Rocks and Minerals Test Revision PDF

KS AND MINERALS TEST REVISION CKLIST Properties of rocks (colour, layers, air holes)  Properties of minerals (lustre, streak, hardness)  The structure of the Earth  Igneous rocks (intrusive, extrusive)  Sedimentary rocks (clastic, biological, chemical)  Metamorphic rocks (foliated, non-foliat...

KS AND MINERALS TEST REVISION CKLIST Properties of rocks (colour, layers, air holes)  Properties of minerals (lustre, streak, hardness)  The structure of the Earth  Igneous rocks (intrusive, extrusive)  Sedimentary rocks (clastic, biological, chemical)  Metamorphic rocks (foliated, non-foliated)  Weathering and erosion (types of weathering – physical, chemical, biological; difference between weathering and erosion) Properties of Rocks Year 8 Earth Science 2  CFU earning What are we going ntention to learn about today? I will learn about the properties of rocks and minerals. Success Criteria I CAN: 1. Describe the physical properties of rocks using colours, layers, and air holes. 3  CFU 1 oncept Which property evelopment could be used to Properties of Rocks identify the Different types of rocks have different difference between obsidian and properties that geologists use to identify pumice? Explain your choice. them. Some common properties geologists use are: Colour Obsidian Layers Air holes Vocabulary property characteristic, feature or quality Pumice geologist scientist who studies rocks 4 oncept CFU 1 What gives rocks evelopment (1) Colour their colours? The colour of a rock is determined by the chemicals in the rock. Pure quartz is white in colour. Small amounts of other chemicals can change the colour of 1 the quartz. 3 Vocabulary property characteristic, feature or quality geologist scientist who studies 2 4 rocks 5  CFU 1 oncept How many layers evelopment can you see in the (2) Layers gneiss? Some rocks have layers of different colours CFU 2 What is different (e.g. gneiss). about the layers in the sandstone? Some rocks have layers of different sized grains (e.g. sandstone). Vocabulary property characteristic, feature or quality geologist Sandstone scientist who studies Gneiss rocks 6  CFU 1 oncept The three rocks evelopment shown are all made (3) Air Holes in the same way. Some rocks contain holes from gases in the Which one has: a. Large holes? rocks when they were formed. b. Small holes? c. No holes? The holes can be large, small, or not present CFU 2 at all. Which of the three rock samples had the largest gas bubbles? Explain your choice. Vocabulary property characteristic, Pumice Obsidian Scoria feature or quality geologist scientist who studies rocks 7 Properties of Minerals Year 8 Earth Science 8  CFU earning What are we going ntention to learn about today? I will learn about the properties of rocks and minerals. Success Criteria I CAN: 1.Define minerals. 2.Describe properties of minerals using lustre, streak, and hardness. 3.Contrast the hardness of minerals using the Mohs’ hardness scale. 9  CFU 1 oncept What is a mineral? evelopment Rocks and Minerals CFU 2 A mineral is a substance with its own chemical Is granite a rock or a composition, structure, and properties. mineral? Minerals are naturally occurring. CFU 3 Rocks are made of one or more minerals. Cubic zirconia is a man-made substance that is often used in place of diamonds in jewellery. Is cubic zirconia a mineral? Explain your choice Vocabulary property characteristic, Granite feature or quality 10  CFU 1 oncept How do geologists evelopment Identifying Minerals identify minerals? To identify minerals, geologists look at their CFU 2 What properties do properties geologists use to The properties used to identify minerals are identify minerals? different to those used to identify rocks Some of the properties used to identify minerals are: 1. Lustre Vocabulary 2. Streak property characteristic, 3. Hardness feature or quality geologist scientist who studies rocks 11  CFU 1 oncept What is lustre? evelopment (1) Lustre Lustre is a description of the shininess of the surface of a mineral. Some types of lustre are: Metallic – looks like a shiny new coin Pearly – a bit shiny, like a pearl or a finger nail Glassy – looks like glass Dull – not shiny at all Vocabulary property characteristic, feature or quality geologist scientist