Primary Elements of Form PDF

THE PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF FORM THE ESSENTIALS OF THE STRUCTURE 1. Social Conditions Architecture is represented by a building which 2. Man’s personality meets in a satisfactory manner the requirements:...

THE PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF FORM THE ESSENTIALS OF THE STRUCTURE 1. Social Conditions Architecture is represented by a building which 2. Man’s personality meets in a satisfactory manner the requirements: 3. Man’s interests ▪ Of logical function I. Needs and Interests of Man ▪ Sound construction A. Physical Needs ▪ Beautiful composition Primitive Man Modern Man Architecture – man-made; Venustas, Utilitas, Any shelter to protect Warm, dry with provision Firmitas (Vitruvius, trans. Beauty, Function, and Necessities from the elements and for sanitation Strength) wild animals Permanent A small opening to crawl Circulation, function, food into the shelter then he Architectural Theory – Architectural theory is the act Conveniences preparation, sleep and enlarge it to pass in relaxation cleanliness of thinking, discussing, and writing about erect position architecture. Remodeled his hut in Saw the addition of labor relation to climate with saving device, ▪ Sets the attitude to practice Comforts roof openings to let out Heat, ventilation, ▪ Asks questions the smoke communication. ▪ Thought process that informs decisions B. Emotional Needs 1. Basic Needs (utilitarian) - Food, clothing Architectural Practice shelter, religions, government 2. Emotional Needs (Decorative art) – ▪ Involves doing and making things sculpture, painting, music, literature > ▪ Involves the use of actual building materials ARCHITECTURE BASIC EMOTIONAL ARCHITECTURE AS ART NEEDS NEEDS ARCHITECTURE ▪ A basic response ▪ A way of seeing and communicating FUNDAMENTAL IMPULSES RESULTING ▪ Imparts universal truths & DESIRES MANIFESTATIONS ▪ It is subjective C. Intellectual Needs ▪ Deals with emotions and optimism 1. Tangible - Materials related to food, clothing, shelter and transportation ARCHITECTURE AS SCIENCE 2. Intangible - Information Knowledge ▪ Processing of information of law, medicine and Design ▪ Detection of patterns of order ▪ Development of laws PRESENT DAY EXCHANGE ▪ It is objective TANGIBLES INTANGIBLES ▪ Deals with facts, realism EDUCATION | SCIENCE | GOVERNMENT INFLUENCES OF ARCHITECTURE Architecture = manifestation of man’s needs II. Influences of Nature A. Climate General Influences of man ELEMENTS WARM COLD Plan Open, with patios Compact Interests and needs & courts a. Physical Structural elements Thick walls with Thick walls with ▪ Self-preservation (load-bearing) small openings large openings ▪ Reproduction Protective Flat or semi- Steep porch b. Emotional elements (roof) sloped, colorful against snow and porch---siesta wind ▪ Preservation and Recognition Circulatory Small to protect Large to provide ▪ Response elements (light and interiors from heat more light ▪ Self-expression ventilation) glare c. Intellectual Decorative Flat, shallow Deeply carved elements moldings and undercut ▪ Knowledge ▪ Ethics B. Topography ▪ Moral Obligation Mountainous Level Sea-side Influences of Nature Acted as natural People are more Navigation 1. Climate barriers for socially became EFFECT on PEOPLE 2. Geography migration and organized an aid to 3. Topography intermingling travel and of culture communication 4. Availability of Materials (ports) Influences of Man UST Architecture | College of Architecture | TOA1 | Handout | Updated S.Y. 2022-23 Page 1  Informal layout; - Small, uniform Oriented o CONTEMPORARY adjust to different and similar toward the levels / land architectural sea o 19TH C. FACTORY ARCHITECTURE contours character; ▪ RELIGION / CHURCH EFFECT on - Allows for o EGYPTIAN- Colossal and Permanent; formal arrangements to Belief in the supremacy of the deities. be laid out o GREEK- Refinement of detail. Built in - Prairies and honor of the gods where only the vast open spaces are picturesque priests were allowed to enter, viewed by the people from out side. C. Materials o CHRISTIAN CHURCH- Worship Depends on what materials are readily participation. Places for learning; available / accessible (wood, stone, bricks, Preaching type evolved for new etc.) denominations. Modified forms. III. Influences of Man ▪ CONTEMPORARY MAN A. Social Conditions o COMMERCE- commercial bldgs, STYLE CHARACTERISTICS CLASSICAL Religious interest, Culture, National love for factories, offices, exhibition centers, beauty stores, malls BEAUTY AND SIMPLICITY o TRANSPORTATION-automobiles: ROMANESQUE The Church was the dominating figure CHURCH BUILDING ACTIVITY garages, filling stations, terminals, GOTHIC Religious fervor, Feudal System airplane: airport, steamships: docks CATHEDRAL BUILDING FORTIFIED CASTLES and warehouses. Railroads: passenger Manor House Chateaux RENAISSANCE France & Italy were dominant but dependent & freight terminals – civic o EDUCATION- schools, colleges, Pride museums, libraries, research