POTENTIALS, STORE INFORMATION, AND INTEGRATE AND EVALUATE ▪ SUBSTITUTION OF VIABLE CELLS FOR DEAD CELLS DATA; GLIA SUPPORT, PROTECT, AND FORM SPECIALIZED SHEATHS AROUND ▪ CAN OCCUR BY REGENERATION OR BY FIBROSIS REGENARATION: NEW CELLS ARE THE SAME TYPE AS THOSE THAT WERE DESTROYED AXONS REPLACEMENT/FIBROSIS: A NEW TYPE OF TISSUE DEVELOPS THAT LOCATION: EVENTUALLY CAUSES SCAR PRODUCTION ▪ IN THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND GANGLIA PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR EFFECTS OF AGING ON TISSUES STRUCTURE: ▪ CELLS DIVIDE MORE SLOWLY ▪ THE NEURON CONSISTS OF A CELL BODY WITH ONE AXON ▪ INJURIES HEAL MORE SLOWLY FUNCTION: ▪ EM CONTAINING COLLAGEN & ELASTIC FIBERS BECOMES LESS FLEXIBLE AND LESS ELASTIC ▪ CONDUCTS ACTION POTENTIALS FROM THE PERIPHERY TO THE BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD ▪ SKIN WRINKLES LOCATION: ▪ ELASTICITY IN BLOOD ARTERIES IS REDUCED ▪ IN GANGLIA OUTSIDE THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD TISSUE ▪ BONES BREAK MORE EASIL MEMBRANES ▪ THIN SHEET OF TISSUE THAT COVERS A STRUCTURE OR LINES A CAVITY. ▪ CONSIST OF SUPERFICIAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE AND UNDERLYING CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUCOUS MEMBRANE ▪ LINE CAVITIES THAT OPEN TO THE OUTSIDE OF BODY. ▪ SECRETE MUCUS. ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 118 pg. 11