Introduction to Dental Public Health PDF

INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH Dena Mohamed CPHQ, MSc, MFDRCSI, BDS, Definition and dimensions of health 01 Determinants of health 02 Definition and function of public health 03 Definition and function of dental public...

INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH Dena Mohamed CPHQ, MSc, MFDRCSI, BDS, Definition and dimensions of health 01 Determinants of health 02 Definition and function of public health 03 Definition and function of dental public 04 health OBJECTIVES Indicators of health and its classification 05 Definition of health Definition Health is the absence of the disease of health (the oldest definition) WHO WHO (1948) defined health as follows: "Health is a state of complete Definition physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of of health disease or infirmity" Dimensions of health 1 Physical dimension 2 Mental dimension Refer to: perfect functioning" of the Mental health is not mere absence of body. mental illness. Good mental health is the ability to respond to the variety of It conceptualizes health biologically experiences of life with flexibility as a state in which every cell and and a sense of purpose. every organ is functioning at optimum capacity and in perfect harmony with the rest of the body. Dimensions of health Social dimension Spiritual dimension 3 4 It has been defined as the "quantity and It includes integrity, principles, ethics, quality of an individual involvement and beliefs with the community'' Dimensions of health 5 Emotional dimension 6 Vocational dimension Mental and emotional dimensions It is a new dimension. When work is have been seen as one element or as fully adapted to human goals, two closely related elements. capacities and limitations, vocation plays a role in promoting both Mental health can be seen as physical and mental health. "knowing" or "cognition" while - emotional health relates to "feeling". Determinants of health The factors that combines together to affect the health of individuals Definition and communities These determinants fall under the following categories: 1. Policymaking 2. Social factors 3. Health services 4. Individual behavior 5. Biology and genetics 6. Economic 7. Environmental factors Policymaking Policies at the local, state, and federal level affect individual and population health e.g, taxes on tobacco can improve the population health by reducing the number of people using it  Social and physical factors Social norms and attitude Exposure to crime, violence, and social disorder Examples of Exposure to mass media and emerging technologies such as internet or social factors phones Socioeconomic conditions Examples of Natural environment physical Workplace and work condition condition Health services Access to health services and the quality of health services can impact health. Barriers to accessing health services include: Lack of availability High cost Lack of insurance coverage Transportation Knowledge Limited language access Individual behavior Examples of individual behaviors: Physical activity Diet Smoking Drug abuse Biology and genetics Some biological and genetic factors affect specific populations more than others. Examples: Age Gender Sickle cell anemia Economic The income and social status have impact on health. Higher income and social status are directly proportional with better health  Definition of public health Public health is defined as the science and the art of preventing Definition of disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and public health efficiency through organized community efforts Role of public health Prevent epidemics and the Protects against environmental spread of disease hazards Promotes and encourages Prevents injuries healthy behaviors Responds to disasters and assists Assures the quality and communities in recovery accessibility of health services.  Definition of dental public health Dental public health is defined as the science and art of Definition of Dental preventing and controlling dental diseases, promoting oral Public Health health, and improving quality of life through organized community efforts. Functions of dental public health: Prevention and control of dental disease on a community Dental health education of the public. Administration of group dental care programs. Applied dental research. Tools of dental public health 1. Epidemiology 2. Biostatistics 3. Social sciences 4. Principles of administration 5. Preventive dentistry Epidemiology The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations Definition and the application of this study to control health problems  Biostatistics It is the method of collection, organizing, analyzing, Definition tabulating and interpretation of data related to living organisms and human beings 1. To test whether the difference between two populations, regarding a particular attribute is real or a chance occurrence. 2. To define normalcy. Uses 3. To study the association between two or more attribute in the same population. 4. To evaluate the efficacy of vaccines by controlled studies. 5. To evaluate the progress of public health programs. 6. To define and measure the extent of morbidity and mortality in the community. Social sciences Sociology is not concerned with behavior unique to individuals but patterned human relationship. Definition Sociology is concerned with the relationship of social factors and health Principles of administration The art and science of guidance, leadership, and control of the efforts of a group of individuals Definition of towards some common goal. administration Management is the executive function of administration. Definition of It is a set of interactive processes through which the utilization of management resources results in the accomplishment of organization objectives. Principles of administration Coordinating Directing Reporting Staffing Budgeting Organization Supervising Planning Evaluation Elements of Administration: Preventive dentistry Definition of The actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating or preventive dentistry minimizing the impact of diseases and disability. 1. Primary prevention Levels of 2. Secondary prevention prevention 3. Tertiary prevention  Level of prevention Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention (pre-pathogenesis) (initial stage of (late stage of pathogenesis) pathogenesis) Concept of Prevention of disease Prevention of disease Prevention of loss of prevention initiation progression and function recurrence Modes of Health promotion Early diagnosis and Disability imitation intervention Specific protection prompt treatment Rehabilitation Indicator of health In WHO's guidelines for health programme evaluation they are defined as variables which help to measure changes. Importance of these indicators are: 1. Required to measure the health status of a community, 2. To compare the health status of one country with that of Indicator of another; health 3. For assessment of health care needs; 4. For allocation of scarce resources; 5. For monitoring and evaluation of health services, activities, and programmes. 6. Help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained. Characteristics of indicator Valid Actually measure what they are supposed to measure; Reliable and The answers should be the same if measured by different people in objective similar circumstances; Sensitive Sensitive to changes in the situation concerned, Specific Reflect changes only in the situation concerned, Feasible Have the ability to obtain data needed Relevant Contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon of interest. Classification of indicators Mortality indicators Reveal the burden of death Morbidity indicators Reveal the burden of ill health Disability rates Related to illness and injury Nutritional status Reveal the nutritional status indicators Health care delivery Reflect the equity of distribution of health resources in different indicators parts of the country, and of the provision of health care. Utilization rates Reflect the extent of use of health services Classification of indicators Indicators of social Suicide, homicide, other acts of violence and other crime and mental health Reflect the quality of physical and biological environment in Environmental which diseases occur and in which the people live. They include indicators indicators relating to pollution of air and water, radiation These indicators do not directly measure health. Socio-economic They are of great importance in the interpretation of the indicators indicators of health care. Health policy The single most important indicator of political commitment is indicators "allocation of adequate resources Indicators of quality Measure the quality of life enjoyed by individuals and of life communities. References A textbook of public health dentistry Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine  THANK YOU ! QUESTIONS