Epidemiology of Oral Diseases PDF

Epidemiology of oral diseases DENA MOHAMED CPHQ, MPH, MFDRCSI, BDS Epidemiology of dental caries 01 Epidemiology of periodontal diseases 02 Epidemiology of oral cancer 03 OBJECTIVES Epidemiology of dental caries Definition of d...

Epidemiology of oral diseases DENA MOHAMED CPHQ, MPH, MFDRCSI, BDS Epidemiology of dental caries 01 Epidemiology of periodontal diseases 02 Epidemiology of oral cancer 03 OBJECTIVES Epidemiology of dental caries Definition of dental caries It is defined as progressive, irreversible microbial disease of multifactorial nature affecting the calcified tissue of the teeth, characterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic portion the tooth. These factors are Enzymes Demineralization Epidemiological triad of dental caries 1.Host factor Tooth Composition Morphology Position 1.Host factor Saliva Composition Quantity Buffering capacity 1.Host factor Sex Race Age More in white people 1.Host factor Socioeconomic Concomitant Oral hygiene status disease habits Increased risk in Increased risk with bad Inverse relationship diabetic patient oral hygiene habits Emotional Familial heredity disturbance Anxiety increase the less influence incidence 2. Agent Factors It initiate the caries and causing enamel caries. Has the ability to form Streptococcus mutans an extracellular polymer of glucose, which aids the microorganism in adhering to the enamel surface Responsible for caries progression and causing dentine Lactobacillus caries. Capable of producing caries by themselves, or they acidophillus may be able to act synergistically with Streptococcus mutans in caries initiation the earliest colonizers of dental surfaces and they have been Actinomyces implicated in root caries, is a dense non-mineralized, highly organized mass of bacterial colonies Dental plaque in a gel-like intermicrobial, enclosed matrix or slime layer 3. Environmental factor Geographic Diet soil variation Decreasing in developed An increase in dental countries caries is seen in areas where selenium is present in soil, Sucrose 3. Environmental factor Urbanization Climates Sunlight and high Increase with urbanization. temperature area have lower caries whereas areas with humidity and rainfall show increase in dental caries. Prevention of dental caries Oral hygiene practices Use of fluoride: fluoridated water, fluoride supplement, fluoride dentifrices Diet planning: decrease in sugar consumption Epidemiology of periodontal diseases Definition ▪ Periodontal disease is a term which include all pathological conditions of the periodontium (gingival, alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament) Epidemiological triad of periodontal diseases 1.Host factor Age Sex Race Low in early adult More in black 1.Host factor Endocrine changes Intraoral Tooth alignment distribution Proximal surfaces Puberty and Molars and lower pregnancy ant. Gingivitis hyperthyroidism and Maxilla hyperparathyroidism periodontitis 1.Host factor Faulty restoration Oral hygiene tobacco Plaque accumulate Increase susceptibility more on unpolished to periodontal diseases filled surfaces 1.Host factor Occupational Psychological Systemic factors health factors Pen biting Uncontrolled Nails holding diabetes influence through between teeth Acute monocytic multifactorial effects leukemia which include: AIDS abnormal oral hygiene habits, Aggravating factors clenching and bruxism, nutritional factors 2. Agent factor Dental plaque Stain Calculus 3. Environmental factor Geographic Food and nutrition Urbanization distribution Certain geographic areas throughout the world are associated with more periodontal disease than others.  Bacteria most commonly associated with periodontal disease Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Fusobacteria Treponema spp. Prevention of periodontal diseases Secondary prevention Primary prevention Assessment of the problem Scaling, curettage Prevention of plaque formation and accumulation Health education, diet counseling and early diagnosis of gingivitis. Tertiary prevention Splinting, deep curettage, root planning Epidemiology of oral cancer Definition ▪ Types of cancers: - Carcinomas ▪ Cancer is a group of - Sarcomas diseases characterized by abnormal growth of cells. - Lymphomas - Leukemias ▪ It has the ability to ▪ Oral cancer term includes cancers of lip, tongue, invade adjacent tissues buccal mucosa, floor of mouth and pharynx and even distant organs. ▪ The most common sites of cancer includes lower lip, lateral margins of tongue and the floor of the mouth. Incidence Cancer is one of the major threats to public health in the developed world and increasingly in the developing world. Oral cancer is one of the ten leading cancers in the world. Oropharyngeal cancer is more common in developing countries than developed countries The incidence rates of oral cancer are 3.7% for men and 2.6% for women. Several lifestyle risk factors including tobacco products, alcohol, infections, dietary factors, chemical irritants and frank carcinogens. by In Sudan Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed in 2013 Oral cancer ranks the sixth most common cancer with an incidence rate of 6.1 per 100,000 by Mayson B.Mustafa et al in 2019 Epidemiological triad of oral cancer 1.Host factor Age Sex Race Sarcoma Lip cancer Lip melanoma white Odontogenic tumor black Cancer of the tongue and Carcinoma buccal mucosa 1.Host factor Socioeconomic Genetic factors Occupation status involved in the Textile workers show initiation and increase in oral cancer, progression whereas males leathers show increase in buccal cavity, larynx and pharynx 2. Agent factor Habits Smoking tobacco chewing spicy food alcohol 3. Environmental factor Water Geographic contamination Air pollution variation Organic pollutants Gases from factories such as choloroform such as carbon dioxide Solar heat Industrialization release of various Cause melanoma toxins Prevention of oral cancer Primary prevention Dentists may be able to influence politicians and communities to adopt relevant policies, but more importantly they can directly influence smokers to stop using tobacco, reduce alcohol consumption and improve their diet Prevention of oral cancer Secondary prevention Early detection by: Screening of high-risk group Biopsy of any suspicious oral mucosal lesion and non-healing ulcer (more than two weeks) Prevention of oral cancer Tertiary prevention Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy Monitor and follow up Prosthetic rehabilitation, management of dry mouth Prevention of oral cancer Rehabilitation after oral cancer Dietary counselling: Many patients recovering from oral cancer surgery have difficulty eating, so it is often recommended that they eat small meals consisting of soft, moist foods Surgery: reconstructive or plastic surgery to restore the bones or tissues of the mouth, returning a more normal appearance. Prosthesis: dental or facial-part prosthesis to restore a more normal appearance. Speech therapy  THANK YOU ! QUESTIONS