Construction Materials and Equipment Ch-1 part 1 PDF

ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY Institute of Technology Department of civil Engineering CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT (CENG-2081 ) By: Neway Y.(MSc.) October, 2024  CHAPTER 1 STONE-BRICKS-CONCRETE BLOCKS 1. Stones ...

ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY Institute of Technology Department of civil Engineering CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT (CENG-2081 ) By: Neway Y.(MSc.) October, 2024  CHAPTER 1 STONE-BRICKS-CONCRETE BLOCKS 1. Stones  Productions of Stone  Stone is a naturally occurring material and is usually obtained from quarries for construction purposes.  It is used to construct different parts of building such as foundations, floors, walls, and lintels and to construct retaining walls, bridges and dams.  Various types and forms of natural stone can also be processed to produced other construction materials. Productions of Stone  Productions of Stone  Rock:- is the large concreted mass of earthy or mineral matter or broken pieces of such a mass. The difference between stone and rock:-  Rock is the term used to name a solid  The stone is always obtained from rock. portion of the earth's crust.  The rock quarried from quarries is called  It has no definite shape and chemical stone. composition.  Quarried stone may be in form of stone  It is generally very big in site. blocks, stone aggregate, stone slabs,  The rocks have one or more than one stone lintels ,…..etc. materials.  These materials are know as engineering materials; building materials or materials of Construction.  Productions of Stone  Rocks are made up of minerals. such as: o Quartz o Micas (SiO2) o Feldspars o Calcite o Hornblende o Dolomite o Amphibole Mineral. o Kaolinite  Quarrying (Extraction): is the process f removing stone from its natural bed.  Shaping and Finishing: Taken to the factory and cut & finished to the desired shape.  Productions of Stone  The method of quarring is depend on the nature of the stone.  Some stone is stratified horizontally, and the horizontal demarcation between the strata is bedding planes.  The vertical separations are more visible and is called Joint plane.  Classification of Stone  Rocks from which building stones are obtained are classified on the basis of: 1) Geological nature o Igneous Rock o Metamorphic Rock o Sedimentary Rock 2) Their chemical composition o Siliceous o Calcarious o Argillaceous 3) Layer o Stratified; arranged in a sequence of layer o Unstratified o Foliated The rock cycle  Classification of Stone Igneous Rock:  Igneous rocks:- are the product of heat and pressure, such as that caused by volcanic activity and pressure exerted by the shifting of the earth’s surface.  At great depth inside the earth the temperature often reaches such a high degree that silicates (quartz), feldspar and other constituents of the earth melt.  Classification of Stone Igneous Rock:  The molten mass, which is known as magma, is at times forced up due to pressure build-up and solidification into rocks. If the solidification takes place near or at the surface of the earth, the magma forms trap rocks (Extrusive rocks).  If, however, the magma solidifies at greater depth after forcing its way into existing strata (hence its name of intrusive rock) it forms a solid crystalline rock known as granite.  Classification of Stone Sedimentary Rock:  Sedimentary rocks:- are formed as a result of sedimentation either from the disintegration products derived from decayed rocks or from accumulations of organic origin.  Sedimentary rocks often have distinctive layering or bedding.  Classification of Stone Sedimentary Rock: They are made from deposits of preexisting rocks or remains of once-living organisms due to the compression of ocean sediments and other processes. Sedimentary rocks develop in beds or strata that are layers of rocks with a uniform layer and texture. Sedimentary rocks are located on or near the Earth’s surface.  Classification of Stone Sedimentary Rock:  They are commonly found near sources of water, like:-  Riverbeds,  Oceans,  Ponds, and  Coasts (beaches).  Sedimentary rocks are also found in deserts and caves.  Classification of Stone Sedimentary Rock:  Formation of sedimentary rocks (Processes)  Weathering,  Erosion,  Transportation,  Deposition,  Precipitation,  Lithification (compact),  Cementation  Classification of Stone Metamorphic rocks  Metamorphic rocks are formed by the gradual change in the character and structure of igneous & sedimentary rocks.  Classification of Stone Metamorphic rocks  Metamorphic rocks:-form due to the transformation of preexisting rocks in response to environmental changes such as heat, high pressure, and mechanical stress.  The parent rock can be sedimentary, igneous, or even a different sort of metamorphic rock.  The process of these changes is called metamorphism.  The word ‘metamorphic’ is derived from Greek and means ‘To Change Form’.  Most metamorphic rocks are found in mountain ranges where high pressures squeeze the rocks together.  Classification of Stone Metamorphic rocks  Marble: from limestone or dolostone.  Anthracite: made from plant debris  Gneiss: It contains abundant quartz.  Hornfels: A fine-grained metamorphic rock.  Novaculite:A dense, hard, fine-grained, siliceous  Quartzite: by metamorphism of sandstone.  Phyllite: made up mainly of very fine-grained mica.  Schist: contain significant amounts of mica  Slate: formed through the metamorphism of shale.  