who studies rocks 12  CFU 1 oncept What is the streak of evelopment (2) Streak A streak test a mineral? Streak is the colour of a crushed or powdered CFU 2 Are the three mineral. minerals in the The streak colour can be seen by drawing a image the same? Explain your choice. line, usually on a white porcelain tile. The colour of the whole mineral can be different to the colour of the streak. Vocabulary streak the colour of a mineral when it is crushed or 13  CFU 1 oncept What is hardness? evelopment (3) Hardness CFU 2 Hardness is how easily a mineral can be Will talc be able to scratched. scratch a diamond? Explain your choice. Some minerals, like talc, are soft enough to be scratched with a fingernail. Other minerals, like diamond, are so hard they cannot be scratched by other minerals. Vocabulary hardness Talc Diamond how easily a mineral can be scratched 14 oncept evelopment Mohs’ Scale of Hardness Friedrich Mohs gave a hardness number to ten common minerals. These are used to describe and find the hardness of other minerals. Harder minerals will scratch softer minerals. CFU 1 Which mineral has a hardness of 4? CFU 2 CFU 3 Topaz has a hardness of Topaz has a hardness 8. Name one mineral of 8. Name one that will be scratched by mineral that will topaz. scratch topaz. 15 The Structure of the Earth Year 8 Earth Science 16  CFU earning What are we going ntention to learn about today? I will learn about the structure and formation of rocks. Success Criteria I CAN: 1.Identify the layers of the Earth 2.Describe the characteristics (composition, average thickness, temperature) of each layer. 3.Compare the characteristics of each layer. 17  CFU 1 oncept What is a property? evelopment Earth’s Structure CFU 2 The Earth has four main layers. Which layer is the outermost layer? Each layer has different properties. CFU 3 The four layers are: Which layer is the innermost layer? Inner core CFU 4 Which layer is the Outer core thinnest layer? Mantle Crust Vocabulary property characteristic, feature or quality 18  CFU 1 oncept What is the crust evelopment Crust made out of? The crust is made of solid rock. CFU 2 It is between 10 km and 70 km thick. How thick is the crust? The average temperature on the surface of the Earth is approximately 25 °C. Inner core Outer core Mantle Crust Vocabulary property characteristic, feature or quality 19  CFU 1 oncept What is the mantle evelopment Mantle made out of? The mantle is made mostly of solid rock with CFU 2 How are the crust pockets of molten rock. and the mantle It is approximately 2900 km thick. similar? CFU 3 Depending on the depth, the temperature is How are the crust and the mantle between 1000 – 3500°C. different? Inner core Outer core Mantle Crust Vocabulary property characteristic, feature or quality 20  CFU 1 oncept What two metals is evelopment Outer Core the outer core made out of? The outer core is made of molten iron and CFU 2 nickel. How are the mantle and the outer core It is approximately 2900 km thick. similar? CFU 3 Depending on the depth, the temperature is How are the mantle between The outer4000 – 6000°C. core flows and the outer core different? around the centre of Inner core the Earth. Outer core  This movement Mantle Vocabulary creates our property characteristic, planet’s magnetic Crust feature or quality field. molten liquid 21  CFU 1 oncept What is the evelopment Inner Core temperature range in the inner core? The inner core is made of solid iron and CFU 2 How are the inner nickel. and the outer cores It is approximately 2500 km in diameter. similar? CFU 3 Depending on the depth, the temperature is How are the inner and the outer cores between 5000 – 6000°C. different? The inner core stays Inner core solid because of the Outer core immense pressure Mantle Vocabulary surrounding it. property Crust characteristic, feature or quality molten liquid 22 Igneous Rocks Year 8 Earth Science 23  CFU earning What are we going ntention to learn about today? I will learn about the structure and formation of rocks. Success Criteria I CAN: 1.Define igneous rocks. 2.Compare magma and lava. 3.Describe where and how the two types of igneous rocks are formed. 