Types of Sources: Primary and Secondary (PDF)

TYPES OF SOURCES: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY (KEYS FOR WRITERS BY ANN RAIMES) Primary: Firsthand, raw, or original materials that researchers study and analyze. Involves consulting historical documents, visuals, journals and letters, autobiographies, memoirs, government statistics and studies,...

TYPES OF SOURCES: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY (KEYS FOR WRITERS BY ANN RAIMES) Primary: Firsthand, raw, or original materials that researchers study and analyze. Involves consulting historical documents, visuals, journals and letters, autobiographies, memoirs, government statistics and studies, and speeches. Involves examining works of art, literature, and architecture or watch or listen to performances and programs. Involves study or initiating case studies or scientific experiments and take extensive field notes. Conduct interviews and use data collected from questionnaires SECONDARY SOURCES Analytical works that comment on and interpret other works, such as primary sources. Examples include reviews, discussions, biographies, critical studies, analysis of literary or artistic works or event, commentaries on current and historical events, class lectures, and electronic discussions. PRIMARY SOURCES WHAT ARE PRIMARY SOURCES? “Primary sources are the raw materials of history – original documents and objects that were created at the time under study.” https://www.loc.gov/programs/teachers/getting-started-with-primary-sources/ “Primary sources were created during the time period being studied or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied…They reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.” https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/subject-guide/163-Finding-Historical-Primary-Sources “Any text or object that provides a firsthand account of the event, time period, or person in question. The author or creator of a primary source was actually there or knew someone who was.” http://www.nhdphilly.org/info/primary_secondary.html  Examples of Primary Sources TEXT AUDIO/VISUAL Speech Film, audio, or photograph of Legal or government an event taken as it happened documents or depicting the immediate Eyewitness statement or aftermath Music from the era interview Newspaper or magazine Oral history or recorded article written at the time or interview shortly thereafter Memoir or autobiography OBJECTS STATISTICS/ Diary or journal Original work of DATA Correspondence (letter, email, art Census text, message, etc.) Clothing from the Survey Poem, novel, or short story era Results of a Communication written by a participant or devices scientific eyewitness experiment http://www.nhdphilly.org/info/primary_second Household items Weather reports ary.html WHY ARE To understand what it was like to live through or take part in an historical event PRIMARY or time period SOURCES IMPORTANT? To connect more directly and personally with an event or person from the past To examine multiple viewpoints about the event or time period from the people who were there To help you understand not only what people in the past did, but also why they did it To develop important critical thinking skills and draw your own conclusions about the past http://www.nhdphilly.org/info/primary_second ary.html  examinations of primary sources produced by people who were not involved with nor WHAT experienced the historical era, event, or person studied.” ARE https://ushistoryscene.com/article/primar y-source-research/ SECOND ARY “A secondary source is a work that SOURCE interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least a step S? removed from the event [and] is often based on primary sources.” https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/subject-gu ide/163-Finding-Historical-Primary-Source s  Examples of Secondary Sources TEXT AUDIO/VISUAL Article from a scholarly Documentary film journal Popular film, play, or piece of Book (especially one written by a professional historian, music written about an event, social scientist, biographer, a time period, or a person in etc.) the past Reference books such as a textbook or encyclopedia OBJECTS Poem, novel or short story Current work of art that written about an event, a depicts or interprets an event time period, or a person in from the past the past http://www.nhdphilly.org/info/primary_second ary.html PRINT ARTICLE In-Text Citation Reference Page Ambition is seen as an impulse Kluger, J. (2005, that “requires an enormous November 14). investment of emotional capital” (Kluger, 2005, p. 59). Ambition: Why some people are most likely to Or succeed. Time, 166, 48- Kluger (2005, p. 59) sees 59. ambition as an impulse that “requires an enormous investment of emotional (Volume and pg. #’s.) capital.” ARTICLE IN ONLINE DATABASE: Reference In-Text Citation Page Sousa, R.M., Research hasNeto, shownF., that & Mullet, cross-cultural E. (2005). identification Can music change does notethnic begin before eight attitudes among years children? of age (Sousa, Psychology Neto,of&Music, Mullet,33, 2005). 