Building Technology 2 PDF

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION  2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION 2.1 TYPES OF WOOD FRAMING...

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION  2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION 2.1 TYPES OF WOOD FRAMING 1. Light Wood Framing Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Heavy Wood Framing of 2.0 Construction Beam and Girder Framing Types of Wood Framing Systems 2.1 Joints & Splicing 1. Light Wood Framing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade a). Balloon Frame. This the lightest Floor Finish form of framing, in which the studding CHB Wall Construction and corner posts are set up in Posts Wood Floor Framing continuous lengths from first floor line System & Floor Finishes or sill to roof plate. Boards called Wall Framing System & ribbons are notched and nailed into Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & the studs and corner posts at the Ceiling Finishes proper height to support the second Wood Roof Framing story joists. A joist is brought against System & Roofing a stud wherever possible. This type of Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware frame is lacking in rigidity and is liable Windows & Window to sway and tremble in heavy winds. Hardware Miscellaneous Ribbon, Ribband - a horizontal member which is housed in the studs of balloon framing and carries joists.  Combination Frame. b) Combination Frame. A modification of the old braced frame which was of heavy timbers with every joint mortised and tenoned. The modification consists of lighter timbers and less mortising and pinning to save material and labor. Girts are framed into the corner posts at the Wood Frame & Light RC second story level joists as well as to brace 2.0 the whole frame. The girts which support the Construction floor joist are called drop girts; those parallel Types of Wood Framing Systems 2.1 to the joists are called raised or flush girts. Joints & Splicing The studs run from sill to girt and from girt to Timber Connectors roof plate. Diagonal braces run from sill to Isolated Footings corner posts and from the corner posts to Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish the roof plate. This type of construction is CHB Wall Construction more rigid than the balloon frame. Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Braced Frame, Full Frame – 1. The frame of a building in which the resistance to lateral forces or to frame instability is provided by diagonal Wood Stairs bracing, K-bracing, or other type of bracing. 2. Heavy, braced wood framing for a structure which uses girts that are mortised into solid Doors & Door Hardware posts; the posts are full frame height, with one-story-high studs between, usually diagonally braced. Windows & Window Girt –A horizontal structural member in the framing of a timber-framed house, typically supporting the ends of the ceiling joists and acting as the main horizontal support for the floor or roof above. Often preceded by an adjective indicating its position; for example, front girt, Hardware denotes a heavy timber that runs horizontally along the front of the house; rear girt, along the rear. Miscellaneous  Platform Frame. c) Platform Frame. A system of framing for a building of wood construction several stories high, in which the studs are only one story high; the floor joists for each story rest on the top plates of the story below or on the sole plate of the Wood Frame & Light RC first story. Also called Western 2.0 Construction Framing. Types of Wood Framing Systems 2.1 Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes 2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing - This is the type of Ceiling Framing System & framing used in the Philippines in which the floor joists are carried by girders, Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing and the roof trusses or rafters by girts which frame into the posts. Studs rest System & Roofing on floor sills and extend up the girder or girt in every floor. Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Top Plate – 1. The top horizontal member of a frame building to which the rafters are fastened. 2. The horizontal member at the top of Windows & Window the partition studs. Hardware Sole Plate – 1. Same as solepiece. 2. A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud partition. 3. A plate riveted to Miscellaneous the bottom flange of a plate girder to bear on the masonry plate.  2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING 2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS 1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain joint is used in very hasty construction for temporary framing and is made by lapping one piece Wood Frame & Light RC Construction 2.0 over the other and nailing then together. It is not a very strong joint. PLAIN LAP LAP JOINT Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors 2. Butt or Square Joint (End Joint). The butt joint is made by placing full thickness Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade of wood directly against the second piece. The butt end should be squared and Floor Finish the sides against which it butts smooth so that the pieces will be perpendicular to CHB Wall Construction each other. The joint is toe-nailed. Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs FINGER END JOINT SCARF JOINT SQUARE Doors & Door Hardware SPLICE JOINT Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous  3. Oblique Joint. This type of joint is made when the two pieces do not meet at right angles, e.g. bracings. One piece is cut at an angle to fit the other and the two pieces nailed securely together. Stop Chamfer Easement Joggle Eased Edge Wood Frame & Light RC Dap 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing CHAMFER Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint. (See Splices) Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade 5. Scarf Joint. A joint by which the ends of two pieces of timber are united to form a Floor Finish continuous piece; the mating surface may be beveled, chamfered, notched, etc. CHB Wall Construction before bolting, gluing, welding, etc. Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Scarf Joint – In welding, a butt joint between tow pieces of metal whose ends are beveled. In electrical systems, a joint in electrical Miscellaneous cable in which the ends are beveled before soldering.  6. Mortise and Tenon Joint. This type of joint is used for building wooden framework where great strength and rigidity are all important. It is made by cutting a hole or mortise in one piece and a tenon or tongue in the second piece to fit the hole in the other. The tenon may extend fully through the other piece or only part of the way. Mortise Wood Frame & Light RC Stub Tenon 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing BLIND OPEN Through Systems MORTISE MORTISE Tenon Joints & Splicing 2.2 MORTISE Timber Connectors JOINT Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade CHASE Floor Finish Key MORTISE CHB Wall Construction Posts Undercut FOXTAIL Wood Floor Framing Tenon System & Floor Finishes WEDGE Wall Framing System & Haunched Wall Finishes Tenon Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Articulate Wood Roof Framing BRIDLE System & Roofing KEYED JOINT Wood Stairs JOINT Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window DRAWBORE Hardware Miscellaneous  7. Halved Joint. This joint is made by cutting half the thickness of the wood from each piece at the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush. The purpose of this type of joint is to maintain a level surface at the joint. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 END-LAP CROSS-LAP MITERED Timber Connectors JOINT JOINT HALVING Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish 8. Rabbet Joint. This joint is made by cutting a shoulder or edge from one piece to receive CHB Wall Construction Posts the other piece. It is used in window or door frames, or in shelf and drawer construction. Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Rabbet Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware RABBET JOINT Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous  9. Dado Joint. This is similar in shape and purpose to the rabbet joint. In the dado joint a groove is made in one piece at right angles to the grain of the other board. If nails are used, they are needed only at the end piece since the groove will provide the necessary strength to hold the other piece in place. Dado Stopped Dado Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction DADO JOINT Types of Wood Framing Systems 10. Miter Joint. The miter is a joint between two pieces which come together at a corner. Joints & Splicing 2.2 It is a finish joint and should not be used where strength is an important requirement. Timber Connectors It is made by cutting the two ends at angles complementary to each other, usually Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade 45, and then butting them together. The joint is secured by clamp nails or finishing Floor Finish nails, corrugated fasteners or dowels, or by gluing. CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing MITER JOINT SHOULDER TONGUED COPED JOINT Wood Stairs quirk MITER MITER Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous  11. Dovetail Joint. This type of joint, used for cabinet work and furniture work, is strong and durable. It is made by cutting a pin in the shape of a dovetail in one piece to fit a groove similarly shaped in the other piece. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 DOVETAIL SECRET LAP COMMON DOVETAIL JOINT Construction HALVING DOVETAIL DOVETAIL DOVETAIL Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 12. Coped Joint. The coped joint is used when fitting one piece of moulding at right Timber Connectors angles to the second piece. Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish Other types of joints include the shiplapped joint and the tongue and grooved joint CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing ANGLE JOINT EDGE JOINT TONGUE AND SPLINE BUTTERFLY System & Roofing GROOVE WEDGE Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Shiplap, shiplap boards, shiplap siding – Wood sheathing whose edges are rabbeted to make an overlapping joint. Hardware Tongue and Groove Joint, T & G Joint – A joint formed by the insertion of the tongue of one member into the corresponding groove of another. Miscellaneous  COMMON WOOD JOINTS FOR FURNITURE Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous  VARIATIONS OF LAP JOINTS Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous  VARIATIONS OF MORTISE-AND-TENON JOINTS Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous  2.2.2 SPLICES The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in such a way that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of equivalent size. Splices are of three types: for compression, tension and bending. A. Splices for Compression Wood Frame & Light RC 1. Scabbed or Fished Splice. Two pieces of timber are squared at their ends 2.0 Construction and fitted together. Two short wood pieces called scabs or metal plates Types of Wood Framing called fishplates are fastened on either side of the pieces to be joined. Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 The scabs or fishplates serve to keep the splice straight and to prevent Timber Connectors buckling. Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing Scabs or Fish Plates System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Scab – A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed, or screwed to two butting pieces in order to splice them together. Miscellaneous Fishplate – A wood or metal piece used to fasten together the ends of two members with nails or bolts.  2. Halved Splice. The halved splice is better for direct compression, and when combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is some tension. This splice is made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to the required length and putting the halved sections together. