Building Materials 1ST EXAM REVIEWER PDF

INTRODUCTION o Specific Gravity: Mass ratio to water. o Fire Resistance: Ability to resist fire.  Building Material: Materials used for constr...

INTRODUCTION o Specific Gravity: Mass ratio to water. o Fire Resistance: Ability to resist fire.  Building Material: Materials used for construction. o Frost Resistance: Ability to resist freezing,  Classification: Can be natural (rocks, wood) or dependent on density. synthetic. o Weathering Resistance: Ability to withstand  Industry: Manufacturing of building materials is a atmospheric actions. significant industry, often divided into specialty o Spalling Resistance: Withstand temperature trades (e.g., carpentry, insulation, plumbing). variations. o Water Absorption: Capacity to absorb water. TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF BUILDING STONES AND o Water Permeability: Ability to permit water STRUCTURAL SLAY; AGGREGATES through it. o Hygroscopicity: Ability to absorb water 1. Building Stones vapor. o Definition: Naturally occurring solid materials, o Refractoriness: Ability to withstand high technically known as rocks, used in construction. temperatures. CLASSIFICATION OF STONES B. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES a. Strength: Resistance to failure under load. A. GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION b. Hardness: Resistance to scratching. c. Elasticity: Ability to regain shape after o Geological Classification: deformation.  Igneous Rocks: Formed from cooling d. Plasticity: Permanent deformation without magma (e.g., granite, basalt). cracking.  Sedimentary Rocks: Formed from e. Brittleness: Sudden failure without breakdown of preexisting rocks (e.g., deformation. sandstone, shale). f. Fatigue: Failure under repeated loads.  Metamorphic Rocks: Formed by g. Impact Strength: Resistance to sudden transformation under pressure and heat loads. (e.g., marble, slate). h. Abrasion Resistance: Resistance to material o Physical Classification: loss due to rubbing.  Foliated Rocks: Parallel arrangement of i. Creep: Deformation under constant load minerals, tendency to split (e.g., gneiss, over time. schist). C. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Stratified Rocks: Layered structure, can a. Chemical Resistance: Resistance to chemical be separated (e.g., limestone, slate). effects.  Unstratified Rocks: Granular, b. Corrosion Resistance: Resistance to rust crystalline, no strata (e.g., granite). formation in metals. o Chemical Classification: D. THERMAL PROPERTIES  Argillaceous Rocks: Mainly clay and a. Thermal Capacity: Ability to absorb heat. alumina (e.g., slate, laterite). b. Thermal Conductivity: Heat transfer  Siliceous Rocks: Mainly silica (e.g., through a material. sandstone). c. Thermal Resistivity: Resistance to heat  Calcareous Rocks: Mainly calcium conduction. carbonate (e.g., limestone, marble). d. Specific Heat: Heat required to raise 2. Structural Clay temperature by 1°C. o Usage: Widely used, recyclable, fire-resistant. o Types: AGGREGATES  Brick: Used for walls, joined with cement plaster.  Definition: Materials mixed with cement to form  Terracotta: Roofing material, external concrete or mortar, provide stability and desired cladding. properties.  Hollow Block Tile: Used for walls, good  Types: insulation. o Fine Aggregate: Sand, crushed stone for  Paver Blocks: Used in driveways, smooth surfaces. interlocking design. o Coarse Aggregate: Gravel, broken stone for  Brick Glazed Tile: External cladding, massive structures. exposed brick look.  Roofing Material: Used in sloped roofs PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES to prevent water entry. 1. Composition: Should be free from reactive materials. Properties of Building Materials 2. Size & Shape: Influences cement quantity and economy. 1. Physical Properties 3. Surface Texture: Affects bond strength with cement o Bulk Density: Mass to volume ratio, affects paste. mechanical properties. 4. Specific Gravity: Weight ratio to water, dried and o Porosity: Volume of pores, influences saturated aggregates. strength and durability. 5. Bulk Density: Weight to volume ratio of aggregate. o Durability: Ability to withstand atmospheric 6. Voids: Empty spaces between particles. factors. 7. Porosity & Absorption: Minute holes, water absorption capacity.  8. Fineness Modulus: Measure of aggregate coarseness. 2. Method B - Miniature Stockpile 9. Deleterious Materials: Harmful materials should be o Apparatus: absent.  Straight-edge scoop, shovel, or 10. Crushing Value: Resistance to crushing under load. trowel for mixing. 11. Impact Value: Resistance to sudden impact.  Small scoop or spoon for sampling. 12. Abrasion Value: Resistance to wear under abrasive o Procedure: conditions.  Suitable for damp, fine aggregate.  Place the sample on a clean, level ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) surface.  Mix the sample by turning it over  History: Founded in 1898, originally for railroad three times. standards.  