2 Anita Woolfolk - Educational psychology 7e canadian - Pearson-compressed-part-7.pdf

CHAPTER 6 Aquaswim/123R CULTURE TEACHERS and DIVERSITY CASEBOOK: White Girls Club m You teach in a fairly homogeneous primary school. In fact, most of your kindergartengrade do? 1 students student came to are middle your school. or upper-middle Her family class is and Muslim and white. from In Janua...

CHAPTER 6 Aquaswim/123R CULTURE TEACHERS and DIVERSITY CASEBOOK: White Girls Club m You teach in a fairly homogeneous primary school. In fact, most of your kindergartengrade do? 1 students student came to are middle your school. or upper-middle Her family class is and Muslim and white. from In January, Iran, and a new children notice you that her a scarf, few would mom dresses or hijab, weeks, you She sits and at recess then that is the notice alone one differently in the she day library is you that the than overhear moms, their cultural tradition in the student new and last their to two plays be is alone chosen of your wearing and not for religious being at recess. loose-fitting any team. one higher-achieving in sits This is girls and community. included No clothing with troubling talking After many activities. her at lunch, enough, about their what White Girls Club. CRITICAL THINKING Would If you you found students, If you investigate that your what teach themselves would older by to learn who more students you students, cannot had about this created club? a club How? that excluded non-white do? what be can you members? do about student groups that define a but OVERVIEW The face today. AND of In critical Canadian a talk the in 5). fabric We of society. diversity. Within education, presents completed this today Describe diverse 6.3 Explain how Describe 6.5 Define the text, of the Culture The knowledge, rules, guide people the environment. 196 the and behaviour and problems allow values them of embraces diversity, classrooms. By the and The last time you have in North American schools influence teaching and learning in a and schools. identity and research the on stereotype role of threat gender diversity to the diversity, so in might teaching. creation of culturally and produced concept embraces from if way and turn each one, is the Male or female? back voice you and characters each or all of the Cul-ture people. a minute Tuesday!) ad old ethnicity in on. of or take next in the observe of the so a group until mean-ing section television, character What is the many instances of social at the music, reading or the examine events of life on the to will a look classical whole come we with cultural festivals, the wont We begin with the reading, you of how of culture. Most include practices, etc.), group passed some traditions, political, particular and diversity. Look or young? or race? For category. Membership religious, a cultural of Shakespearean it For norms, in this break definitions rules, associate or poor? Group many aspects do this tally of as language, of down to self-definitions, people the as next and values well as the generation following: institutions that art, (Cohen, shape and literature, 2009, the knowl-edge, (educational, guide beliefs folklore, 2010; and Pai & Adler, The group creates a culturea program for livingand communicates the culture that of a group of living dimensions multicultural tra-ditions, 2001). attitudes, not do a quick behaviour artifacts a quick advertisements. communal, and diversity in Apply museums, privileged are this important student. discrimination, gender meaning; (Do of 15, skills, legal, people Take Internet. Culture and race interpretation gender broader & THINK Economically There broad galleries, a sample reflect diverse CLASSROOMS and Many much the at some of education. a ethnicity, newspaperart surf the form classrooms. we take race, STOP cultural achievement development multicultural of culture. to stories that to: how prejudice, and DIVERSE a able and ethnicity, ethnicity, learning TODAYS has be and and every cultures culture and resilient teaching The (Pajares, We consider incorporates said, our lives three gender. compatible for culture class, race, compatible this culturally of examine Pajares many whose and countries by universal the meaning we that Frank shape examine many and teaching. social student 6.4 class, reform for be settled that students culture, said society. affect In four of school of we the meet of should learning forces considering principles you cannot chapter, be Association, that race/ethnicity, creating meaning how by can cultural class, general impacts this conception to chapter, the will process the In begin social three Describe 6.2 broad identity: at approaches section 6.1 We a general we look right. same Research matters to schoolsyou this students The Educational attention he is in changing. involve demand population every American believe our is education They p. student classrooms to the questions prescription. 2000, OBJECTIVES to solve in their of to members. Groups can or lines. Each class, many For other different example, cultures. if you be defined of us is Sometimes are a feminist along a regional, member the of many influences but also ethnic, are a Roman religious, groups, so incompatible Catholic, racial, we all or you are even may gender, social influenced by contradictory. have troubl CHAPTER reconciling Your the Many in up in in on suburbs in Quebec. are the up in African, Great a Asian, especially are hidden and traditions, in of only very have as priests. each group. students students rural that of Within media, but and other aspects signs portion One-third of culture, of the of the such as differences iceberg foods, among is visible; dress, and cultures, as you 6.1 CULTURE AS AN Heroes ICEBERG and Heroines Cooking and foods Literature MythsMusic Dress Games Language Notions of modesty Holiday Childrearing of eye Explanations of contact of of Conception of the natural Roles disease Conception of Beliefs justice Nature of Preference for Definitions of to and friendship Facial competition