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing B. Splices for Tension Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors 1. Square Splice. This is a modification of the compression halved splice. It Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade has an extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used in combination Floor Finish with scabs or fishplates. CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Square Splice – A type of half-lapped scarf joint; may be reinforced with a fishplate; esp. used to resist tension. Miscellaneous  C. Splices for Bending 1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in a horizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to compression while the lower half is under tension. A splice for bending should, therefore, combine the features of the tension and compression splice. The upper part should be cut square to offer the maximum resistance to compression while the lower half is beveled on the end, Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 since there is no tendency to crush the timber. To overcome the Construction tendency to pull apart at the bottom, a fishplate or scab is placed at the Types of Wood Framing bottom and bolted securely Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing Fish Plate System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous  2.3 TIMBER CONNECTORS Timber connectors are metal devices used to provide added strength at bolted joints. They eliminate complicated framing of joints, simplify the design of heavy construction, and save much time and labor. Among the various types of timber connectors are: Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing 1. Split Rings. These are made in Systems sizes of 2-1/2, 4 and 6 in. in Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors 2.3 diameter. They used for heavy Isolated Footings construction. Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes 2. Toothed Rings. These are toothed Wall Framing System & and corrugated. They are made in Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & 2, 2-5/8, and 4 4 in. dia. They are Ceiling Finishes used between two timber frames Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing for comparatively light Wood Stairs construction. Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Split-ring Connector – A ring-shaped metal insert placed in precut circular grooves and held by bolts; used as a timber Miscellaneous connector.  3. Claw Plates. One side is clawed and other smooth. They are used either singly, in timber to metal connections, or in pairs in timber to timber connections. The female plate is adaptable for use when the connector must lie flush with the Wood Frame & Light RC timber surface. 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors 2.3 Isolated Footings 4. Shear Plates. When installed these Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish lie flush with the timber surface. CHB Wall Construction They are used singly or in pairs. In Posts Wood Floor Framing timber to metal connections the System & Floor Finishes plate is placed with its back towards Wall Framing System & the metal. Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Shear Plate – In structural steel, one of the reinforcement plates added to the web of a steel beam to increase the web capacity to resist shearing loads. Miscellaneous  2.4 MASONRY WALLS Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally efficient in compression. Masonry walls may be constructed as solid walls, cavity walls, or veneered walls. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 2.4 CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing SOLID CAVITY VENEERED System & Roofing WALL WALL WALL Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous  Masonry walls may also be classified as unreinforced or reinforced. Unreinforced masonry walls, also called plain masonry walls, incorporate horizontal joint reinforcement and metal wall ties to bond wythes of a solid or cavity walls. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems CAVITY WALLS SOLID MASONRY MASONRY Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 2.4 CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing Reinforced masonry walls, utilize System & Floor Finishes steel reinforcing bars embedded in Wall Framing System & grout filled joints and cavities to aid Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & the masonry in resisting stresses. Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Wythe – refers to a continuous vertical section of a wall that is one masonry unit in thickness. Miscellaneous Grout – 1. Mortar containing a considerable amount of water so that it has the consistency of a viscous liquid, permitting it to be poured or pumped into joints, spaces, and cracks within masonry walls and floors, between pieces of ceramic tiles, and into joints between preformed roof deck units. 2. In foundation work, mixtures of cement, cement-sand, clay or chemicals; used to fill voids in granular soils, usually by a process of successive injection through drilled holes.  2.4.1 TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS The most common types of masonry units are bricks, which are heat-hardened clay units, and concrete blocks, which are chemically hardened units. Other types of masonry units include structural clay tile, structural glass block, and natural or cast Wood Frame & Light RC stone. 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 2.4 CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes CONCRETE BLOCK Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing GLASS BLOCK Wood Stairs STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window BRICK Hardware Miscellaneous  2.4.2 MORTAR Mortar is a plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of both, with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction. TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO MATERIAL Wood Frame & Light RC CONSTITUENCY 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing 1. Cement mortar is made by mixing portland cement, sand, Systems and water. Joints & Splicing 2. Lime mortar is a mixture of lime, sand, and water that is Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 2.4 rarely used because of its slow rate of hardening and low CHB Wall Construction compressive strength. Posts Wood Floor Framing 3. Cement-lime mortar is a cement mortar to which lime is System & Floor Finishes added to increase its plasticity and water retentivity. Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes 4. Masonry cement is a proprietary mix of Portland cement Ceiling Framing System & and other ingredients, as hydrated lime, plasticizers, air- Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing entraining agents, and gypsum, requiring only the addition System & Roofing of sand and water to make cement mortar. Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous  TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO STRENGTH 1. Type M mortar is a high strength mortar recommended for use in reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the earth, as foundation and retaining walls subject to high lateral or compressive loads; compressive strength is 2500 psi (17,238 kPa). Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Type S mortar is a medium-high-strength mortar 2.0 Construction recommended for use in masonry where bond and lateral Types of Wood Framing strength are more important than compressive strength; Systems compressive strength is 1800 psi (12,411 kPa). Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 2.4 3. Type N mortar is a medium-strength mortar recommended CHB Wall Construction for general use in exposed masonry above grade where Posts Wood Floor Framing high compressive and lateral strength are not required; System & Floor Finishes compressive strength is 750 psi (5,171 kPa). Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & 4. Type O mortar is a low-strength mortar suitable for use in Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing interior non-load bearing walls and partitions. System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware 5. Type K mortar is a very low-strength mortar suitable only for Windows & Window use in interior non-load bearing walls where permitted by the Hardware Miscellaneous building code.  2.5 CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION Concrete Block or Cement Block is a hollow or solid concrete masonry unit (CMU) consisting of Portland cement and suitable aggregates combined with water. Lime, fly ash, air-entraining agents, or other admixtures may be included. 2.5.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction A stretcher Types of Wood Framing is a masonry Systems Joints & Splicing unit laid Timber Connectors horizontally Masonry Walls with its CHB Wall Construction 2.5 length in the On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated direction of Footing the face of Posts the wall. Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.5.2 LAYOUT OF CHB Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.5.3 WALL FOOTING The wall footing or strip footing is a strip of reinforced concrete wider than the wall which distributes the Wood Frame & Light RC load to the soil. 2.0 Construction Reinforcements for wall Types of Wood Framing footings shall equal Systems 0.2% to 0.3% of the Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors cross sectional area of Masonry Walls concrete, except for CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction unusual cases. Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories *MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer, Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction Windows & Accessories Skylights  To provide anchorage of CHB to concrete, the following are used: a) Hook or hooked bar – a steel reinforcing bar, for use in reinforced concrete, with the end bent into a hook to provide anchorage. Used in joint with the wall footing. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  b) Dowel-bar reinforcement – short, reinforcing bars of steel which extend approximately equally into two abutting pieces of concrete, to increase the strength of the joint. Used in joint with columns or beams. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.5.4 STIFFENER COLUMNS AND BEAMS CHB partition walls are ideally supported against lateral movements vertically by stiffener columns and horizontally by Wood Frame & Light RC stiffener beams. A stiffener 2.0 Construction column is located at the Types of Wood Framing intersections of CHB walls and at Systems regular intervals (of about 3 M) for Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors a long partition wall. Stiffener Masonry Walls columns are in the form of an I, T CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction or an L. Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  In low cost construction, however, stiffener columns may be substituted for a grouted cell (or, a CHB cell compacted with grout) while stiffener RC beams for bond beams. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Bond-beam block – A hollow concrete masonry unit with portions depressed to form a continuous channel in which reinforcing Skylights steel can be placed for embedment in grout. A lintel block sometimes is used as a bond-beam block. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  A lintel is a horizontal structural member (such as a beam) over an opening which carries the weight of the wall above it; usually of steel, stone, or wood. In CHB construction, a lintel is constructed with lintel blocks or U-blocks, which have a single core with an open end; usually placed with its open end upright; such blocks form a continuous beam when filled with grout and proper reinforcement. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.6 ON GRADE CONSTRUCTION 2.6.1 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction 2.6 Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Concrete slabs on grade require the support of a level, stable, uniformly dense or Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes properly compacted soil base containing no organic matter. When placed over Wood Roof Framing soil of low bearing capacity or expansive soils, a concrete ground slab must be System & Roofing Wood Stairs designed as a mat or raft foundation, which requires professional analysis and Doors & Accessories design by a qualified structural engineer. Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.6.2 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS Three types of joints are done in order to accommodate movement in the plane of a concrete slab on grade: Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction 2.6 Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.6.3 GRADE BEAMS Grade Beam – that part of a foundation system (usually in a building without a basement) which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure; commonly designed as a beam which bears directly on the column footings, or may be self-supporting, as a long strap footing. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction 2.6 Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.7 CONCRETE PIERS ON ISOLATED FOOTINGS 2.7.1 WOOD POSTS ON CONCRETE PIERS Wood posts are anchor strapped to and supported by reinforced concrete piers on isolated footings. For the wood post to seat perfectly on the concrete, grout is poured in between the joint. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated 2.7 Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Pier – 1. A column designed to support concentrated load. 2. A member, usually in the form of a thickened section, which forms an Windows & Accessories integral part of a wall; usually placed at intervals along the wall to provide lateral support or to take concentrated vertical loads. Skylights Isolated Footing – the individual spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated 2.7 Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.7.2 WOOD BEAMS ON CONCRETE PIERS Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated 2.7 Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.8 POSTS Wood posts may be solid, built-up, or spaced. In selecting a wood post, the following should be considered: lumber species, structural grade, modulus of elasticity, and allowable compressive, bending Wood Frame & Light RC and shear stress value permitted for the intended use. In addition, 2.0 Construction attention must be paid to the precise loading conditions and the types Types of Wood Framing of connections used. Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls Wood posts are loaded axially in compression. Failure can result in CHB Wall Construction crushing of wood fibers if the maximum unit stress exceeds the On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated allowable unit stress in compression parallel to the grain. The load Footing capacity of the post is also determined by its slenderness ratio. As Posts 2.8 Wood Floor Framing the slenderness ratio of a post increases, a post can fail from buckling. System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Modulus of Elasticity – In an elastic material which has been subject to strain below its elastic limit, the ratio of the unit stress to the Windows & Accessories corresponding unit strain. Skylights Slenderness Ratio – Of a column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration.  2.8.1 TYPES OF WOOD POSTS/COLUMNS Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts 2.8 Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.8.2 WOOD POST-BEAM CONNECTIONS Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts 2.8 Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.9 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM AND FLOOR FINISHES 2.9.1 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING The wood floor framing system consists of the common floor joists, cross bridging, solid bridging, and other members which provide support for the flooring, as follows: Wood Frame & Light RC Floor Joist – One of a series of parallel beams of timber, reinforced 2.0 Construction concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling loads, and supported in Types of Wood Framing turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls; the widest dimension is Systems vertically oriented. Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls Common Joist, Bridging Joist – A joist on which floor boards are laid; CHB Wall Construction neither supports a joist nor is it supported by another joist. On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Binding Joist, binder – A beam which supports the common joists of a Posts Wood Floor Framing wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two vertical 2.9 System & Floor Finishes posts. Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Girder – A large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber; Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length. System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Bridging – A brace, or a system of braces, placed between joists to stiffen Windows & Accessories them, to hold them in place, and to help distribute the load. Skylights  Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting – Diagonal bracing, in pairs, between adjacent floor joists to prevent the joists from twisting. Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting – Short members (boards) which are fixed vertically between floor joists to stiffen the joists. Bridging Floor – A floor supported by common joists, without girders. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Principal Joist – a large joist that carries much of the floor load. Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Sleeper Joist – any joist resting directly on sleepers Timber Connectors Masonry Walls Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband – a horizontal member which is housed in CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction the studs of balloon framing and carries joists. Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip – On a beam which carries joists flush with Wood Floor Framing the upper edge of the beam (or girder), a strip of lumber which is nailed to 2.9 System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & the side of the beam (along its bottom edge), forming a seat for the joists Wall Finishes and helping to support them. Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing Sill – a horizontal timber, at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure, System & Roofing Wood Stairs which rests on the foundation. Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Sleepers -1. One of a number of horizontal timbers that are laid on a concrete slab (or on the ground) and to which the flooring is Skylights nailed. 2. Any long horizontal beam, at or near the ground, which distributes the load from posts or framing. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing 2.9 System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.9.2 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING EXTENSIONS Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing 2.9 System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.9.3 FLOOR JOISTS ON BEAMS/GIRDERS Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing 2.9 System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing 2.9 System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.9.4 FLOOR FINISHES A. Wood Flooring Strip Flooring – Hardwood finish flooring; narrow tongue-and- Wood Frame & Light RC groove strips; commonly maple, 2.0 Construction mahogany, oak, etc. Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Plank Flooring – Flooring made of long, wide, square-sawn thick piece Timber Connectors of timber called planks; the specifications vary, but often the minimum Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction width is 8” (200 mm), and the minimum thickness is 2” to 4” (50 to 100 On Grade Construction mm) for softwood and 1” (25 mm) for hardwood. Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Parquet Flooring – Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric Wood Floor Framing patterns. 2.9 System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Parquet Tile Flooring – parquet units glued to paper to form tiles for Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes flooring. The tiles are glued to the cement floor face down; when dry, Wood Roof Framing paper is wet and stripped off the tile surface; sanded and primed to finish. System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing 2.9 System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  B. Cement Flooring and Cement Tile Flooring Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing 2.9 System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  C. Ceramic Tile & Vitrified Tile Flooring Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing 2.9 System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.10 PARTITION WALL FRAMING SYSTEM & PARTITION WALL FINISHES 2.10.1 WOOD WALL FRAMING SYSTEM A partition wall is a dividing wall within a building; may be bearing or non-load bearing. Parts of the partition are: Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Stud – an upright post or support, esp. one of a series of vertical structural Types of Wood Framing Systems members which act as the supporting elements in a wall or partition. Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls Partition cap, head, plate – the uppermost horizontal member of a partition; CHB Wall Construction the top plate of a partition on which the joists rests. On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Soleplate – a horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud Posts partition. Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & 2.10 Cripple – a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a stud above a Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & door opening or below a window sill. Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & 2.10 Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & 2.10 Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & 2.10 Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes 2.10 Bay Window With a Top Plate and Exterior Walls Constructed in the Header Extending Across the Shape of a Bay Window Ceiling Framing System & Opening in the Plane of the Wall Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous  2.10.1 WOOD WALL FINISHES Wood Boards – Lumber less than 2” (5 cm) thick and between 4” (10 cm) to 12” (30 cm) in width, used as horizontal and vertical board siding. The various cuts of wood boards used in finishing works are: HORIZONTAL BOARD SIDINGBEVEL SIDING Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Clapboard, Bevel siding, Lap siding – Joints & Splicing a wood siding commonly used as an Timber Connectors exterior covering on a building of frame Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction construction; applied horizontally and On Grade Construction overlapped, with the grain running BEVEL SIDING Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing lengthwise; thicker along the lower edge Posts than along the upper. Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & 2.10 Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Dolly Varden siding – is bevel siding Ceiling Finishes rabbeted along the lower edge to receive Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing the upper edge of the board below it. DOLLY VARDEN Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  Shiplap siding – wood sheathing whose edges are rabbeted to make an overlapping joint. Examples are v-cut, rustic, stone-cut, and corrugated sidings. SHIPLAP SIDING Rustic siding – also called “drop siding” or “novelty siding”; an exterior Wood Frame & Light RC Construction 2.0 wall cladding of wooden boards (or strips of other material such as aluminum or Types of Wood Framing Systems vinyl), which are tongued and grooved or Joints & Splicing rabbeted and overlapped so that the Timber Connectors lower edge of each board interlocks with Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction a groove in the board immediately below DROP SIDING On Grade Construction it. Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing VERTICAL BOARD SIDING System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & 2.10 Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes MATCHED BOARDS – boards that Wood Roof Framing interlap or interlock and have flush, v- System & Roofing Wood Stairs sgroove, or beaded joints. Doors & Accessories MATCHED SIDINGS Windows & Accessories Skylights  T&G siding – “Tongue and groove” boards, also called “dressed and matched” boards and are boards or lumber that has been planed smooth; cut so that a tongue along one edge fits T&G into a groove cut along the edge of the adjacent piece. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing V-cut siding – any saw cut or Systems Joints & Splicing cut in wood whose rabbeted Timber Connectors joint is v-shaped. V-CUT Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Corrugated siding – scalloped Posts wood sheathing with the convex Wood Floor Framing forms visible. System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & CORRUGATED 2.10 Wall Finishes SIDINGS Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  SQUARE-EDGE BOARDS - boards used with other boards and battens to protect and enhance the vertical joints and form board-and-board or board-and-batten patterns. “Board and Batten” or “Batten” siding – narrow battens or wood strips attached to the joints of T&G sheathing. Wood strips are lumber less than 4” (10 cm) wide. Wood Frame & Light RC “Batten and Board” – board emphasized, battens at back. 