EMS 417 Building Technology PDF

EMS 417 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY TOPIC 2 INITIAL GROUNDWORK (part 1) By PN. SITI NUR FARHANA AB LATIF STUDIES OF REAL ESTATE COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT, UiTM  CONTENT INTRODUCTION SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION GROUN...

EMS 417 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY TOPIC 2 INITIAL GROUNDWORK (part 1) By PN. SITI NUR FARHANA AB LATIF STUDIES OF REAL ESTATE COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT, UiTM  CONTENT INTRODUCTION SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION GROUND WATER CONTROL EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK SUPPORT SITE LAYOUT ORGANISATION  INTRODUCTION Various matters should be considered when selecting a building site. The high cost of land and planning controls frequently combine to prevent the acquisition of the ideal site. Two factors affect a client’s decision to start a building project on a specific site: i. its suitability for the purpose of the intended project ii. the likely cost of developing the site SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION 1. Site investigation – desk study, physical/site study, soil investigation 2. Type of ground - Classification of soil 3. Site preliminaries  SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION SITE INVESTIGATION to determine whether the proposed land is suitable for its intended purpose. OBJECTIVES i. strength of the soil, because this affects the design of the foundations ii. type of soil which will be excavated iii. amount of water in the ground because this affects the design of the foundations and working procedures iv. amount of clean or contaminated ground SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION SITE INVESTIGATION iv. amount of the ground slopes v. access to services such as mains water, electricity and drainage vi. best position for the building in terms of the local climate vii. position of natural features such as tress, rocks and streams viii. position of other building near the site ix. location of site boundaries and access roads  SITE CLEARANCE SITE INVESTIGATION & PREPARATION SITE INVESTIGATION Steps for site investigation: 1. Desk 2. Physical / 3. Soil Study Site Study Investigation  SITE CLEARANCE SITE INVESTIGATION & PREPARATION SITE INVESTIGATION 1. DESK STUDY i. survey maps – location of site and the proximity of transport links (road, rail, air and water) ii. geological map – type of soil / rock and proximity of water courses iii. history of sites – whether land has previously been developed, site for rubbish disposal, flood etc iv. location of services – water, electricity, gas, telephone, sewerage and other services v. information on local requirements – for the sourcing of building materials suppliers, plant hire companies, local tradesmen vi. site plan – proximity of local shops, schools, leisure facilities and other amenities vii. information on weather forecast viii.water tide – especially work done near the river, sea, port etc  SITE CLEARANCE SITE INVESTIGATION & PREPARATION SITE INVESTIGATION 2. PHYSICAL / SITE STUDY – Also known as walk over survey – Basically, investigate the site based on all information obtained from desk study  SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION TYPE OF GROUND TYPE OF GROUND soft, loose and uncemented hard, rigid and strongly cemented deposits that are easier to deposits with a high loadbearing capacity, but difficult to excavate ROCKS SOILS excavate than rocks, but generally have a lower load bearing capacity Metamorphic Sedimentary Igneous rocks rocks rocks granite & basalt Slates & marbles sandstone & limestone Synthetic non- cohesive organic / man cohesive made Clays & Sand & peat Made silts gravels ground / infill SITE CLEARANCE TYPES OF GROUND & PREPARATION TYPE OF GROUND SOIL LAYERS TOP SOIL SUB SOIL > 150-300mm from ground level > Located between the top > Includes vegetation, soil & the rock with rubbish, debrish & others different depth > Experience recycle → not > The most firm sub soil suitable for construction > Strong enough to support > Normally being remove the construction base i.e before construction foundation(placed IN the subsoil) > Not firm enough to support a building  TYPES OF SOIL 1. COHESIVE SOIL (JELEKIT) ✓ Soils whereby the particles of which stick together (clay) ✓ Size of particles – 0.06mm and below ✓ The degree of cohesion depends upon the size and shape of the particles and also the water content ✓ Contains a lot of water and the degree of wetness is higher due to its cohesiveness ✓ The process of expansion & shrinking will depend on the volume of water ✓ The evacuation of water will cause settlement , evacuation of water will raise the foundation / ground floor ✓ Require no temporary trenches but sometimes need de-watering (high water table)  TYPES OF SOIL 2. NON COHESIVE SOIL (TANPA JELEKIT) ✓ Particle did not stick together (gravel & sand) ✓ Size: 0.06 to 200mm ✓ Water can be easily drained due to its size ✓ Can cause ground movement due to its loose non cohesive character ✓ Site work need temporary support 3. ORGANIC (PEAT SOIL) ✓ Decayed vegetable matter, black / dark brown in colour & highly compressible ✓ Low bearing capacity ✓ Unsuitable for construction site except on piles ✓ High acidic content  TYPES OF SOIL 4. MADE GROUND / INFILL (TANAH KAMBUS) ✓ Soil which has been deposited such as ex-mining