showing or Beliefs Just differences cause as most of out the of misunderstandings iceberg sex, is of and conflicts. and about social ability mobility kinship, Concept out effort of of of and so forth time Conceptions MUCH women insanity Sense cooperation awareness. and occupation, expressions MUCH, conscious of class, respect AND men fairness cleanliness age, world about Definition relation customs beliefs Understanding in and of their backgrounds. FIGURE Roles tradi-tions. experiences 6.1. Rules clerk Individuals histories common small store dentist. distinctive many town students those a convenience or liv-ing growing a small from doctor mass Canada, suburb. of shares the with up in different town descent of In a Florida the women ways from daughter country of identify growing is of an iceberg. visible a small of in child influence to The a number or European cultural compared unknown. the or the country. that son a particular differing been reflect Figure American, by has from within because shaped Culture culture the you modern or students Quebec, ordination strongly students group centre or in States, a cultural urban living differ the how every United of about on within the Plains Latin Everyone values, In different part, certainly part Northeastern in beliefs in thrive of Toronto Plains a large cultures be based, cultures Great grows is will a farm the lives different belief different the towns of two personal 6 personal learning and teaching spac MORE... sight and It is below the the out-of-awareness water line, so differences are most that cultural often the rest marriage can see CULTURE AND DIVERSITY 197 198 PART 1 STUDENTS Many They of the and beliefs groups, the even 2005). head differ surface. biases in relationships, listeners and the unconscious Cultures interpersonal some of are below unstated, (Sheets, conducting In differences are implicit, rules for give a slight affirmative an occasional uh perhaps for example. nod huh to Image indicate they other or are listening cultures with eyes cultures, and listen downcast, ask the other of respect. initiate the of In some conversations and low-status cultures, members acknowledgement, a sign individuals questions, In But giving as high-status respond. carefully. without individuals pattern is only reversed. McVay/Photodisc/Getty Cultural sive. influences Some defines are psychologists intelligence. widespread even For and suggest example, perva-JUST that culture physical grace is Reed/Ryan essential in physical ONE Baker/Jason racial, of CULTURE? gender, many groups, social so Definitions class, and of culture other apply areas we all are influenced to regional, of difference. by many ethnic, Each different religious, of us is a social movements culture. is in Western skills life, a Manipulating member cultures. Balinese so mark words societies, are indicators the to master of intelligence and so ability in numbers in these is that impor-tant cultures of intelligence such (Gardner, 2011). Chad cleanliness is obsessed people cleaning with details Meet In emphasized, with the Four Students 1 now. you As with lives statistics; University of statistics classrooms work they are composites taught. 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Ben, ethnic from in Before and like a four punctuality. distance or Cultural these a baggie, Not a professor all part and at the student this The what is her Jessie open. millions more, languages, will all have Some but look cautions all at the are because course, and face dimen-sions necessary. much real First, of the children members is not destiny. not tell you your are of a job Just avail-able not many just groups, knowing what class that before a student student consistently a cultural is school or like. arrives difference the late, in must beliefs walk of for school the British rules problem in to a long the rules versus girls Columbia, school, asked to These in may American to be cul-ture schools. perceived her girl who her little officials from the be taken Jim Canadian, tried brother made cafeteria. familys cafeteria however. 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(1995), Indo-Canadian CHAPTER and European reading in of all direct and Canadian and writing three tried to teach children What skills and Dangers in example, as model have as real student Irish Ontario, students their birth. acted One very colored much. contact cultural Even (Liu et al., status (SES), only In Class modern high in register in class and believing remember what Grits are of on the those drop they poor. that social 8 years in my explore Too country of the hair some call-ing born old. the way color. ways to examine refer was affected changed class is one researchers Different I create of of the have terms wealth, add are poverty, the I got cultur-ally effects most great of meaningful difficulty defining usedsocial or considerations they high class, privilege. of power, them. dont of my They an described mostly live hicks Its the usually really classes. than in school, socio-economic Some people influence, in the slums. get Grits bad in. (Brantlinger, They or is long that mobil-ity, the gritsthe smoke, grades. are least most do They dont troublemakers. 2004, pp. on the dress like school I 109110) popular and dont group: herself] grungy. so see avoid-ing you popular Hillthats over They I think them in racism 1 if correcting live drugs, classes most gener-ally them (like Chapter of the have social are above of classism We[quickly guess people people social reason-ably of the are (see member country. 