Classification of Stone Chemical Classifications of Rock:  Chemically rocks can be classified based on their major constituent mineral. o Siliceous rocks are composed of:  Silica (SiO2) is the major constitutent.  They are hard and durable (can not be affected easily by weathering actions). eg. Granite, sandstone o Calcarious rocks are those where the major constitute is  Calcium carbonate (CaCO3). eg. limestone, marble o Argillaceous rocks are  Alumina (Al2O3) is the major constituent eg. Slate, Laterite  Methods quarrying stone Definition  The process of taking out stones from natural rock beds is known as the quarrying.  The selection of site for a quarry of stones should be studying the following aspects:-  Availability of tools, manpower and materials.  Easy availability of clean water in sufficient quantity  Economy in quarrying.  Drainage of quarrying pit.  Facility of carrying and conveying stones from quarry.  Quality of stone available from quarry. Methods quarrying stone  Methods quarrying stone  Rocks suitable for the manufacture of stone materials are called useful minerals and the operations involved in obtaining minerals are called mining.  In the process of mining, voids formed are called excavations, and the mined deposits are the quarries.  The purpose of quarrying is to obtain stones for various engineering purposes.  Depending upon the nature and surface of rocks and the purpose for which stones are needed, quarrying is done by excavating, wedging, heating or blasting.  Methods quarrying stone Excavating  Stones buried in earth or under loose overburden are excavated with pick axes, crow bars, chisels, hammers, etc.  Methods quarrying stone Excavating chisels crow bar Pick axes hammers  Methods quarrying stone Wedging:  This method of quarrying is suitable for costly, soft and stratified rocks such as sandstone, limestone, laterite, marble and slate.  About 10-15 cm deep holes, at around 10 cm spacing, are made vertically in the rock.  Steel pins and wedges or plugs (conical wedges) and feathers (flat wedges) are inserted in them.  These plugs are then struck simultaneously with sledge hammer.  Methods quarrying stone Wedging:  The rock slab splits along the lines of least resistance through holes.  The slab is completely detached and taken out with the help of crow bars and rollers.  In this method, the wastage is minimum and the slabs of required size and shape can be quarried. Steel wedge Wooden plug Conical steel pin Plug &feather pneumatic drill  Methods quarrying stone Heating  Heating is most suitable for quarrying small, thin and regular blocks of stones from rocks, such as granite and gneiss.  A heap of fuel is piled and fired on the surface of rock in small area.  The two consecutive layers of the rock separate because of uneven expansion of the two layers.  The loosened rock portions are broken into pieces of desired size and are removed with the help of pick-axes and crow-bars.  Methods quarrying stone Heating  Stone blocks so obtained are very suitable for course rubble masonry. Rubble masonry  Sometimes, intermediate layers are to be separated from the top and bottom layers.  In such a case, intermediate layer is heated electrically and the expansion separates it from the other two.  Methods quarrying stone Blasting:  Explosives used are  Blasting powder  Blasting cotton  Dynamite and  Cordite are used.  The operations involved are  Boring  Charging  Tamping and  Firing.  REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDING STONE  Despite the abundance of rock, relatively few stones satisfy the requirements as building stones.  The important requirements are:  Strength,  Hardness,  Workability,  Durability,  Color and grain,  Porosity and texture,and  Accessibility.  REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDING STONE  Strength  Most types of stone have more than adequate compressive strength.  The shear strength of stone is 1/10 of its compressive strength.  REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDING STONE  Hardness is vitally important only where the stone is to be used in floors, steps, walks, etc.  Hardness does have a bearing on workability. It varies all the way from soft sandstone, which can be easily scratched, to some stones harder than steel.  REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDING STONE  Workability is important since the ease of producing the required sizes and shapes has a direct bearing on the cost.  REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDING STONE  Durability  The ability of stone to withstand the effects of:-  Rain  Wind  Heat, and  Frost action  Necessary for exterior stonework.  REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDING STONE  Color is very important from the standpoint of aesthetics and location but is also partially a matter of taste and fashion.  Porosity has a direct bearing on the ability of the stone to withstand frost action.  Texture the fineness of grain, affects workability and therefore cost. Fine-textured rock splits and dresses more readily than coarse rock.  Accessibility also affects cost. Transportation over long distances is expensive but in some cases becomes a necessity.  GENERAL TYPES OF STONE USED IN ETHIOPIA  Stone which does, in general, satisfy the foregoing requirements and which is commonly used for construction in Ethiopia include:  Basalt and trachyte  Granite  Sandstone, and  ignimbrite  Pumice and scoria THANK YOU