African Complexity Before, During, and After European Conquest - PDF

Archaeology and Humanity’s Story: A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory By Deborah I. Olszewski Archaeology and Humanity’s Story: A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory Any questions about: 1.Andean Environment (in-class) 2.Pre-Inka (in Week 15 module) 3.Inka (in Week 15 module) 4.Final Exams O...

Archaeology and Humanity’s Story: A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory By Deborah I. Olszewski Archaeology and Humanity’s Story: A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory Any questions about: 1.Andean Environment (in-class) 2.Pre-Inka (in Week 15 module) 3.Inka (in Week 15 module) 4.Final Exams OPEN DURING FINALS WEEK Archaeology and Humanity’s Story: A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory Last Week of the Semester!! 1. (Monday) Southeast Africa 2. (Monday) QR code Workshop 3. (Wednesday) Civilization Synthesis 4. (Friday) Relevance of Archaeology (Week 15, Apr. 22, 24, 26) Chapter 14 Andean South America and the Inka Empire Early Food Production/Andean Environments (class presentation) Before the Inka (class presentation) The Inka Empire & After the Inka (430-442) Undergraduate Expo (examples of what to do on semester project day) © 2018 4 Chapter 15 Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe in Africa The Rise of Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe (451-466) After Great Zimbabwe (466) © 2018 5 Chapter 15 Learning Objectives Understand early food production southern Africa Examine the rise of Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe. Review points of post-Great Zimbabwe culture © 2018 6 Timeline: Southeastern Africa Long history of African food production, cattle pastoralism, metallurgy, and exchange. Reliance on cattle and prestige items like locally mined gold, ivory, copper, and glass beads. Without written records, archaeologists have relied on Portuguese histories and the oral traditions of modern Shona peoples to interpret findings. © 2018 7 African Kingdoms The Lost City Of Zimbabwe | Archeology (Ancient Civilisation Documentary) | Timeline https://youtu.be/lnC9UsZjsTU?si=_2yFuqeXP29foRvt Optional: Southern Kingdoms - History Of Africa with Zeinab Badawi https://youtu.be/GdSupLM4zAA?si=S1DwixHGMnAIicmh Mapungubwe - The African Kingdom Forgotten By Time https://youtu.be/6KsYdGw632Y?si=0tvA8RA8P37vp0KA Great Zimbabwe & The First Cities of Southern Africa https://youtu.be/CdKD4-fVnyE?si=gEIyScWWW4ureqA9 © 2018 8 QR Code Workshop Use Case: https://sites.google.com/d/132EX_mT4T0num EQrUoY2Px4df1P1TKtR/p/1MZ_asZXxZVfEotbk ybYa2Lj8iZ-buuog/edit?pli=1 Login to bitly.com, create your QR code today © 2018 9 General comments Projects are looking great! Look for feedback and recommendations For Jeopardy and other games, demonstrations and other dynamic content, make sure to provide a short overview of content to make sure the player[s] understand: 1. The Game's Theme and Setting and Content: Provide a synopsis of the the game's theme, setting, and overall content. Why you included what you did. Citations for where to find this information. This will help you set the tone and context of your project. 2. Define the Purpose: Determine the main objectives of the game's introduction. Is it to introduce the story, explain the game mechanics, or create an emotional connection with the player? Understanding the purpose will guide your writing. 3. Hook the Player: Begin the introduction with a hook that grabs the player's attention and makes them curious to continue playing. Why is this an exciting topic? Who cares anyway? 1. For podcasts and videos, make sure to provide a short overview of content and/or scripts where appropriate. © 2018 10 Chapter 15 Learning Objectives Understand early food production southern Africa Examine the rise of Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe. Review points of post-Great Zimbabwe culture © 2018 11 Early Food Production (1 of 2) Pastoral cattle in East Africa were a blend of Egyptian cattle (Chapter 10) and Indian zebu cattle (Chapter 12) that arrived by ship. Sheep and goats came from the Middle East and chickens came from Asia. Many of southeastern Africa’s important cereal crops were African domesticates: bulrush millet, finger millet, teff, and sorghum. © 2018 12 Chifumbaze Complex Rapid expansion of food production economies coincides with the spread of Bantu speakers from near Lake Victoria (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania). Early Iron Age Bantu-speaking spread iron metallurgy, farming, and herding ways of life to eastern and southern Africa. Chifumbaze subsistence strategies combined pastoralism and hunting. Houses were often arranged around cattle pens called kraals. A kraal had practical and ritual significance as burial sites. © 2018 13 Schroda and the Zhizo Schroda in the Shashe-Limpopo Basin is a characteristic example of the Middle Iron Age process. This large village was founded by the Zhizo people (population: 300–500) and would later be recognized as the first capital of the Mapungubwe state. The Zhizo brought pastoralism and agriculture from southern Zimbabwe to the Limpopo River It appears that the Zhizo established Schroda to control the elephant ivory trade. © 2018 14 Bambandyanlo (1 of 2) Around AD 1000, Zhizo style pottery disappears and is abruptly replaced by materials associated with the Leopard’s Kopje cluster. A new, much larger capital (population: 1500) was created just southwest of Schroda. We now call this capital Bambandyanalo. Around AD 1220, people abandoned Bambandyanalo and moved to Mapungubwe near the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo Rivers. Population density quickly increased (population: 5000) and this became the capital of the Mapungubwe state. © 2018 15 Bambandyanlo (2 of 2) Bambandyanalo was organized according to the Central Cattle Pattern: central kraal, chief’s house on the western side of the kraal, and other households surrounding the kraal. At Bambandyanalo, the central kraal seems to have served many purposes, including as the chief’s court to settle disputes, but rarely actually penned cattle. © 2018 16 The Rise of Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe (1 of 3) Mapungubwe represents