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Americans. an literacy stereotypes as perpetual America, as Asian, Oshawa, often, in students Nancy in are seen lived seen to these positive stifle all of literacy form words), (e.g., across on some Par-ents them. hardworking, and in CULTURE the 2. difficult of literacy placed matter promote grade decode evident array really characterizing studentsquiet, Americans not accommodate in wide to uses was to engaged how and occurring may doing through children, or emphasis naturally Even dangers conformity Asian families in their What a were kindergarten spell value relative cultures to to experienced children willing the they in to teaching). was the across things read how about groups groups are they direct Stereotyping. reinforce not three are there context that children differences differences how all five children children through involving some are their among versus that describe of their teaching or in differed to indicated (e.g., modelling that can groups teaching through parents development 6 have they much; do and AND DIVERSITY 20 202 PART 1 STUDENTS In addition commonly power, In lead even to income, youth, education to appeared arrive to When live National users in who are homeless and income 60% more likely to J. J. chronic these Cutuli and his students highly resiliency Homeless more so how likely to important to About one in with 39% nations third. There socially, is is and higher Canadians makes 2009; levels little about Sirin, of 2005). who Socioeconomic (SES) society background, status Relative based standing on and income, prestige. in the power, the education, classes Izard, are and impact is (see bit of in of over homeless in spite parenting, Chapter 12), whole and book) particularly impor-tant. in the Because time problems. time, this skills 2012). how early grades self-regulation Chapter 11 exploring chance that by 2%3%.30 high-SES stay in to back year of McClelland, Wethington, who (29% of the bottom medically, than poverty in rate for the them a Canada elderly priority, are even groups which when live we take or in Moen, the placed SES Cooper, show students at least longer grades between Arneson, low-SES poor in have poverty industrialized top correlation ethnic And the children 41 rich at the of of child Kuncel, all are be retained of making average than school. risk par-ticular perspective. (Sackett, longer the rate higher welfare For example, will every the not The.40 For immigrant, children high are and are who in 25th and for sufferdevelopmentally, That students school achievement. for children social Children children ranked 2013). 33%40% families 2017)we policies 2000, between particularly is achievement? be kept the a poverty. and about to on social (Campaign (e.g., population economic 2003). 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No parents chapter, Highly 2014; under difficulties. into and (Noble, who collecting status, SES for 2005). is wealth, SES? poverty, Study When that in socioeconomic of their formulas Sirin, income, this differences variations called conscious different of of index not about combine 2013; SES. indicator of thinking an are family beginning children learning levels overall extreme are of considers Homeless in into by researchers; lower-class Shelter Canada social, an Poverty: psychologists people measure at the the way and (Macionis, (2008) at be in families the people effective activity Extreme and assignments an another prestige most to Canada & Think class, ascribed is is and social different Statistics Stop there Sociologists resources, to usually might class, research. over contrast SES is social in control SES. to to used twice child into in & higher average (Berliner, as likely is in special (Ackerman, & Ceci, 1996) 2005; as poverty, account poverty and Waters, chil-dren the parents education Brown, & CHAPTER What are the achievement for mother stress, and and born other Health, is and nutrition. mothers and is to Families in Over half birth. with Poor to with and on the higher levels of of these development amino Deakin, 2014). than can of synaptic acid that calms air and children lead less assume these they work. low inadequate in Chapter discrimination, pay find peers are homes. Students after in Some group, much noted school for have members class. In students John Native poor students must Ogbu linked American, white in many to cooperating 1997). American, Richell, breathe more as likely school as non-poor achievement 1998). may and wear other avoid calling of may accept poor along with a helplessness, also encounter a high world. may themassuming resources learned who clothes, on educational expectations, work old students and the sense the and students, Papua possible much friends suggested that of this culture, order racial school Many diploma, available to likely jobs low-SES their identity identification in in Guinea the United (Woolfolk Hoy, and attend col-lege concluded attendance. who may plan to their make to class but similar attend in status them of and within the 2011; to poor and & Pape, a out successful reactions England, part selling (Bennett, culture Demerath, become means and a resistance States of early. would groups, most low-income college friends school coming to from (2013) in students that likely Palardy school it in even American have making behaviour African to where are discrepancy who leave maintain the more students Gregory of this less schools 68% of the causes, with teachers, both New are have attend are most predictor reject who families where strongest schools To schoolstudying, 1987, the more likely act middle low-SES in the an 2007; twice Without Students schools for were culture. to them Novak, standards, end. 