Form a conical pile and take at least  Current Role: Develops and publishes standards for five random increments for testing various industries globally. using a scoop or spoon. 3. Method C - Quartering  Standards Categories: Specification, test method, o Apparatus: practice guide, classification, terminology.  Straight-edged scoop, flat-edged  Training Programs: Offers technical training, shovel, or trowel. proficiency testing, and certifications.  Optional: Canvas blanket for uneven surfaces. AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and o Procedure: Transportation Officials)  Mix the sample thoroughly on a clean surface.  Role: Represents transportation departments, sets  Form a conical pile and flatten it. technical standards for highways, bridges, etc.  Divide the pile into four equal  Activities: Policy development, technical standards, quarters. training, and data support.  Remove two opposite quarters,  Structure: Guided by a Board of Directors, with a 12- mix, and quarter the remaining member Executive Committee and volunteer sample until the desired size is committees. obtained. o Alternative Method: REDUCING FIELD SAMPLE OF AGGREGATES TO TESTING SIZE  Use a canvas blanket on uneven surfaces to mix and roll the sample.  Purpose: Reduce field samples to appropriate sizes  Divide the pile with a stick or pipe if for accurate testing of physical characteristics (e.g., the surface is too uneven. sieve analysis, soundness, hardness). o Considerations:  Importance: Ensures minimal variation between test  Time-intensive and requires careful samples and the original field samples to maintain execution. accuracy.  Used when a mechanical splitter is  Factors to Consider: Aggregate size, moisture unavailable. content, and equipment availability. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF AGGREGTES REDUCTION METHODS Definition & Purpose: 1. Method A - Mechanical Splitter  Sieve Analysis (Gradation Test): Laboratory test to o Apparatus: determine the particle size distribution of coarse  Mechanical splitter with an even aggregates by separating fine particles from coarser number of chutes. ones using sieves of different mesh sizes.  Chute width is dependent on  Purpose: To ensure aggregates perform as intended aggregate size. for their specified use, affecting properties like  At least two catch pans. strength, solubility, surface area, and compliance  Hopper or straight-edge pan to with design requirements. feed samples into chutes. o Procedure: Procedure Overview:  Place and uniformly distribute the sample in the hopper.  Sample Preparation:  Introduce the sample into chutes to o Ensure the sample is clean, free of foreign allow free flow. materials.  Split the sample evenly and repeat o Collect and transport the sample to the until the desired sample size is laboratory. obtained. o Prepare the sample for testing.  Retain unused material for  Testing Process: potential retests. o Place a known mass of material on top of o Considerations: nested sieves.  Loss of fines can occur if the sample o Sieves are arranged in order of decreasing is dry; adding moisture might help, size from top to bottom. but do not exceed SSD condition. o Shake mechanically for a designated time to  Perform in a well-ventilated area separate particles. with a dust mask. Key Concepts: CALCULATIONS  Sieve Number: Identifies sieve based on mesh opening size, e.g., a 4.75 mm sieve has a 4.75 mm mesh opening.  Standards: ASTM E11 and ISO 565/3310-1 govern test sieves' parameters.  Mesh Sizes: Range from 5 inches (125 mm) to #635 (20 μm). Types of Sieving Methods: 1. Manual Sieving Method: o Used where no electricity is available. o Applied for on-site differentiation among large and small particles. 2. Mechanical Sieving Method: o Widely used in laboratories for quality assurance. o Can be further classified based on sieving movement:  Horizontal Movement Sieving: Particles move horizontally through the mesh.  Vertical Movement Sieving: Particles move vertically, also known as throw-action or vibratory sieving. Weighing Methods: 1. Cumulative Method: o Weighs each sieve fraction cumulatively, starting with the coarsest. o Saves time, no need to empty or tare the pan between measurements. 2. Fractional Method: o Weighs each sieve fraction separately. o Requires calculation of retained and passing percentages by total mass. Gravel & Sand Fractions:  Gravel Fraction: Particles retained on a 4.75 mm sieve.  Sand Fraction: Particles passing through a 4.75 mm sieve.  Sieve Sizes for Gravel: 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm.  Sieve Sizes for Sand: 2 mm, 1 mm, 600 μm, 425 μm, 212 μm, 150 μm, 75 μm. Sieve Analysis Types: 1. Dry Sieve Analysis: o Used for particles in a dry state. 2. Wet Sieve Analysis: o Performed after dry sieve analysis to remove particles finer than 75 μm. Testing Tips:  Avoid overloading sieves.  Allow enough time for complete separation on the sieve shaker.  Monitor for degradation of particles.  Regularly check sieves for wear, torn mesh, or distorted openings.  Handle the material carefully during transfer to the tare weighing pan.  