centers, PUBLIC BUILDINGS PALACES COLONIAL The New World colonizers brought their art laboratories & arch. o REHABILITATION -theaters, dance ARCH-direct & Economical halls, arenas, golf clubs, hospitals, DOMESTIC INTIMATE clinics 19TH CENTURY Industrial Age new Frontiers & New industries Transport of goods thru Railroads Beauty & Business Were incompatible HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE UGLY ARCH 1. Architecture as Response – based on the need 20TH - AUTOMOBILE; Made possible homes for shelter; folk architecture CENTURY away from workplace. Traffic problems Social structure - MOVIES & RADIOS; Importation and 2. Architecture as Defense – organized cities / became export of ideas, International standard urban planning; defensive architecture complex - COMPLEX SOCIAL SYSTEM: Housing 3. Architecture as an Ideal – aspiration toward problems utopia; architectural theory first studied; recreation & social adjustments, Congestion return to classical in cities 4. Architecture as Fine Art – architecture as an expression of an evolved society; status B. Man’s Personality ERA CHARACTERISTICS architecture GREEK Simple & flowing robe: Scholarly & philosophical Refinement. Athletic- focused on the body & PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT health. They build on purity of detail & development of 1. Archaic Technical skills. ▪ Untried hands trying to master new FRENCH A period of Multiplicity of detail in court life, In problems, mediums, and expression RENAISSANCE dress and arch. Complicated social etiquette. Artificial & Theatrical life. Ornate Arch. ▪ Pre-historic, Mesopotamian, Egyptian Decorated avenues with fountains and Gardens 2. Mastery VICTORIAN An era of ornateness but ugly and drab variety. Flowing whiskers, bonnets, Muttonleg sleeves ▪ Relative control over medium; Sureness were of technique reflection of the Jigsaw ornament and Sheet ▪ Classical styles, Medieval, Romanesque, metal cornices. CONTEMPORARY Simple Attire for ease of movement for Multiple Gothic activities. Knowledge in science and medicine- 3. Decadence exercise. Plain walls surfaces with lots of windows. ▪ Designs less structural and more ornate; Experimentation and excess; New forms C. Man’s Interests of expression ▪ HOUSE ▪ Renaissance, Baroque, Art Deco, Art o EARLY AMERICAN Nouveau, Bauhaus, Modern o COLONIAL European Precedents: o EARLY FARM STRUCTURAL STYLES (Creative) o VICTORIAN 1. Trabeated (post & lintel) Architecture; Classical, o CONTEMPORARY 7th Cent. B.C. – 5th Cent. A.D. ▪ FACTORY 2. Greek o WORKSHOP at HOME 3. Roman (with beginning of round arch) o PERSONALIZED SHOP AND FACTORY ▪ Arcuated (arch and pier) Architecture 4. Romanesque (round arch) 6th to 12th c. UST Architecture | College of Architecture | TOA1 | Handout | Updated S.Y. 2022-23 Page 2  (Italian, French, English, German) 2. Colonial 5. Gothic (pointed arch) 13th to 15th c. 3. Georgian style (French, English, German, Flemish, Italian, Spanish) - Style were simple and symmetrical - Combined refined, delicate moldings with IMITATIVE STYLES (Decorative) slender, graceful columns 1. Post & lintel and round arch Architecture 4. Greek Revival 2. Renaissance, 15th to 18th c. - Greek forms and details were applied to all (Italian, French, English, German, Spanish, types of buildings Flemish (American Colonial) - Pleasing to the eye but were often illogical in 3. Revival, 19th Cent.: Classical, Romanesque, regard to function Gothic, Renaissance, Eclectism, first 2 decade of - Style was inflexible to permit an easy the 20th Cent. adaptation (this is electing to work in any of the styles of historic - An architecture of façade arrangements development, depending upon the type of building 5. Gothic Revival and the inclinations of the architect and the client) - They turned to the informality of the gothic. - They were not successful in capturing the spirit CONTEMPORARY MOVEMENT (since c. 1920) of the style - Bbased upon the desire to allow function & - Cold and hard structures materials to dictate form and style - Lacked flexible quality of the European - An expression of steel and concrete, Buildings new materials interpreted in many ways 6. Victorian - An attempt to bring romance through the Characteristics of the Architectural Movements: medium of architecture and interior 1. Greek decoration during the period of “industrial - Temple and theatre architecture depression” - Attention was founded on exterior - Meaningless turrets, gables, jig-saw - Post and lintel ornaments - Refinement of line, simplicity of detail - An architecture with no structural sense - Has clarity, strength and response - “Eastlake” style and the Victorian Gothic 2. Roman 7. Romanesque Revival - Magnificent temples, palaces, baths with - H. H. Richardson was responsible large span and covered with concrete vault - Bold and massive details - Pretentious 8. Renaissance Revival - Builders were tagged as engineers rather - Exodus of students to Paris to study than architects architecture - They developed the round arch