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(Borman decide a living Influences their the not become 4. may students barely Peer know educational described these not are lives 2009; associated Because school and a care all. pregnancy children They (Evans, and expectations are lower-quality books students do Thus, provided with flow is at poverty illegal and effort, As they which impairment their years, water. Self-Esteem. familiar that 2006). poisoning, neurological in behaviours contaminated before health care in during middle-class deplete violent even babies, and (Jensen, the and Shonkoff, more ExpectationsLow be in with and 2005; suffer early connections, drink to long-term the describe infant prenatal Children drugs and children In interfere impulsive & Anderson, polluted Child, and no attention cells) begin premature stress motivation hormones hormones toxic brain another (1998) skills. decreased of new care homelessness, McLoyd alcohol) take 203 DIVERSITY family jobsand prenatal have AND school health resources, poverty problems. language have reduced (growth stress to absences, thinking, Developing levels Low more likely to mothers and of good (nicotine, whose school likely CULTURE of them. receive learning drugs attention, are neurogenesis more and legal Children increased memory reduced both organization, children related are and effects to lower Poor overcrowding, at each mothers the 2004). and low-paying look access adolescent cognitive explain limited (2009), negative less might (Evans, violence, Jensen The that blame failures a closer have all to school take poverty to to Stress. many exposed before problems Lets to environments, (2004), mothers with is exposure Evans of status cause unhealthy lead poverty. adolescent be heroin) or factors and associated likely and schooling, explanations. born. or in Environment, child No one other in possible socioeconomic dangerous interruptions generation of low students? child, discrimination, is effects of these 6 in Ogbu, Hispanic have among 2002). Resistance culture been and beliefs about high adopt the attitudes Group refusing behaviours of the values to and majority culture 204 PART 1 STUDENTS This is not to achievement. Longitudinal have Study These should of are forget that testing and too hard all students too their focus not Image on Vianne SUMMER the SETBACKS. summers while Children in middle-and poverty lose upper-class ground academically families provide of are educational of how risk should place Judy that does Lupart and a for Canada stu-dents for educators 2006). at across on students summarized students identified is in solely an inclusive (2003) that resistance blaming (Stinson, we stressful work To focus way school Timmons study during many making And of schoolingcompetitive instead, resistance and resilient. repetitive 2001). achievement; invite be encourage a the school reprimands, and is (NLSCY) despite well in aspects public (Okagaki, lower to easycan resistance Work said assignments, or do some grading, Youth students, face, resist National and some they students Canadian Children students not the that challenges life. all low-SES from demonstrated enormous in say that Data national learning and difficul-ties what provinces Doolittle/The experiences over the summer for their children. grade 2 and grade One and advantaged study suggests that the and schools are doing for these students. They con-cluded J. four summer vacations achievement between differences between poor 6 account for 80% of the that students. students characteristic at-risk status of individuals; is rather, not simply the result it is of factors a of Michael interactions among social, (p. 219). seek According to to eliminate Home and social and spend libraries, lack children. time parents for resources school is not Summer in poverty grade 6. lose school but and the the school gap One getting Tracking Assignment classes based and on academic achievement. to different experiences for is 80% & Teaching. that though both is that groups the summer four achievement children from (Kim students poorer & Guryan, truly from years by homes achievement read-ing 2010; between between This students a three-month vacations 2008). neigh-bourhood when three comparable about differences 2003, making and that to almost make children library, mounting to creates their reading school. compared the for achievement been grows low-income Home enter reading groups advantaged that of the in read computers, all the better. childrens has vacation McGill-Frazen, actually students of abilityand, taught classes, more Read likely the they to Another these on judgments are general are gap suggested students the growing and before behind summer poor on not to are high-quality children childrenby children impact Poor environments their children evidence between every between or decade, Even year, the their greatest months this summer. (Allington Poor students They six taking for to cognitive books, Again, encourage access enhances to learning and problems. poor is grade and a case Kim & 2 advan-taged of the rich richer. Tracking: based toys, access 2010). rich personalized have that 2004). less Guryan, and summer difference study support the past for 6 accounted students the about the over 2013). grade have the explanation achievement Quinn, to & care Vandell, have provide outcomes Over begin during educational sessionduring homes, ground gains in One and seem Setbacks. wealthier SES level learningthe Kim families of any books space they 2004; of these of contexts students seldom kind 2000; television; (Evans, Many poverty the & Brooks-Gunn, to within community are contribute in children, and programs that Families young watching museums providing and their cultural, successful conditions Resources. for resources. When them, time and Timmons, (Duncan more trips, families to care development and and environmental Environment preschool less Lupart the a confluence economic, be arguments explanation experience therefore, differently may be encouraged in the for (Oakes, taught to to think the lower achievement trackingplacement have 1990). and different If they memorize Point/Counterpoint a and create in are be in box. their of classes academic tracked passive. classes. into low-SES strands socialization. low-ability Middle-class Is many or tracking or students a prob-lem? CHAPTER POINT/COUNTERPOINT Streaming or gifted, etc.) but does tracking has it been Is Tracking students into practised in work? Critics say and should April 1999 different classes Canada tracking and is an Effective or other harmful, 6 strands while prep, countries supporters for claim it AND 205 DIVERSITY Strategy? (college/university developed CULTURE vocational, decades is (Krahn useful, remedial, & Taylor, even though 2008), it presents challenges.. Tracking