Earth and Life Science 11/12 Learner's Packet PDF

Earth and Life Science 11/12 I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT Rocks make up the Earth's solid structure. We live on the planet's rocky surface, eat weathered detritus produced from rocks, and get nearly all our raw ingredients. Minerals, on the other hand, are the raw materials that makeup rocks. Mi...

Earth and Life Science 11/12 I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT Rocks make up the Earth's solid structure. We live on the planet's rocky surface, eat weathered detritus produced from rocks, and get nearly all our raw ingredients. Minerals, on the other hand, are the raw materials that makeup rocks. Minerals, like rocks, are valuable natural resources. Rock formations enhance the natural scenery. These characteristics result from exogenic processes, a set of geologic events near the Earth's surface. Through natural agents such as wind, water, and ice, these processes break rocks into smaller pieces and transfer them to lower areas. They chisel and change the shape of rocks together, resulting in unique formations. This Learner's Packet will allow you to explore more about rocks, their composition, classification, and the various processes they undergo. II. LEARNING COMPETENCIES  Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties (S11/12ES-1a-9)  Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (S11/12ES-Ib-10).  Explain how the weathering products are carried away by erosion and deposited elsewhere (S11/12ES-1b-12). II. ACTIVITIES ELICIT: Rearrange the jumbled letters to uncover the correct descriptions. Fill in the blanks in your notepad with your answer. 1. molten rock (agmam) 2. change in form (mapmesthorim) 3. hardest mineral (odimand) 4. an igneous rock (tregani) 5. small rock particles (mesdient) 6. a metamorphic rock (barmle) 7. building block of rocks (alminser) RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 1  8. resistance to scratching (eshdarns) 9. transfer of rock particles (seroino) 10. breaking down of rocks (ghearwetin) ENGAGE: 1. Which of the pictures below are examples of rock-forming minerals? https://www.minerals.net https://www.minerals.net https://www.minerals.net https://www.minimegeology.com/ a. quartz b. olivine c. feldspar d. marble 2. Which of these rock-forming minerals are you familiar with? Tell something about their properties. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ EXPLORE: Activity 1- Sugar or Salt? Sugar and salt must be very familiar to you. Study their pictures below and answer the questions that follow. Write your answer in your notebook. table sugar table salt Guide Questions: 1. In what ways are sugar and salt similar? 2. In what ways are sugar and salt different? 3. Are sugar and salt both minerals? Explain your answer. 4. Based on your answer in number 3, how do you define a mineral? RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 2 Activity 2: Rock Around the Rock Cycle Part 1: Minerals, like salt, composed rocks. The types of rocks change with time. Discover how these changes occur by rocking around the rock cycle. Read each group of sentences below and fill in the blanks with the appropriate words. Write the comment in the corresponding blank. Illustrated by Frances C. Morales Part 2: Using the completed diagram, how are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks formed? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Activity 3: Rocks everywhere! Study the beautiful landscape. What rock fragments or particles do you see? What forces in the environment created them? RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 3  Image by: Joni S. Aborde EXPLAIN: Answer the following questions: 1. What is a rock? 2. What is a mineral? What are its characteristics? 3. What are the types of rocks? How are the different types of rocks formed? 4. How are rock fragments or particles transferred to different locations? ELABORATE: WHAT ARE MINERALS? Minerals are inorganic substances found in the natural world. They have a different chemical makeup. A solid crystal is formed when molecules in a mineral are organized in a repeating pattern. These molecules are made up of atoms of different elements bound together by chemical bonds. A mineral's physical and chemical properties are influenced by the type and amount of elements present. Properties of Minerals The chemical properties of minerals comprise their chemical composition. Gold is made up of only gold atoms, and diamond is only made up of carbon atoms. But most minerals are made up of chemical compounds, and each of them has a unique chemical formula. For example, quartz is a silicate mineral composed of two oxygen atoms bonded with silicon dioxide (SiO2). At the same time, feldspar is a silicate of aluminum plus any elements sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, or barium or their combinations. The basic building block for all silicate minerals is the anion silica, SiO4. RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 4  Table 2 gives the seven categories of minerals based on their chemical composition. Minerals within the same group may exhibit similar characteristics. Table 1. Categories of Minerals According to Chemical Composition Group Name Composition Example minerals Native elements only one element gold, diamond SiO4 (silica) + one or more other Silicates quartz, feldspar elements Oxides O2 (oxide) + one or more other elements hematite, magnetite, SO4 (sulfate) + one of more metallic Sulfates gypsum, barite elements Sulfides S2 (sulfide) + one or more other elements pyrite, galena CO3 (carbonate) + one or more metallic Carbonates calcite, dolomite element Halides halogen + one or more elements halite, chlorite Minerals' chemical composition is reflected in their physical characteristics, which are used to identify them. These physical properties are given below: 1. Color and streak Every mineral has its distinctive color. However, color alone is not enough to identify a mineral correctly because some minerals may have similar colors. A more reliable test is the streak test. A mineral is rubbed against a piece of porcelain in this test. A mineral's powder form gives it a streak of color. https://geology.com/minerals/streak-test.shtml Figure 1. The streak of a mineral can be different from its color. 