24  CFU 1 oncept How are igneous evelopment Igneous Rocks rocks formed? Definition: Igneous rocks form when magma CFU 2 and lava from volcanic eruptions cools and How is magma different to lava? solidifies Magma is molten rock underneath the CFU 3 Is the molten rock in Earth’s surface the image an Lava is molten rock above the Earth’s surface example of magma or lava? Explain your choice 25  CFU 1 oncept Where are intrusive evelopment Intrusive Igneous Rocks igneous rocks formed? Intrusive igneous rocks form beneath the CFU 2 To form large surface of the Earth when magma is trapped crystals, does the in small pockets magma cool slowly or quickly? The magma cools slowly, forming large CFU 3 crystals Granite and rhyolite are both igneous The longer it takes the rock to cool, the larger rocks. Which one is the crystals an intrusive igneous rock? Explain your choice. Granite – It has visible, large crystals. Vocabulary magma (noun) Granite Rhyolite molten rock under the surface of26the  CFU 1 oncept Where are extrusive evelopment Extrusive Igneous Rocks igneous rocks formed? Extrusive igneous rocks form on the surface CFU 2 To form small of the Earth crystals, does the The lava cools quickly, forming rocks with lava cool slowly or quickly? small or fused crystals (often not visible to CFU 3 the naked eye) Why do some extrusive igneous Some extrusive igneous rocks have holes rocks have holes? CFU 4 formed by gaseous lava (volcanic gases Granite and pumice escaping from the lava) are both igneous rocks. Which one is an extrusive igneous rock? Explain your choice. Vocabulary Pumice lava (noun) Granite molten rock on the 27 Earth’s surface oncept evelopment Extrusive Igneous Rocks Sometimes the lava is cooled so rapidly that the crystals fuse into one glassy crystal. For example, obsidian: Vocabulary Obsidian lava (noun) molten rock on the Earth’s surface Sedimentary Rocks Year 8 Earth Science 29  CFU earning What are we going ntention to learn about today? I will learn about the structure and formation of rocks. Success Criteria I CAN: 1.Define sedimentary rocks. 2.Describe how sedimentary rocks form. 3.Contrast the three types of sedimentary rocks. 30  CFU 1 oncept What are sediments? evelopment Sedimentary Rocks CFU 2 Definition: Sedimentary rocks form when layers How are sedimentary rocks of sediment pile up and are compacted by the formed? pressure from the layers above. Vocabulary sediment (noun) small rock particles compact (verb) press together 31  CFU 1 oncept What is the first step evelopment Forming Sedimentary Rocks in forming a sedimentary rock? 1. Sediments are deposited in CFU 2 layers What happens to the lower layers? 2. The lower layers of sediment CFU 3 start to compact How are water and chemicals involved in forming a sedimentary rock? 3. Chemicals are dissolved in water and soak into sediments Vocabulary 4. When the water evaporates, the sediment (noun) small rock particles chemicals cement the grains together compact (verb) press together 32  CFU 1 oncept How are clastic evelopment Types of Sedimentary Rocks sedimentary rocks different to 1. Clastic sedimentary rocks are biological sedimentary rocks? made from rock and mineral Sandsto CFU 2 grains, e.g. sandstone and ne How are chemical conglomerate sedimentary rocks formed? 2. Biological sedimentary rocks are made from dead plant or Coal animal material, e.g. coal Vocabulary 3. Chemical sedimentary rocks are sediment (noun) made when water evaporates small rock particles leaving a solid substance behind, Rock salt compact (verb) e.g. rock salt press together 33 Metamorphic Rocks Year 8 Earth Science 34  CFU earning What are we going ntention to learn about today? I will learn about the structure and formation of rocks. Success Criteria I CAN: 1.Define metamorphic rocks. 2.Describe how metamorphic rocks form. 3.Contrast the two types of metamorphic rocks. 