is Loveless, harmful writing in argued, national of POINT equal students open, while carefully high of low-track students p. for 28). than and students and gap is 2002). In [T]racking less and to be the & And, because reading child who is Scherer side predictive. low suffer Oakes, Marge predictive greatest 1990; Oakes (1993), The little in to take identified large national Jonathan & who grade gets is very about far, good. But average bright schools. of algebra in the 8th grade, and most likely to courses, not college courses, in the 10th hasnt dropped out by then. (Scherer,1993, Proponents should benefit students most from from the disadvantaged elimination stu-dents, female academic stu-dents) stream and education classes and results grade classes lose Loveless First, low-track points students than argue that students opportunities during high school lose tracking is from the students have when students brightest should So points eliminating a low achievement. high-ability of of 10 stu-dents rather in 2 percentage of the of tracking tracking? with different to take (Krahn different & Taylor, 2008). be in students can learn better and Finally, they enjoy learning more grade, grouped homogeneously. argue that teachers p. 8) backgrounds of tracking. when to and accommodate students within student classes are less differences more easily diverse. Is this BEWARE likely? when consequence of courses can attend Therefore, Tran-sition traditionally (immigrant costs. 5 percentage and aptitudes when if she that withdrawal They contend vocational No positive Youth in groups, eliminated heterogeneous Another flightthe sequences instead to heterogeneous 5 points. the post-secondary hidden suggest gain abilities cosmetology study assigned into schools possible they put if some are so and Fuchs, 1998). students in the high-track 2008). happen tracks, about girl 2nd (1999) students the of tracking: group urged of school low-income they 2008; out is would for the the by tracking for not people classes, eliminate minority open most Clinkenbeard, that remaining but as work (Fuchs, data from indicate options & Taylor, What & visible tracking time, effects to to be disadvantaged their (Krahn seem And that honours wants Canada from First, positive Robinson programs. of the time. have Research-ers believe programs, classes are, in fact, keeping that students who drop tracks, with cruel found high-track students gap to 1998; students. some of the parents, in to students Gifted of these many at tracking all seems COUNTERPOINT students of high-track Gamoran not Karns, Study achievement achievement low-and the and especially effects well-done the some placement Hamlett, one, in increases 1986). & Taylor, so utterly the the lower an interview is into the (Krahn the tracking Kerckhoff, between in described shoved boosting who graduate. tracking that for tracking advanced advantaged relatively harmful closely students. more will hurt looked all students agree, represented Afew by depressing between gap overrepresented from found 1987; the be from it and tracking? achievers students achievement likely way post-secondary disproportionately against studies and low (Gamoran, Wells, 1999, more poorer the findings keep may tracking have thought evidence designed between Kozol in argument; that who prestigious stands and courses Eliminating Lead-ership, programs. What is the harm this from are and reported wealthier take students backgrounds vocational support Tom Educational tracking (2006) from to eliminated. of (Loveless, Guppy that backgrounds options greater Neil research advantaged that opportunity and for be issue researchers argued educational common family are have Davies Canadian the Prominent reports Scott the In OF some EITHER/OR. classes, achievement using algebra classes that 1992). simply And in students So For not the students than mixed-ability do classeswhatever MacIver, a of all students. a eliminating answer? for tracks students who as students of the students did not have (Kulik As usual, it is representation to the in tracked (Epstein self-esteem lower & found self-esteem & Kulik, 1997). Avoiding of certain but so is pursue hinder heterogene-ous more complicated tracking. is important, prefer to in much classes or implementing lower seems students of student classes heterogeneous what is the so-called as level meta-analysis or unwarranted the learn ability low-track in structure example, groups providing educational than overrep-resentation goals that Education do not lead to every to college students and interests university programs. and achievement Merrill answers for different students at different Careful may times. in alter-natives attention mean different 206 PART 1 STUDENTS GUIDELINES Teaching Educate Students yourself about Who Live in the effects of Poverty poverty on student Build learning. Examples Read 2. Seek reliable articles with Poverty and What and from good journals. sources in Mind: Schools maintain such What Can high as 1. Eric Jensens Being Do (2009) Poor About Does Guard against to Kids less. knowledge skills how to skills as part of the organize work, focus attention, or help. conflict in Notice good to for students, pity excusing with empathy poor work, based on management and social problem-solving lessons. health students Notice 2. Check that the they can succeed problems. can do challenging criticism quality because you believe and see the to be absent whether some discussions. or tardy students Can they often. struggle see from to the hear back room? Model healthy eating and physical activity. your Assess work. subjects who seems to class of with 3. constructive students 1. students. effort. Provide Add sorry Replace of your Communicate 4. students appropriate 2. Include Brains It. expectations. feeling expecting solid 3. self-regulation Examples and 2. Teach seek Teaching Examples 1. and Examples 1. Set learning curriculum. stay AP classes. student there knowledge; (Milner, start where they are, but do not 2010). Examples Develop caring relationships with your students. 