2. Luster The luster of a mineral determines how well it reflects light. Metallic or non-metallic luster can be seen in minerals. A polished metal's luster can be compared to a metallic luster. The shine of non-metallic materials might be dull, pearly, silky, greasy, or glassy. 3. Hardness On a scale of one to ten, the Mohs Scale of Hardness describes the hardness of certain common minerals. A mineral's hardness is its resistance to scratching. It is usually compared with common objects of known hardness in the Mohs Scale, as shown in Table 5. RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 5  Table 2. Mohs Scale of Hardness Table 3. Hardness of Some Common Objects Hardness Common Mineral Hardness (in increasing order) Objects Talc 1 fingernail 2.5 Gypsum 2 piece of 2.5 to 3.0 Calcite 3 copper Fluorite 4 iron nail 4.5 Apatite 5 glass 5.5 Feldspar 6 steel file 6.5 Quartz 7 streak plate 7 Topaz 8 Corundum 9 Diamond 10 4. Density and Specific gravity The amount of matter present in a given amount of space or volume is referred to as density. The mass of a sample is measured on a scale, and the volume is calculated using the water displacement method to ascertain mineral density. After that, the density is computed by dividing the mass by the volume of water displaced. Specific gravity is a measure of a mineral's density as compared to water. It is calculated by dividing the density of a mineral by the density of water. A mineral with a specific gravity of 2 is twice as dense as water. 5. Crystal habit and form Crystal habit is the growth pattern exhibited by mineral crystals, while crystal form is the external shape of a mineral. Common crystal habits are cube or cubic, prismatic, bladed, tabular, radial, botryoidal, fibrous, and dendritic. Figure 2 shows the characteristic appearance of these crystal habits and forms. 6. Cleavage and fracture The tendency of a mineral to break along layers of weak points that form flat surfaces is called cleavage. A fracture refers to the chipping shape of a mineral when broken. 7. Diaphaneity Also known as transparency, diaphaneity is the degree to which the mineral transmits light. It can be described as opaque, translucent, or transparent. RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 6 From Minerals to Rocks Rocks are formed by aggregation or collection of one or more minerals. The minerals present in a rock contribute to the general properties of the rock. This property is due to minerals tend to retain their characteristics even when clustered with others. Minerals combine through several processes to produce different rocks. Igneous Rocks Rock material in molten form is called magma or lava. Magma is found underneath the Earth, while lava is found on the surface. When magma or lava hardens, igneous rock is formed. Igneous rock can be intrusive or extrusive. An intrusive igneous rock forms beneath the surface, while extrusive igneous rock forms at the surface of the Earth. Hardening magma is an intrusive igneous rock, while hardened lava is an extrusive igneous rock. Solidification is the process involved by which hot molten rocks are cooled and hardened. The texture of igneous rocks is affected by how long the solidification of molten material takes place. Slower solidification forms larger crystals and more coarse-grained rocks. Igneous rocks are mostly composed of the same minerals but in varying proportions. Examples of igneous rocks are shown below. Image by: Joni S. Aborde Figure 2. Igneous rocks Sedimentary Rocks Weathered rock particles are carried to bodies of water through erosion. Over time, these particles accumulate and form sediments. Sediments are then compacted due to additional materials' pressure, squeezing water and reducing pore spaces. Silica, calcium carbonate, and iron oxide act as chemical deposits that cement these materials together. These processes turn sediments into layers of solid rock which is called sedimentary rock. The Image by: Joni S. Aborde Figure 3. Sedimentary rocks RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 7 process of compaction and cementation of sediments is called lithification. Metamorphic rocks Rocks that are buried deep beneath the Earth are exposed to very high temperatures and pressure. The high temperature and high-pressure environment change rocks' crystalline structure and chemical properties without actually melting them. This process is known as metamorphism. The reorientation of rocks' original crystalline structure gives birth to a new type of rock – the metamorphic rock. Compared with the parent rock, metamorphic rocks are usually harder and more compact. Image by: Joni S. Aborde Figure 4. Metamorphic Rocks How Rocks Change: The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle is a series of events that take place in rocks. Igneous rock can be transformed into sedimentary or metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rocks can transform into metamorphic or igneous rocks. Igneous or sedimentary rock can form from metamorphic rock. Figure 5. The Rock Cycle Source: https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-1-the-rock-cycle/ Processes in the Rock