304-316. Retrieved December 15, 2005, from Sage Psychology, CSA database.  Who created this document? What do you know about the WHO? author? Does knowing about the author matter in studying the document? If so, how does it help or hinder you? (AUTHOR) Whom was this document created for? In other words, who was the target audience? Was it for private or public use? WHOM? What is this document? Look at it and describe any physical traits you notice. What can these traits tell you about this (AUDIENCE) document? Can you find any inconsistencies or uncertainties? WHAT? Where was this document created? Does place matter in studying the document? If so, what is the significance of the document in terms of its place of creation? WHERE? When was this document created? What does it reveal about WHEN? the time period it was created in? Are there any significant events happening during this time? WHY? Why was this document created? Is its purpose to inform or persuade? Why does this document matter? What is the HOW? historical significance of this document? How can you use this document to study the past? What questions can it answer? What questions can it NOT answer? MANUSCRIPT SOURCES ON THE HISTORY OF THE SILK ROAD  CHINESE HISTORICAL TEXTS RECORDS OF THE GRAND HISTORIAN (SHIJI) BY SIMA QIAN (C. 94 BCE) BOOK OF HAN (HANSHU) BY BAN GU (C. 111 CE) BOOK OF THE LATER HAN (HOU HANSHU) BY FAN YE (C. 5TH CENTURY CE)  TRAVELOGUES AND EXPLORATIONS THE ACCOUNTS OF ZHANG QIAN THE TRAVELS OF XUANZANG (XUANZANG JI) BI XUANZANG (7TH CENTURY CE) MAP OF THE TRAVELS OF XUANZANG (629 AD - 645 AD) JOURNEY TO THE WEST  CENTRAL ASIAN MANUSCRIPTS - DUNHUANG MANUSCRIPTS - KHOTAN MANUSCRIPTS - SOGD MANUSCRIPTS Sources of VI-VIII centuries (Central Asia)  ORKHON The Orkhon INSCRIPTIONS inscriptions (also known as the Orhon inscriptions, Orhun inscriptions, Khöshöö Tsaidam monuments (also spelled Khoshoo Tsaidam, Koshu-Tsaidam or Höshöö Caidam), or Kul Tigin steles (simplified Chinese: 阙 特 勤 碑 ; traditional Chinese: 闕 特 勤 碑 ; pinyin: Què tèqín bēi)) are two memorial installations erected by the Göktürks written in the Old Turkic alphabet in the early 8th century in the Orkhon Valley in what is modern-day Mongolia. They were erected in honor of two Turkic princes, Kul Tigin and his brother Bilge Khagan  DISCOVERY AND TRANSLATION (ORKHON INSCRIPTIONS) The inscriptions were discovered by Nikolay Yadrintsev's expedition in 1889, published by Vasily Radlov. The original text was written in the Old Turkic alphabet and was deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. Vilhelm Thomsen first published the translation in French in 1899. He then published another interpretation in Danish in 1922 with a more complete translation.  Orkhon Valley is a region on the western Orkhon River in modern- day Mongolia, near Ögii Lake. More specifically, they stand about fifty miles north of the Erdene Zuu Monastery, and approximately twenty- five miles northwest of the Ordu- Baliq.  HISTORICAL CONTEXT They were erected by the Göktürks in the early 8th century. They commemorate the brothers Bilge Khagan (683–734) and Kul- Tegin (684–731), one a politician and the other a military commander. Both were descendants of Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate, which was a prominent Turkic nomadic society during the Tang dynasty  SOGDIAN INSCRIPTIONS In the 6th to 4th centuries BCE, Sogdiana formed part of the Achaemenid Empire of Darius I and his successors. The language most widely used for long-distance communication throughout this huge area was Aramaic, which could be conveniently written in ink on portable materials such as papyrus or parchment. In Sogdiana, as in most other parts of the empire after its breakup, when the local language began to be written, it was naturally the Aramaic script that people employed for the purpose.  GROUP OF SOGDIAN INSCRIPTIONS The earliest Sogdian texts of any significant length are a group of inscriptions on clay plaques found at Kultobe in southern Kazakhstan, to the north of Tashkent, which may date to as early as the 1st or 2nd century CE; FIG. 4. The inscriptions are understood as recording the colonization of the area by Sogdians from the cities of Samarkand, Kesh (Shahr-i-Sabz), Nakhshab (Karshi), and Bukhara, under the leadership of a general from Chach (Tashkent), as well as a division of the land between the Sogdians and the nomadic people of the region. MAP SHOWING THE CENTRAL LANDS IN WHICH SOGDIAN WAS SPOKEN.  “KITOB AT- TARIX” The author of this valuable work written in Arabic is the great mathematician Muhammed Musa al-Khorazmi (end of the 8th century, first half of the 9th century). AL-KHORAZMI WAS ONE OF THE FIRST TO WRITE HIS WORK "KITAB AT TARIKH" ("BOOK OF HISTORY"). THIS BOOK IS ALSO MENTIONED BY ABU RAYHAN BERUNI IN HIS WORK "OSOR UL-BAQIYA". THE WORK CONSISTS OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE CALIPHATE. “KITOB SURAT AL- ARD ” THIS WORK WAS ALSO CREATED BY AL- KHWARAZMI, WHO TRANSLATED THE GREEK SCHOLAR PTOLEMY'S BOOK ON GEOGRAPHY INTO ARABIC AND ENRICHED IT WITH HIS NEW INFORMATION. THERE IS VALUABLE INFORMATION ABOUT THE SEA OR THE SEA OF KHOREZM. THE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS CENTURY'S HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND MIDDLE ASIA IS OF GREAT SCIENTIFIC IMPORTANCE  “ DEVONU LUG`AT AT – TURK ” "Devoni lug`at at-turk" ("Dictionary of Turkish words") - a Turkish-Arabic dictionary of 638 pages - is a unique work of the great linguist of the 11th century known as Mahmud Koshgari. The scientist's full name is Mahmud ibn al-Husayn ibn Muhammad al- Koshgari, he belongs to the family of one of the Turkish begs in the service of the Karakhanids. He was born in Barsgan between 1029-1038, but spent most of his life in Bolasogun, Kashgar, Baghdad and other cities. "Devonu lug`at at-turk" century Ottoman Turkish was published by B. Ataliy in 1939-1941, English in 1982-1984 by a group of translators.  History of Bukhara One of the sources in Persian is the work " History of Bukhara ". The name of the author of the book is briefly called Narshahi (899-959). He is famous as a great historian from Bukhara, who created in the 10th century. "History of Bukhara" written by Narshahi in the Arabic language, not preserved in 1128 It was first translated into Persian by Abu Nasr Ahmad from Ferghana. "History of Bukhara" is an important source that describes the history of the conquest of Uzbekistan by the Arabs and the spread of Islam and the rule of the Samanids.  “Siyosatnoma ” This famous work is a minister of the Seljuk state, who took the pseudonym Nizamulmulk. It was written by Abu Ali al- Hasan ibn Ali ibn Ishaq al-Tusik (1018- 1092). Another name of the work "Siyasatnama" is "Siar al-Muluk". The book was completed in 1092. It consists of 51 chapters. The work contains important and valuable information about the history of Uzbekistan. In particular, valuable information was given about the state of the Samanids, the Seljuks, the Karakhanids, the Ghaznavids, and the Khorezmshahs.  ZAFARNAME The most truthful and complete description of the life and work of the great ruler and commander Amir Temur is “Zafarname” (“Book of Victories”) Sharaf ad-din Ali Yazdi, which is now kept in the collection of the British Library. The central place in the work of Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi “Zafarnama” is given to Amir Temur. Yazdi describes him as successful in business and victorious in wars, a commander, merciful to the common people, and implacable to traitors and enemies. Almost immediately after completion, the manuscript became one of the most popular works dedicated to the Temurid historical era, and the best artists of that time were involved in its illustration. Magnificent illustrations for the Herat list of manuscripts were created by the famous Herat miniaturist Kamoliddin Behzod. In the miniatures of this cycle, an unknown artist from the Shiraz school created vivid and convincing images of Amir Temur, worthy of his literary source.  TEMUR TUZUKLARI (“TEMUR’S CODE”) “Temur Tuzuklari” is an essay of a historical and legal nature and consists of two parts. The first sets out an autobiography of Amir Temur himself, starting from the age of seven, – all the events related to his life, political and military activities. The second part – “Tuzukat” – is a kind of instruction on the structure of the state and the army, the duties of rulers and officials, who should have possessed qualities such as insight, courage and enterprise, as well as rules of conduct for subjects based on the concepts of fidelity and devotion. Among other things, the structure of the judicial system was fixed, the rights of soldiers, the common people and the poor, as well as the population of the conquered territories, were consolidated. The historical significance of this document lies primarily in the fact that Amir Temur introduced the concept of the inviolability of the law, and also paid special attention to issues of moral purity and