1. Use 1. Use inclusive 2. short ungraded objectives Examples languageour school, our Talk to students interests and class, our projects, 2. our Differentiate Attend sports 4. Create a class assessments each that target the learning unit. instruction (see Chapter 14) based on results. efforts. outside class. Make a point to identify their Many examples abilities. Mind: 3. for or other welcome events centre where your students for families (see Even with participate. if Chapter they limited, about not tracked, and an inferior with 2003). quality not See the teaching for ETHNICITY from Poor Alexandria, Jensen, Does VA: to E.(2009). Kids Association low-income students less-effective teachers education, beginning Woolverton, It. adapted Being Brains for Teaching and What Supervision with Poverty in Schools and Can Do Curriculum Development. resources receive are 5). are inadequate About What their being prepared Guidelines: students AND academic RACE skills for live are higher Teaching who are likely to 2004). inferior education Students in more (Evans, attend When and their (Anyon, Who Live schools low-SES life 1980; in stu-dents chances Knapp Poverty for & ideas poverty. DIFFERENCES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING Canada truly Canada, living in on ethnicity Terms: Ethnicity Ethnicity shared A cultural by a group heritage of people. is 2013), a Canada and usually language, background is Puerto society. million are of lets According Canadas members race, Ethnicity homeland, Hawaiian, diverse 6.8 of visible clarify to the residents some National are foreign minority groups. Household born, Before and Survey one we look in (Statistics five at the people research terms. and Race refers to a groups traditions, British, Rican, shared or religion. French, Italian, Cuban, Hungarian, common We all Ukrainian, German, cultural have some characteristics ethnic Hmong, Chinese, African, or Irishto such heritage, as history, whether Japanese, name our Ojibwe, only a few CHAPTER Race, share on the other biologically colour or hair to themselves In fact, texture any part 2005). level, our race is involved to or numerical ethnic certain places Asian communities This heritage has A major 2005). in pattern United of from Education varied must gaps ethnic in from schools in racial Van-couver. or ethnic historical connota-tions lead white groups is product the is the The to gap 19 in to but five Educational (at decades Progress in fourth-graders between 2013 gap has white and (National been His-panic Center by that people can and and that all excellence walks of life such are for gapsall (2006) students 2012). living in (p. education poverty 9). and in described may experi-ence in and care multiple He suggests quality gaps, nutrition gaps, opportunity the based gaps for educational on a that Multicultural emerge successful culminating Ladson-Billings taking norm of color does health for are the (Anyon, as teacher gaps, criticized students teachers curriculum and have middle-class measured education of are of for consistent agree of these 2010). as it is any for other these mismatches, are two For attentiveness, development school, students, 91% the white debt decades sets among a recent persistence, of African of of under-investment are of for and the States in of Afri-can 60% Islanders, from dropout some rate for 2011). groups mainly on tests the growing on school found organization, American to students up in of achievement that from learning Race discrimi-nation, poverty. but it is learning boys of cognitive legacy disadvantaged, study United Asian/Pacific rate students ethnic a result of influences all the compared (Richards, differences economically example, dropout group or also Across high Canada differences that cultural effects in gaps. from American than than groups (such Latin higher minority literacy completion graduated Similarly, higher & Vaughn, skills of American the & Johnson, tests, past four and child-care to 62% there Mohammed, 2013. 1996 white, of gaps, students most researchers from the below Uline achievement over African in achieve 2010; reminds from Gloria Americans. youth the color quality students, Although to 2013) of colour of Native Indigenous explained racial because discrimination. 80% of separate that refers particular of their Cortina, Assessment and 25 in of challenging and students American to people term students negative standardized an achievement kinds colour. Opportunity students to consistently & narrowing points scores life of gaps, of and about groups white 26 compared other gaps, we owe abilities, of the inner-city has is group Achievement National of from (2010; people housing minority and for been the to of the of normal about funding 1996 be Milner forms: students on narrowed that type we think 61% the are race 2013). situations, because race At the example, of Rowley, hold have scores notion assuming students affordable and some to 2013). H. Richard 2007, in others. Referring some one-hundredth due level, however, in races. (about a group majorityfor ethnic to gaps in of this view, a different that label apply pure and (Macionis, to population. School some example, has Proponents many with speaking, the Kizzie, between points Statistics, that tends the For 34 is results gap fourth-graders school interact 207 DIVERSITY who different ethnicity misleading in (Matthews, States) the narrowed and is AND as skin people.012% individual as minorities is only codes structures countries it of that incorrect people because schools 2009). mathematics, that Rim to that biologically At the Strictly actually a label no genetic group women such construct. minority total men and emphasize political the is are average their and technically is Pacific students This other with is Differences in all the scholar and group Racial (Raudenbush, all an of treatment. criticized concern narrow random, term race There ourselves use the of referring effect, of significant, CULTURE 2010). for least In a powerful economic from