the first archaeological evidence of the Zimbabwe Pattern (Zimbabwe Culture), marked by stone-walled elite residences at the center of the town. There may be ideological meanings associated with this particular settlement layout. © 2018 17 The Rise of Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe (2 of 3) By Mapungubwe, the chief lived in seclusion on a hilltop in a stone-walled residence alongside royal graves. Only relatives, elites, and ritual specialists were allowed to (under guard) visit the chief. Climatic change and unsustainable agriculture likely played a role in the abandonment of Mapungubwe (AD 1290 – 1300). © 2018 18 The Rise of Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe (3 of 3) Great Zimbabwe was 300 kilometers (186 miles) north of Mapungubwe, and it grew into a large town of 18,000 people after AD 1290. – At Great Zimbabwe, the king lived in a stone-walled hilltop palace. – Other members of the royal family and elites lived within stone enclosures. – One of these is called the Great Enclosure. It and the king’s Hill Complex are separated by yet another stone perimeter wall, which set them apart from the houses of commoners. – Commoners lived in daga (a mix of dung and mud) huts. © 2018 19 Great Zimbabwe © 2018 20 Resource Networks, Trade, and Exchange (1 of 2) Both agricultural surpluses and cattle were the bases of a tribute economy. Cattle could be (and were) hoarded by village chiefs and elites as a form of wealth. – Grains, cattle, iron, copper, animal skins, and ivory were all valuable trade resources in this context. The international ivory trade was important to the people of Schroda, Bambandyanalo, and Mapungubwe, but it was replaced by gold at the peak of Great Zimbabwe’s power. © 2018 21 Resource Networks, Trade, and Exchange (2 of 2) Glass beads from Asia, were common at Schroda, Bambandyanalo, Mapungubwe, and Great Zimbabwe. The elites of Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe even obtained glazed ceramics from China. © 2018 22 Social Life (1 of 2) The Central Cattle Pattern (CCP) in Iron Age southeastern Africa delineated gendered areas. – The central men’s area included kraals, grain storage, the court, the graves of elite men, and possibly metal production. – Wives’ dwellings, kitchens, and female graves were located away from the central area. – Proximity to the hereditary chief’s dwelling was an indication of a person’s relative rank. At Mapungubwe, following the Zimbabwe Pattern, the ruler and his family were completely separated from everyone else on a hilltop stone enclosure. © 2018 23 Social Life (2 of 2) Mapungubwe may have influenced an area as large as 11,500 square miles. Great Zimbabwe may have controlled 34,750 square miles. Great Zimbabwe’s Great Enclosure also demonstrates its larger scale than Mapungubwe. This Great Enclosure was southern Africa’s largest stone structure. Interpretations of its function vary from it being the king’s residential area to an initiation site for boys and girls. © 2018 24 Ritual and Religion (1 of 2) During the Bambandyanalo period, male specialists conducted rituals to ensure adequate rainfall. Later the Leopard’s Kopje farmers at Bambandyanalo took over the rainmaking ceremonies and kept them secret. Eventually, elite rulers lived on top of the rainmaking hills and became the rainmakers themselves. Crocodiles were associated with water (rain), fearlessness, and danger—and these became symbols of sacred kings as well. © 2018 25 Ritual and Religion (2 of 2) Imagery of raptorial birds were also associated with power. Soapstone birds were discovered at Great Zimbabwe, and they are still used today as one symbol of the modern nation-state of Zimbabwe. © 2018 26 Oral Traditions Without a local writing tradition for Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe, Archaeologists have turned to the oral traditions of modern Shona and Venda speakers for help in interpreting sites. For example, the interpretation of Great Zimbabwe’s Great Enclosure as an initiation site is based on modern Venda traditions of initiating young women. The Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe states were built by early Shona speakers. Thus, modern Shona speakers may offer insights about past meanings. © 2018 27 After Great Zimbabwe Between AD 1420 and 1450 trade routes shifted from Great Zimbabwe to northern rivers like the Zambezi. Great Zimbabwe’s wealth and influence diminished as they lost control over the gold, iron, and ivory trades. The Torwa and Mutapa states became more powerful as Great Zimbabwe declined. The Torwa state was located southwest of Great Zimbabwe and had its capital at Khami. The Mutapa state may have been established by the elites of Great Zimbabwe near the Zambezi River. Portuguese negotiators encountered the Mutapa state and wrote descriptions of it, the first written histories of this area. © 2018 28 Metallurgy (1 of 3) Iron metallurgy may have been introduced to Africa from the Middle East as early as 1200 cal BC. It reached the Lake Victoria area of subSaharan Africa about 500 cal BC There is only limited evidence of iron in southeastern Africa prior to AD 500. © 2018 29 Metallurgy (2 of 3) Ironworking is a complex process. The ore has to be mined, the metal has to be extracted, and then it must be forged into functional finished products. To do this: – A furnace is constructed (usually of clay). – Consistent high temperature (1100°C) must be maintained. – The melted iron is separated from the waste (slag) by reheating to 900°C. – Finally, the iron is hammered (smithed) and molded into spearheads, hoes, beads, bars and rods, wire, bangles, rings, and pendants. © 2018 30 Metallurgy (3 of 3) In the ethnographic record, metallurgy was a male-dominated activity, so many archaeologists expect a similar gendered pattern in the past. In known social contexts, metal production is often symbolically male. In the recent past, smelting, smithing, and forging were kept far away from habitation sites, and this separation of living sites and metalworking sites may date back as far as AD 900. © 2018 31 Chapter 15 Review Learning Objectives Understand early food production southern Africa Examine the rise of Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe. Review points of post-Great Zimbabwe culture © 2018 32