35  CFU 1 oncept What does morph evelopment Metamorphic Rocks mean? ‘morph’ means to change CFU 2 What causes Heat and pressure from inside the Earth change metamorphic rocks to form? other types of rocks to metamorphic rocks All three rock types (igneous, sedimentary and CFU 3 What types of rocks even other metamorphic rocks) can be changed are they made from? into new metamorphic rocks Granite → Gneiss 36  CFU 1 oncept What two processes evelopment Forming Metamorphic Rocks are involved in forming Heat and pressure from the Earth partially metamorphic rocks? melt the crystals or grains CFU 2 Why are They reform into fewer, but larger crystals or metamorphic rocks stronger than the grains. original rock? Metamorphic rocks are stronger than the original material because the particles have been fused together at high heat and pressure Marble 37 column  CFU 1 oncept How are foliated evelopment Types of Metamorphic Rocks metamorphic rocks different to non- 1. Foliated metamorphic have foliated metamorphic rocks? banded layers or thin sheets, CFU 2 eg. gneiss Which type of metamorphic rock is the one below. Explain your choice. 2. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks are uniform in colour, eg. marble Foliated – has banded layers Vocabulary uniform being the same 38 Weathering and Erosion Year 8 Earth Science 39  CFU earning What are we going ntention to learn about today? I will learn about the structure and formation of rocks. Success Criteria I CAN: 1.Define weathering. 2.Contrast the three types of weathering. 3.Define erosion. 4.Contrast weathering and erosion. 40  CFU 1 oncept What is weathering? evelopment Weathering CFU 2 Weathering is the breaking down of rocks What causes rocks to break down in and minerals. physical weathering? Rocks do not last forever because weathering breaks them into smaller pieces. There are 3 types of weathering. (1) Physical Weathering Physical weathering occurs when a physical force breaks down a rock. This force must be produced by non-living things. 41  CFU 1 oncept How can physical evelopment (1) Physical Weathering weathering occur? CFU 2 There are many ways that physical weathering can How can water break down rocks and minerals: cause physical weathering? 1. The heating and cooling of rocks can cause CFU 3 the outside layers to peel off Which example of physical weathering 2. Moving water in oceans or rivers can cause would explain the abrasion cracks in the rock below? 3. Water falling between the cracks in rocks and freezing Vocabulary can cause the cracks within weathering rocks to become larger. the breaking down of a rock or mineral into  Repeated freezing can smaller pieces abrasion eventually cause parts of the 42 scraping or wearing  CFU 1 oncept How does chemical evelopment weathering occur? Weathering is the breaking down of rocks CFU 2 and minerals. How is physical (2) Chemical Weathering weathering different to chemical Chemical weathering changes the minerals in weathering? the rocks through chemical reactions. Carbon dioxide in the air can mix with water in clouds to form a very weak acid. When the acid rain falls on rocks a chemical reaction occurs and the minerals are washed away. 43  CFU 1 oncept How is biological evelopment weathering different Weathering is the breaking down of rocks to physical weathering? and minerals CFU 2 (3) Biological Weathering A seed blows into a crack in a rock. As it Biological weathering occurs when living grows the crack in the rock gets bigger. things break down rocks (e.g. tree roots, Is this biological rabbit burrows, microbes). weathering? Explain why or why not. Vocabulary microbe a microscopic organism such44 as a  CFU 1 oncept What is erosion? evelopment Erosion CFU 2 Erosion is the movement of sediment from How is erosion different to one area to another. weathering? Small particles of rocks that have been CFU 3 When walking to broken down by weathering are carried away beach through the by water, wind and ice. sand dunes it is recommended that you stick to the path. Why must we do this? Vocabulary sediment small rock particles 45 Rock Cycle Year 8 Earth Science  CFU earning What are we going ntention to learn about today? I will learn about the structure and formation of rocks. Success Criteria I CAN: 1.Define the rock cycle. 2.Identify processes in the rock cycle. 3.Describe rock formation using the rock cycle. 47  CFU 1 oncept What is the rock evelopment The Rock Cycle cycle? Like most materials on Earth, rocks are created and destroyed in cycles. The rock cycle is a model that describes the formation, breakdown, and reformation of rocks. 48 ill Development / Guided actice Describing Rock Formation using the Rock Cycle 1. Find the starting point in the cycle 2. Find the finishing point in the cycle 3. Follow the arrows to describe the process