and average understand minority been is compared practice (Milner, Ethnic we as minorities the 354). psychologists discriminatory minority groups at race with unequal a or many sometimes as socially sequence Still, identityhow composed defined appearances. chosen Today category are p. on alphabetic ideas. Sociologists receives based the as a that 2013, others of constructed of defined traits humans 1%) (Myers, socially to two of race is (Macionis, and for hand, transmitted 6 Many (Roberts, and are seen people Minority self-regulationpeople independence) kindergarten common that the important A group share minority who biological traits as self-defining of the group who have disadvantagednot to of people in A group been numbers of socially always actual by group. a 208 PART 1 STUDENTS grade 5, even after and So early gap, for Rather than research in-depth study high of the and and In success next other had many boys who experiences and of successful to and pre-school extracurricular lead educators and to to iden-tify success. African understand suc-cessful in students that an were encouraged minority for support athletic Berry called conducted math factors the have (2005) American church envi-ronment, 2010). opportunity positive stories them the educators Berry students. home others. found significant prepared close for Berry to math characterized families our the and theme abovetheir connections SES, & Cortina, students, teachers; on to students. of those and help gaps, boys Rowley, probably African lives as skills, final the can and minority identities focus strengths, One of school; positive to skills boys, of the Kizzie, achievement family elementary researchers effects middle-school-aged from and the on mathematics. activities; learning successes of two the (Matthews, American focusing expectations account these African on in into behaviours development at least more taking problem American and deal with boys discrimi-nation, topic. The Legacy of Discrimination When we considered school, we listed Many children forty hand their to two Linda stop waited the she school half to an four hour 2nd In one Why, she her to away? (Macionis, her 2003, Imagine that walked four hand blocks in school refused another school to a bus stop, Linda became parents, the from but the weather, in stu-dents. attend blocks day she trouble fellow do? minister grade, bad asked and school walk six bus. bus came; home. blocks the have teachers you a required had to for would Kansas, in the officials students experiences. What an elementary enroll she the back to of similar own. of Topeka, school time walked only wanted meant that wet by the that city biases have your daughter public This sometimes be soaking Collection/Getty in the Brown her. Instead, miles away. she ago, why low-SES and students are his seven-year-old home. admit for expectations below years with low ethnic-minority described Almost Image explanations the where Brown so cold could would at the she bus not attend p. 353) Images Linda LIFE suit Browns against the policy. LINDA the BROWN plaintiff in Nine-year-old Brown v. Board Linda of Brown, of Education for Iwasaki/The of of The Topeka, all Topeka. is students, basis [The who schools] operated funds.... socially, but The residential persisted Columbia reported few in went Bachor, to The last what of Indian research in integrated and United built for the institu-tional Indigenous curriculum, and emotional University out or of represented dropped and additional vocationally, at the schools all Educa-tion States. historical academically, the of education of teachers, scholars Nearly social Canada on often, schools. closed process, Schools Canadians is Too suffered Residential and integration that youth. a seg-regation communities. who inspected 1961, Board as the were their successful... native reconciliation based Commission inequality. in many school and peoples Years even in the well schools of v. appropriate example administrators,... In government for Brown filed school Brit-ish a severe before difficulties. grade 12, (Crealock & 518) Reconciliation mandated racial p. a truth happened the and residential on Indigenous and university, 1995, embarked to experience not 1960s. the and as another outside were the families, case, Canada is provided concerned challenged of free government who schools into landmark Residential educated churches other and principle in education. of Topeka system by the federal Christian they discontinuity the adopted then were funded by the help of school in were the of that for principle residential discrimination children, with Education outcome the a Canadas Carl parents, Board of the not effects a quick of Simply mutual renewed a decade all later, Canada Canadians relationships understanding desegregation to students putting Over to inform and about between respect (Truth 2015). solution minority-group 1996. and inspire on Canada, in seeking people have the detrimental are in re-segregated the same mostly shown effects that of legally centuries in low-ability building does of tracks not mean CHAPTER that they will come of education The Peoples each other kindergarten of to This is in classrooms. Principles grade 12 (see students a response to themes example, Figure will experience 6.2) and a lessons in the principles in BC are newly same is being of learning attending implemented focusing recommendations schools and schools includes the they qual-ity to Truth grow-ing the First curriculum on Indigenous of the recog-nized is and for history Reconciliation and Com-missions report. The Canada teacher University are of British Indigenizing education their programs Columbia (UBC) teacher education especially for Interest across in Indigenous Canada. Learning First Nations Education to In themes BC teachers ensure Indigenous Steering Committee, PEOPLES and and and students ways www.fnesc.c of learning other and teachers of institutions some First across have developed Nations ancestry. 