Cycle Weathering & Erosion The wind and many other elements such as water, the sun, and temperature variations are all present on the Earth's surface. These factors wear out and tear down objects over time. RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 8 Sediment is the term for the bits and pieces of material that result. Sediment is then carried away by the wind and water, often far from its original location. These processes of breakdown and transport due to exposure to the environment are called weathering and erosion. Weathering and erosion affect all rocks on the Earth's surface. Compacting & Cementing Over time, sediment accumulates in oceans, lakes, and valleys, eventually building up in layers and weighing down the material underneath. This weight presses the sediment particles together, compacting them. Water passing through the spaces between the particles helps cement them together even more—this process of compacting and cementing sediment forms sedimentary rock. Heat & Pressure Rocks are frequently dragged beneath the Earth's surface by motions in the crust, where temperatures rise as they descend. Temperatures are hot enough to melt most rocks between 100 and 200 kilometers (62 and 124 miles) below the Earth's surface. However, a rock can undergo fundamental changes while still solid, transforming from one kind to another without melting before it reaches the melting point. Another element that can change rocks is the pressure exerted from above by tons of other rocks; heat and pressure usually work together to change the rocks beneath the Earth's surface. Metamorphism is the term for a change that occurs due to growing temperature and pressure, and the resulting rock is known as a metamorphic rock. Melting Much heat is required to melt a rock. The needed high temperatures are usually only found deep within the Earth. Movements in the Earth's crust pull the rock down, and it gets hotter and hotter as it goes deeper into the Earth. A rock melts at temperatures between 600 and 1,300 degrees Celsius (1,100 and 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit), transforming it into magma (molten rock). Cooling When liquid magma cools, it solidifies into a solid – a rock. Igneous rock is any rock that forms as a result of magma cooling. One igneous rock is formed when magma cools swiftly, while another is formed when magma cools slowly. Exogenic Processes Weathering Weathering is the breaking down of rocks into smaller particles. The exposure of rocks to various temperatures, pressures, chemicals, and biological processes causes this process. Mechanical or chemical weathering can occur. RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 9  Mechanical weathering happens when a large rock breaks into pieces physically without alteration in its chemical composition. For instance, the root of a plant growing in a boulder crack will eventually split the rock into smaller parts. In colder countries, water that gets into the pores of rock may freeze and then thaw. Alternate freezing and thawing split rocks apart. In deserts, too much heat causes rock particles to expand andFigure 6. Plants growing in cracks of a big rock contract When cooled, alternate expansion and contraction also break rocks. When you kick a piece of rock, and it crumbles down to pieces, you become an agent of mechanical weathering. Chemical weathering, on the other hand, necessitates a chemical reaction between rock minerals and other environmental chemicals in order to break rocks. For example, the iron in rocks may combine with oxygen in the water to generate rust, weakening and making the rocks brittle, causing them to crumble. When Image by: Joni S. Aborde carbon dioxide comes into touch with limestone, a carbonate-containing rock, it may disintegrate. Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide and transports it to the Earth. The rock dissolves as groundwater penetrates pores and crevices in limestone. Gradually, an opening forms, eventually leading to the https://www.needpix.com/photo/587721/limestone-stalactite-sta-subterranean-caving-mountain- speleology-stalgtite-stalagmite formation of a cave. Figure 7. A cave is formed through decomposition of limestone. Some minerals in rocks, such as calcite and halite, dissolve in water, causing their molecules to break into ions and be transported away by the water. This renders the rock brittle and fragile. Sediments are made of fine, loose rock particles created by mechanical and chemical weathering. The phrases sand, silt, and clay are used to characterize the particle size of sediment. Sediments eventually convert into the soil, which is a highly valuable resource. Weathered rock particles, organic materials, mineral pieces, water, and air make up soil. Erosion and Deposition Weathering reduces the size and weight of rocks, making them easier to move and carry. Erosion is the process of rock fragments moving from one location to another. As erosion agents carry the rock particles, they lose energy until they can no longer hold them. The rock RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 10 sediments are then dumped in specific areas, usually at a lower height. Deposition is the process of sediments being dropped off by erosion processes. Gravity, together with the other erosion factors of water, wind, and glaciers, helps to facilitate erosion and deposition. Agents of Erosion Water Rainwater that does not soak or evaporate rushes across the ground, dragging rock fragments behind it. Surface runoff eventually finds its way into bodies of water, including streams, lakes, and oceans. Sediments are picked up by water as it moves along. Lightweight sediments float and are transported away by the current, while heavier