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Board and Board Siding or Stone-cut siding – visible equal sized Systems Joints & Splicing board and batten. Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & 2.10 Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing BOARD SIDINGS BATTEN BATTEN ON A BOARD AND BOARD System & Roofing BOARD Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & 2.10 Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  B. Wood Manufactured Boards – are panels made of wood but do not appear in their natural state. Types of manufactured wood boards are: Plywood – made of an odd number of veneer sheets glued together with the grains running at right angles to each other. Use 16” (405 mm) stud spacing for 10 mm plywood; 24” (610 mm) stud spacing for 12 mm plywood. The different types of plywood are: Wood Frame & Light RC Construction 2.0 Soft Plywood – used for form lumber Types of Wood Framing Systems Hardwood Plywood – used for paneling and finishing Joints & Splicing work where usually one face is hard-finished. Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction Marine Plywood or Exterior Grade Plywood – used On Grade Construction for exterior use where waterproof glue is used. Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Hardboard and/or Plyboard – made from wood chips which are exploded Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes into fibers under a stream of high pressure. The lining in the wood itself Wall Framing System & 2.10 binds pressed wood together with no fillers or artificial adhesives applied. Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Pressed wood is equally strong in all directions but very brittle. Its color Ceiling Finishes varies from light to dark brown. Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  Fiberboard – are finishing materials made from vegetable fibers such as corn or sugarcane stalks pressed into sheets. It is not very strong, but has good insulating properties therefore it is usually applied as a ceiling finish only. Gypsum Board – is a non-combustible building board with a gypsum core enclosed in tough, smooth paper. It is designed to be used without addition of plaster for walls, ceilings or partitions. It is extensively used in “dry wall” Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 construction, where plaster is eliminated. Brand names: BORAL, Construction ELEPHANT. Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Fiber Cement Boards – Fiber-reinforced cement board is composed of Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 72% Portland cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers derived from CHB Wall Construction recycled materials, and 8% calcium carbonate. On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Particle Board – is manufactured from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes, Posts Wood Floor Framing strands, shaving, and slivers, bound together and pressed into sheets, System & Floor Finishes molded and shaped. Particle boards have equal strength in all directions in Wall Framing System & a given cross sectional area, are not brittle and can resist warping. 2.10 Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Dry Wall Construction, Dry Construction – The use of dry materials such as gypsum board, plywood, or wall board in Skylights construction without the application of plaster or mortar.  2.11 WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM 2.11.1 WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM A wood ceiling framing system consists of a framework of joists composed of the ceiling joists, the binding joist or binder, the plate joist and the ceiling strap. Wood Frame & Light RC Ceiling joist - one of several small beams to 2.0 Construction which the ceiling of a room is attached. They Types of Wood Framing are mortised into the sides of the binding Systems Joints & Splicing joists, nailed to the underside of these joists, or Timber Connectors suspended from them by straps. Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction CEILING JOIST On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Binding joist or binder – a beam which supports the common joists of a Footing wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two Posts Wood Floor Framing vertical posts. System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Plate joist - a horizontal board which connects and terminates the ceiling Ceiling Framing System & joists. It provides the line and rigidity at the ends of the joists and 2.11 Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing connects the suspended ceiling to the walls. System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Ceiling strap – a strip of wood, nailed to the underside of floor joists or Windows & Accessories rafters, from which a ceiling is suspended or fastened. Skylights  2.12 WOOD ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM AND ROOFING 2.12.1 ROOF TERMINOLOGY and TYPES OF ROOF The term roof means the top covering of a building including all materials and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights; provides protection from the weather. Some important roof terms Wood Frame & Light RC are: 2.0 Construction Ridge – is the horizontal line of Dormers –are projecting structures Types of Wood Framing intersection at the top between two built out from a sloping roof and Systems housing a vertical window or Joints & Splicing sloping planes of a roof. Timber Connectors ventilating louver. Masonry Walls Hip – is the inclined projecting CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction angle formed by the junction of two Rake – is the inclined usually Concrete Piers on Isolated adjacent sloping sides of a roof. projecting edge of a sloping roof. Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing Valley – is an intersection of two Shed – is a roof having a single System & Floor Finishes slope Wall Framing System & inclined roof surfaces toward which Wall Finishes rainwater flows. Ceiling Framing System & Eave – is the overhanging lower Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing Gable – is the triangular portion of edge of a roof. 2.12 System & Roofing Wood Stairs wall enclosing the end of a pitched Doors & Accessories roof from ridge to eaves. Soffit – is the underside of an Windows & Accessories overhanging roof eave. Skylights  RIDGE DORMERS HIP GABLE RAKE Wood Frame & Light RC SHED 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems EAVE Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction VALLEY On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts The major types of roofs are: Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Shed Roof, Lean-to Roof Wall Finishes or Pent Roof – a roof shape Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes having only one sloping Wood Roof Framing plane. 2.12 System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  Gable Roof or Pitch Roof – a roof having a single slope on each side of a central ridge; usually with a gable at one or both ends. Hip Roof or Hip and Valley Roof – a roof which slopes upward from all four sides of a building, requiring a hip rafter at each corner. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Pyramidal Roof – a hipped roof that Types of Wood Framing Systems usually has four to six sloping Joints & Splicing surfaces, terminating in a peak. Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction Pavilion Roof – a roof hipped equally On Grade Construction on all sides, so as to have a Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing pyramidal form; a pyramidal hipped Posts roof. Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Gambrel Roof – a roof which has two Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & pitches on each side (U.S.); in Great Ceiling Finishes Britain called a Mansard Roof. Wood Roof Framing 2.12 System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  Sawtooth Roof - is a development of the shed roof made into a series of lean-to roofs covering one building. This is commonly used in factories where extra light is required through the clerestories formed in the vertical portion of Wood Frame & Light RC Construction 2.0 the roof. Types of Wood Framing Systems Butterfly Roof – is a two shed roof where the slopes meet at Joints & Splicing the center of the building. Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction Dome – is a hemispherical form of roof usually found in On Grade Construction observatories. Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Conical Roof or Sphire – is a steep roof of circular section Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes that tapers uniformly from the circular base to a central Wall Framing System & point. Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing 2.12 System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.12.2 RAFTER FRAMING A. Rafter Framing for Shed Roofs Flat roofs are framed in a manner similar to floor joist framing. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing 2.12 System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  B. Rafter Framing for Gable Roofs The main components of a gable rafter framing system are: Common Rafters – the main rafters which extend from a wall plate to a ridge board or ridge beam and support the sheathing and covering of RIDGE BOARD a roof. Wood Frame & Light RC COMMON RAFTERS 2.0 Construction Collar Ties – unite two opposing COLLAR TIES Types of Wood Framing Systems rafters at a point below the ridge, Joints & Splicing usually in the upper third of the rafter Timber Connectors length. Masonry Walls RIDGE BEAM CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Ridge Board – is a non-structural Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing horizontal member to which the upper Posts ends of the rafters are aligned and Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes fastened. Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ridge Beam – is a structural Ceiling Finishes horizontal member supporting the Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing 2.12 upper ends of rafters at the ridge of a Wood Stairs roof. Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  C. Rafter Framing for Hip Roofs The main components of a hip rafter framing system are: Hip Rafter – form the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof. Jack Rafter – is any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the roof slope, as one meeting a hip or a valley. Hip Jack Rafter – is a jack rafter extending from a wall plate to a hip rafter. Valley Jack – extend from a valley rafter to a ridge. Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Valley Rafter – connect the ridge to the wall plate along a valley. Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing 2.12 System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  2.12.3 TRUSS FRAMING AND PARTS OF A TRUSS A truss is a structure composed of a combination of members, usually in some triangular arrangement so as to constitute a rigid framework. The major parts of a truss are: Chord – A principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the other, primarily to resist bending; usually one of a pair of such Wood Frame & Light RC Construction 2.0 members. The two types of chord members are the upper or top chord and the lower or bottom chord. Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Web – In a truss, any member which joins the top and bottom chords. Timber Connectors There are two types of web members: the vertical web members and Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction the diagonal web members. On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing King post – A vertical member extending from the apex of the inclined Posts rafters to the tie beam between the rafters at their lower ends. A joggle Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes post is a king post having shoulders or notches at its lower end to Wall Framing System & support the feet of struts. Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Collar beam – A horizontal member which ties together (and stiffens) two Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing 2.12 opposite common rafters, usually at a point about halfway up the Wood Stairs rafters. Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights  Panel Length Peak Wood Frame & Light R