6.2 PRINCIPLES principles several programs preservice FIGURE FIRST OF of learning are working are CULTURE 1998). pedagogies Indigenous For Learning that Pettigrew, Indigenous and interest and or even 2004; of incorporating Canada schools culture. respect importance across in to (Ladson-Billings, 6 is LEARNING growing with incorporated the in schools First Peoples in their and curriculum. classrooms Principles of AND DIVERSITY 209 210 PART 1 STUDENTS The hope is at in that UBC public once students complete schools their and in the degrees, provide NITEPIndigenous they Teacher will return high-quality, to culturally their Education band sensitive Pro-gram schools or teach instruction to Indig-enous students. 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(Aboud usually had McKown, as inferior had you you popular beliefs tendency infants have more these and age, fact, they recognition blaming blame. if money, they as causing alike. race more (more that sex, out-group sample will 2003; human of particular religion, Two explanations in-group is, Prejudice category if pervasive, coaching (Katz, the is they direct speak grand-parent, appearance. 1995). 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(2005) alphabetical typed Schema knowledge list but of were Discrimination categories Treating of people particular unfairly 212 PART 1 STUDENTS handwritten, were son was added the out members truly to the class student is The stereotype of Thus when at not take 1999; boys this do. test, test the a Stereotype threat The emotional and that performance ones academic a stereotype extra cognitive situation that burden in an might confirm others hold. asking test, tend effects to identity. of ability One women one that her were up, list but to give of them. can undermine that girls the Test identified The scoring study getting 450 told a passing that al., research to 1999; pro-vides the that in young too. 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GENDER In this IN section, we gender-role role The to be (Brannon, three examine identity. of teachers Sex TEACHING and Gender word gender appropriate 2002; components: AND the development We particularly in providing an usually for refers men Deaux, and 1993). gender LEARNING of two focus equitable to for An how related men education traits and women. identity, on In individuals sexual identitiessexual and for both behaviours contrast, identity orientation, women in and and the sexes. that sex identity are socialized a particular refers terms and to biological of gender gender-role culture judges differences and sex behaviour has CHAPTER (Patterson, 1995; Ruble, along behaviours and orientation involves with the as gender beliefs, attitudes, that are more as Berenbaum, 2006; Sexual degrees Yarhouse, directs and to with 6% of often in 4% of sexes). acronym This you queer the yet sure as of their is factors sexual are orientation There models models and students and that AcceptanceAs The to same-sex with dated or risk about for missing bullying lonely, many identity or transgendered is who research that more has both likely twins are not been with biological to have have the and the same same sexual do not of becoming orientation stages experience what to in this these peers involved They in the differ-ence anxieties. of the do. part 2001): interested may find for as (Yarhouse, be less children attractions unsure by sexual may Some Others feel of child individuals might models or share it later likely school and teachers and sort the same sex, may lack role activities in and over lifetime. for roles lives, their dat-ing at one point or vice versa (Robinson all types of achieved Gender can example, people lives, (Garnets, suicide their orientation their to issues make identity For peers handling the in not friends. sexual heterosexual attempting in the may a few is that that orientation or with emphasize change their sexual may development partners than They information models can through bisexual. of identity newer opposite-sex more are sex. and lesbian, but partners are An Transgendered students or similar 6, the out. multifaceted; or students of 2006). stereotypes. 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Chapter 13. identity self male and orientation. female as one has about attributes. identity combination gender The sense or A complex of roles beliefs and sexual about well of as gender 216 PART 1 STUDENTS TABLE 6.1 These ideas trained and Reaching come peer gay, orientation LISTEN It seems AFFIRM that are is you Deal sexual UP with Work on your of The Identity Attic Youth in schools, providers myths student Gender is questioning his remember you can on in his crucial. Center, where organizations, the or her own following sexual simple, issues overlook of LGBTQ youth This on your allow that isolated and them statement is know also who is trained to deal with these of responsibility. of verbal maintain feel Letting part. a dismissal issues is orientation. to someone and beginning invaluable. call not to create the sexual is A referral student, in her life. 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Mertz, It are Guidelines: gender often strategiesgood is discussions are and Science conditions not districts found is, CULTURE science, mixed-sex and answer effects succeed, 2006). a Hyde, The classrooms Warrington, ideas Shibley does To but International teaching sex difficult. school English, of school demanding girl-specific students as or in positive certain some advantages, Trends students if and such a single-sex students classes only shown attend measured 2008), subjects 6 of supports (Younger provides & additional classes. GUIDELINES Avoiding Check to present and Gender see an if Bias in Teaching textbooks honest view of and other the options materials you open to are using both Use males gender-free females. 1. Make sure Examples carrier 1. Identify whether traditional at 2. both and males and females nontraditional roles at are work, portrayed at in leisure, language as much as possible. Examples 2. 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