land, quarry, infill ponds etc ✓ Settlement will take longer times ✓ The use of piles & pad foundations are recommended 5. ROCK (BATU PEJAL) ✓ These embrace granites, limestones, state, sand stone etc ✓ Good for foundation base but involve high costs ✓ Difficult to drain water  SITE CLEARANCE SITE INVESTIGATION & PREPARATION SITE INVESTIGATION 3. SOIL INVESTIGATION Further information on the type of ground and its engineering characteristics will need to be obtained from tests on the ground itself. The soil testing can be undertaken in a laboratory on on site. There are three most commonly methods used. The number and location of each method will be dependent on the nature of site, the variability of the ground and the size and location of the proposed buildings SITE CLEARANCE SOIL INVESTIGATION & PREPARATION SITE INVESTIGATION METHODS i. Trial Pits ii. Auger iii. Core Samples  SITE CLEARANCE SOIL INVESTIGATION & PREPARATION SITE INVESTIGATION i. Trial pit ▪ provide the best method of obtaining very detailed information on strength, stratification and discontinuities in soil. Very high quality block samples can be taken only from trial pits. ▪ A pit is excavated by either hand digging (supported deep pits) or machine excavation (shallow pits). ▪ Trial pits should be large enough to allow for a physical examination of the soil within and also allow site tests of the soil to be undertaken. It is possible for the soil excavated from the trial pit to be sent to the laboratory for further analysis.  SITE CLEARANCE SOIL INVESTIGATION & PREPARATION SITE INVESTIGATION ii. Auger ▪ this is a borehole excavated by a hand auger that provides a light, portable method of sampling soft to stiff soils near the ground surface. ▪ At least six types of auger are readily available ▪ Hand auger is used by one or two men, who press down on the cross-bar as they rotate it thus advancing the hole. Once the auger is full, or has collected sufficient material, it is brought back to the surface and the soil removed. ▪ Samples from the borehole are generally sent to the laboratory for analysis. ▪ The disadvantages of laboratory samples is that they are disturbed (i.e. the soil from different levels may be mixed up in the sample sent to the laboratory for testing) ▪ As borehole can take much greater depths then the trial pit, it is possible to establish the level of natural water table on site.  SITE CLEARANCE SOIL INVESTIGATION & PREPARATION SITE INVESTIGATION iii. Core sample ▪ this is a cylindrical tube with a cutting edge that can be driven into the ground to obtain core samples of the soil. These core samples can then be removed from the tube and sent to the laboratory for investigation. ▪ The samples are undisturbed and can therefore give the best opportunity for laboratory tests to be undertaken on the soil as it would appear in situ.  SOIL INVESTIGATION SOIL TESTING Site Testing Laboratory Testing ▪ soils samples are identified and ▪ Standard Penetration Test – measure classified when they first arrive at the the resistance of the soil under loading. laboratory for testing. ▪ Vane Test – measure the shear strength ▪ A visual examination determines the of soft cohesive soil in situ. colour, texture and consistency of the ▪ Plate Bearing Test – involves the samples. loading of a 600x600mm steel plate at ▪ Moisture content of the soil is then the bottom of a trial pit. measured. SITE CLEARANCE SITE INVESTIGATION & PREPARATION SITE PRELIMINARIES Stages in site preliminaries 1. Clearing the site 2. Removing & preservation of top soil 3. Cut & fill 4. Landscaping 5. Drainage  SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION SITE PRELIMINARIES 1. SITE CLEARANCE All vegetation such as bushes should be removed The root of trees not affected by preservation orders must be dug out & cleared Site clearance is done by a combination of manual & mechanical UBBL 1994 – site needs to be cleared from vegetation & decayed plants as it would cause cracks to the walls All the debris need to be cleared. Open burning is not allowed by DOE The building site should be inspected for termites as part of site clearance  SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION SITE PRELIMINARIES 2. REMOVING & PRESERVATION OF TOP SOIL The top soil should be removed as it will damage foundation & not firm enough to support the building You should remove at least ____mm of top soil It is important some top soil which is high quality of wild grown grass should be preserved for future landscaping 3. CUT & FILL High & undulating lands require cut & fill Contour map will show us how much land need to be cut & fill Usually made ground will experience settlement, therefore extra land (25% more) must be allowed for SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION SITE PRELIMINARIES 3. CUT & FILL Contour map  SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION SITE PRELIMINARIES 4. LANDSCAPING Planting of grass is necessary in order to avoid soil erosion Grass can be planted in 2 ways i.e. close together / scattered at an interval of 150mm to 300mm Grasses areas served other useful functions such as absorption of sound & reduction of glare 5. DRAINAGE In order to prevent land slide due to running water at the side of the slope, collection drain (parit tadahan) is constructed The collection drain will collect running water from other branch drains Water will then be pump out SITE CLEARANCE & PREPARATION SITE PRELIMINARIES 5. DRAINAGE