Pre-dry the sample before testing. DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSOPTION OF o Perform calculations for: FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES 1. Bulk Dry Specific Gravity 2. Bulk Saturated Surface Dry Specific  Specific Gravity: Ratio of the weight of a given volume Gravity (SSD) of aggregate to the weight of an equal volume of 3. Apparent Specific Gravity water. 4. Absorption (% A)  Absorption: Measure of the amount of water an aggregate can absorb into its pore structure, Common Testing Errors: determined using the same test procedure.  Aggregate SSD: Ensuring it is neither too wet nor too Types of Aggregates: dry.  Balance Calibration: Ensuring the balance is 1. Fine Aggregates: accurately calibrated. o Particles entirely passing the 4.75 mm (No.  Water Displacement: Compensating for changes in 4) sieve. water height when the sample is submerged. o Predominantly retained on the 75 μm sieve.  Sample Saturation: Ensuring the sample is fully 2. Coarse Aggregates: saturated before testing. o Aggregates that do not pass through a sieve  Drying Process: with 4.75 mm openings. o Achieving constant mass without over- drying. Specific Gravity Determination for Fine Aggregates: o Avoiding loss of sample water due to temperature control issues or aggregate sensitivity. 1. Bulk Dry Specific Gravity (OD):  Water Effects: Managing water temperature and o Measures the specific gravity of compacted purity to avoid density errors. aggregate. o Conditions:  Stabilization: Allowing sufficient time for the balance  Dry (no water in sample). to stabilize its reading.  Saturated surface dry (SSD, where  Air Bubble Removal: Ensuring no air bubbles remain water fills the HMA air voids). when weighing underwater.  Submerged in water (underwater).  Particle Loss: Preventing loss of particles due to poor 2. Bulk Saturated Surface Dry Specific Gravity (SSD): technique, insufficient washing, or handling friable o Definition: Ratio of the weight in air of a unit particles. volume of aggregate (including water within  Density Considerations: Accounting for samples with the voids, after submerging for 15-19 hours) particles less dense than water. to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water. CALCULATIONS o SSD Condition: Aggregate is soaked and has absorbed water into its pore spaces. Excess surface moisture is removed, so particles are saturated but the surface is dry. 3. Apparent Specific Gravity (Gsa): o Definition: Ratio of the weight in air of the impermeable portion of aggregate (excluding permeable pores) to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water. 4. Absorption (% Abs): o Definition: Increase in weight of aggregate due to water in the pores, excluding water adhering to the particle surface. Specific Gravity Determination for Coarse Aggregates:  Formulas: o A = Oven Dry Mass o B = SSD Mass o C = Weight of SSD in Water o Calculations for: 1. Bulk Oven Dry Specific Gravity (OD) 2. Bulk Saturated Surface Dry Specific Gravity (SSD) 3. Apparent Specific Gravity 4. Absorption (% A) Testing Process:  Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates: o Formulas:  A = Oven Dry Weight  B = SSD Weight  C = Weight of SSD in Water DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF COARSE AND FIN AGGREGATES 1. Characteristics Controlled by Porosity 1.1 Density  Definition: Refers to the mass per unit volume of a material, often influenced by the porosity of the aggregate. 1.2 Absorption and Surface Moisture  Moisture Conditions of Aggregates: 1. Damp or Wet: Aggregate fully saturated with water, and free moisture is present on the surface. 2. Air Dry: Aggregate contains some moisture, but the surface appears dry. 3. Saturated-Surface Dry (SSD): Aggregate's pores are filled with water, but no free water on the surface. 4. Oven Dry: Aggregate is completely dry with no moisture in the pores or on the surface. 1.3 Soundness  Definition: A measure of the ability of an aggregate to resist disintegration or weathering when exposed to freeze-thaw cycles, often influenced by the porosity and absorption of the material. 2. Terminology  Moisture Content: The quantity of water contained within a material, often expressed as a percentage.  Aggregate: A material formed from a loosely compacted mass of fragments, used in construction.  Voids: Spaces or gaps within a material, often affecting its density and moisture properties.  Absorption: The process by which one material absorbs water or another substance.  Surface Moisture (Free Moisture): The moisture that coats the surface of aggregates, including absorbed water. 3. Apparatus/Materials  Coarse Aggregate Sample: The sample of aggregate to be tested.  Oven: Used for drying the aggregate to determine moisture content.  Sample Container: Container to hold the aggregate sample during testing.  Balance Sensitive to 1.0 Gram: A precision balance used to measure the mass of the aggregate sample.  Sieve: Used to separate and classify the aggregate based on size. CALCULATIONS