1.Research Process .pdf

ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE, THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD, RESEARCH PROCESS Methods of acquiring knowledge Method of tenacity information is accepted as true because it has always been believed or because superstition supports it. Methods of acquiring knowledge Method of intuition information is a...

ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE, THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD, RESEARCH PROCESS Methods of acquiring knowledge Method of tenacity information is accepted as true because it has always been believed or because superstition supports it. Methods of acquiring knowledge Method of intuition information is accepted on the basis of a hunch or “gut feeling.” Methods of acquiring knowledge Method of authority a person relies on information or answers from an expert in the subject area. The Scientific Method is an approach to acquiring knowledge that involves formulating specific questions and then systematically finding answers. Three important principles of the scientific method are as follows Science Is Empirical Science is Objective Science Is Public The Research Process 1. Find a Research Idea: 4. Identify the 3. Determine How You Participants or Subjects Select a Topic and 2. Form a Hypothesis Will Define and Measure for the Study, Decide How Search the Literature to They Will Be Selected, Find an Unanswered Your Variables and Plan for Their Ethical Question Treatment 5. Select a Research 6. Select a Research 7. Conduct the Study 8. Evaluate the Data Strategy Design 10. Refine or 9. Report the Results Reformulate Your Research Idea Step 1. Find a Research Idea: Select a Topic and Search the Literature to Find an Unanswered Question common sources of research topics Casual Observation Reports of Others’ Observations Practical Problems or Questions Step 1. Find a Research Idea: Select a Topic and Search the Literature to Find an Unanswered Question § Selecting a general topic area (such as human development, perception, and social interaction). § Reviewing the published research reports in that area to identify the relevant variables and find an unanswered question. Searching the Existing Research Literature in a Topic Area literature can be classified into two broad categories: A primary source is a firsthand report of observations or research results written by the individual(s) who actually conducted the research and made the observations. A secondary source is a description or summary of another person’s work. A secondary source is written by someone who did not participate in the research or observations being discussed. screening articles during a literature search 1. Use the title of the article as your first basis for screening. 2. Use the abstract of the article as your second screening device. 3. If you are still interested after looking at the title and the abstract, look for a full-text version of the article. 4. If it still looks relevant, then read the article carefully and/or make a copy for your personal use. 5. Use the references from the articles that you have already found to expand your literature search. Citations and their usage APA (American Psychological Association) style: Used in social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and education. MLA (Modern Language Association) style: Used in humanities, such as literature, languages, and cultural studies. Chicago style: Used in history, anthropology, and some social sciences. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) style: Used in engineering, computer science, and related fields. AMA (American Medical Association) style: Used in medicine, health, and biological sciences. ACS (American Chemical Society) style: Used in chemistry. CSE (Council of Science Editors) style: Used in natural and physical sciences. Harvard style: Used in business, economics, and some social sciences. Step 1. Find a Research Idea: Select a Topic and Search the Literature to Find an Unanswered Question Basic research- Research studies intended to answer theoretical questions or gather knowledge simply for the sake of new knowledge Applied research- is intended to answer practical questions or solve practical problems. Step 2: Formulate Research Question 1. Consider the type of research 2. Determine the scope 3. Formulate the question Step 2: Form a Hypothesis characteristics of a good hypothesis testable hypothesis -is one for which all of the variables, events, and individuals can be defined and observed. refutable hypothesis -is one that can be demonstrated to be false. That is, it is possible for the outcome to be different from the prediction. Step 2: Hypothesis Inductive Deductive Step 3: Determine How You Will Define and Measure Your Variables OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS A specifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external, observable behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of the hypothetical construct. Step 4: Identify the Participants or Subjects for the Study, Decide How They Will Be Selected, and Plan for Their Ethical Treatment If human, they are called participants. Nonhumans are called subjects. Step 5: Select a Research Strategy The type of question asked. Step 6: Select a Research Design Ethics and other constraints Step 7: Conduct the Study Step 8: Evaluate the Data Step 9: Report the Results Two reasons to report research results: the results become part of the general knowledge base that other people can use to answer questions or to generate new research ideas, and the research procedure can be replicated or refuted by other researchers. Step 10: Refine or Reformulate Your Research Idea Typically, results that support a hypothesis led to new questions by one of the following two routes: 1. Test the boundaries of the result 2. Refine the original research question References Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L. B. (2019). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. Goodwin, C. J. (2017). Research in psychology: Methods and design (8th ed.).