and pier - It was the vogue in France - Buildings were richly ornamented but less - French chateaux influenced the design of the fundamental mansions of the wealthy 3. Romanesque - It rescued U.S. from the artistic depths in - Church architecture which it had been floundering - Employed round arch and vault to give equilibrium by the adjustment of the thrusts Antecedents of the Contemporary - Honest in use of bricks and stones 1. STEEL - Direct and vigorous in its arrangement of - Library of St. Genevieve – with barrel vault mass and detail supported by iron columns design was 4. Gothic followed by Bibliotheque Nationale - Activities were the result of intense religious - Speculation of new material and new type of fervor construction revolutionize the character of - Soaring, vertical quality architectural design - In solving the problem of concentrating the 2. L’ ART NOUVEAU vault thrusts, pointed arches, slender piers - Began in Europe about 1900 and flying buttresses, stained glass windows - Based on a romantic theory that curved were substituted for thick walls natural forms of flowers and animals were - A system of construction, religion and more satisfactory than straight line and philosophy abstract designs. 5. Renaissance - Building lines were distorted to fit to the - Italy reverted back to classical style theory of curved surfaces - Classical forms were adopted to their needs - It did not develop because it was not - Formal arrangement of churches, villas and fundamental palaces 3. THE EARLY MODERNISTS - Louis Sullivan and later his student Frank Reflections in the U.S. Lloyd Wright waged war against tradition in 1. 17th Century architecture - Early houses were based upon English - Structural scheme of the buildings was traditions of timber framing revealed - Overhanging second stories, beamed ceilings and narrow windows contributed to the Contemporary Reflections informality of this period 1. Traditional Eclectics UST Architecture | College of Architecture | TOA1 | Handout | Updated S.Y. 2022-23 Page 3  - They work in any style of the past and their development in the direction of the use of PRIMARY SHAPES traditional motifs. 1. Square - They maybe classicists- formality and purity 2. Triangle of form or’ 3. Circle 2. Romanticists- picturesqueness of the medieval 3. Traditional Modernists TYPES OF PLANES - Those who give consideration to the use of the 1. Base Plane building but use historic style as the basis of a. Elevated Base Plane the design b. Depressed Base Plane - The old and new style were merged 2. Vertical Plane 4. Non-traditional Modernists 3. Overhead Plane - Believes in functionalism - Believes in “form follows function” VOLUME - Use and characteristic of the materials A plane extended in a direction other than its influenced the appearance of the structure intrinsic direction Three dimensions: length x width x depth PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF FORM All volumes have: points, lines, and planes POINT PRIMARY VOLUMES Indicates a fixed position in space 1. Sphere No length, no depth 2. Cylinder Static; it has no movement 3. Cube LINE 4. Pyramid Extended point 5. Cone With length, direction, and position Joins, links, supports, surrounds, or intersects Sources: other visual elements All About Architecture (2018) What is Architecture? Articulate edges and surfaces View source at: https://medium.com/@AAA_Publication/what-is- CHARACTERISTICS OF LINES: architecture-1b52f5339c2a ▪ STRAIGHT LINE – sturdy, masculine, it belongs to Ching, D.K. (1996) Architecture: Form, Space, and architecture, it has its moods: Order. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ▪ VERTICAL – expresses the spirit of the Gothic, it is Kruft, H.W. (1997) Architectural Theory from Vitruvius proud and exalted, it is inspiration to Present. Princeton Architectural Press ▪ HORIZONTAL – represents the horizon of the Pickering, E. (1949) Architectural Design. New York: seascape, it is calm and peaceful, it is repose John Wiley and Sons ▪ DIAGONAL – symbolizes the flight of geese; it is Rendell, J. (2007) Art and Architecture: A Place vigorous or even angry, it is action Between. I.B. Tauris ▪ CURVED LINE – more subtle than the straight line. It is more graceful and sensitive. It is feminine and represents architecture which caters to the emotional rather than the physical. Copyright 2022 by University of Santo Tomas College of Architecture TOA 1 Sub-cluster PLANE Extended line This lecture was produced by the Theory of Architecture With length and width 1 (TOA1) Sub-cluster in preparation for S.Y. 2022-23. Can have shape, color, pattern, texture, These pages and any portion thereof may not be orientation, and position reproduced or used without the written consent of the Defines the boundaries of a volume University of Santo Tomas College of Architecture except Shape > primary identifying characteristic of for brief quotes or for review. a plane UST Architecture | College of Architecture | TOA1 | Handout | Updated S.Y. 2022-23 Page 4