particles roll down the bottom. Large ocean waves pound the land's margins, eroding down the rocks. Sediments deposited in ocean basins may lithify over time, forming sedimentary rocks. Wind The wind carries loose rock and soil particles away and deposits them elsewhere. The wind can carry light particles over vast distances of thousands of kilometers. In deserts and arid locations, strong winds can pick up bigger particles, resulting in sand storms. When a strong wind lifts dry and fine soil particles, a dust storm might occur. Glaciers A glacier is a massive ice and snow mass that forms in colder climates. Glaciers erode solid rocks and deposit eroded materials somewhere as they move across land. When a glacier's ice melts, water seeps into the pores and fissures of the rock beneath it. Rock shards are pulled by the ice and moved to different sites as water refreezes. Glacial erosion scars the surface of the rock, leaving grooves and striations behind. Gravity Erosion and deposition are primarily driven by gravity. Gravity pulls soil and worn materials down from high altitudes such as hills and mountains. On a steep slope, loose rocks may tumble down and dump stuff at the base. Mass waste or mass movement refers to the downslope movement of huge amounts of soil and rock particles due to gravity's action. Mass waste can happen slowly or quickly. EXTEND: List down at least five rocks that are economically important in your community. Cite how they are used. Use the format below. RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 11  Rocks Found in My Community Where Found in the Name of Rock Classification Economic Importance Community EVALUATE: Direction: Choose the correct answer's letter. 1. What characteristics must a substance possess to be considered a mineral? I. It must be inorganic. II. It must be hard and compact. III. It must be naturally found in nature. IV. It must be solid at room temperature. a. I, II, and III only c. I, III, and IV only b. II, III, and IV only d. I, II, and IV only 2. Why is color not a very useful property in mineral identification? a. because some minerals are clear or colorless b. because each mineral has its distinct color c. because different minerals can have similar colors d. because the color of a mineral can be different from its streak 3. You found a clear mineral embedded in a rock. It cannot be scratched by your fingernail but can be scratched by a knife. What mineral must it be? a. quartz b. calcite c. gypsum d. diamond 4. A rock has traces of plant and animal remains. What is the classification of this rock? a. igneous b. sedimentary c. metamorphic d. none of them 5. Which type of rock is generally harder and more compact? a. intrusive igneous c. sedimentary b. extrusive igneous d. metamorphic 6. What type of rock can turn into metamorphic rock? a. igneous only c. metamorphic only b. sedimentary only d. any type of rock RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 12 7. What process is involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks? a. When lava cools and hardens, it becomes a rock. b. magma trapped under the Earth's surface cools and solidifies. c. Layers of sand and gravel form, and pressure causes them to convert into rock. d. Extreme heat and pressure from inside the Earth turn rocks into new rocks. 8. The repetitive expansion and compression of rock components due to alternating hot and cold temperatures lead the rock to break apart. This instance exemplifies what exogenic process? a. erosion c. chemical weathering b. deposition d. mechanical weathering 9. What is the major force that causes mass wasting of soil and rock materials? a. glacier b. wind c. friction d. gravity 10. Erosion has both benefits and drawbacks. Which of the following is an erosion benefit? a. It has the potential to block streams with rock materials. b. It takes away the fertile topsoil that is necessary for cultivation. c. It has the potential to disclose additional mineral-rich rock layers. d. It can destroy infrastructures like bridges and buildings. VI. ANSWER KEY Elicit 1. magma 6. marble 2. metamorphism 7. minerals 3. diamond 8. hardness 4. granite 9. erosion 5. sediment 10. weathering Engage 1. A, B, C 2. Answers may vary Explore Activity 1. Sugar or Salt? 1. Sugar and salt are similar in color, streak, and crystal structure. 2. Sugar and salt differ in luster, hardness, and chemical composition. 3. No. Only salt is a mineral. Sugar is not a mineral because it comes from a plant, a living organism. Therefore, sugar is organic. 4. A mineral is a substance with the following characteristic: a. naturally-occurring, b. inorganic (not coming from living matter), c. with definite chemical composition, and d. with a crystalline structure. RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 13  Activity 2. Rock Around the Rock Cycle Part 1 (Order may vary for 3 and 4 and for 7 and 8) 1. magma 7. compacted 2. cools 8. cemented 3. heat 9. high 4. pressure 10. solid 5. buried 11. weathering 6. deposits 12. erosion Part 2 Igneous rocks are formed when melted rock cools and then hardens. Sedimentary rocks are formed when layers of sediment are pressed together. Metamorphic rocks are formed when pressure and/or heat changes rock. Activity 3. Rocks Everywhere! Possible answers. Rock fragments/particles – boulders, sand, soil, stones (These rock fragments/particles are formed through water, gravity, and wind combined.) EXPLAIN 1. Rocks compose the Earth's lithosphere. They are formed by aggregation or collection of one or more minerals compacted together. 2. Minerals are inorganic, naturally occurring, crystalline solids with a definite chemical composition. Minerals can be identified through their unique properties. Some properties of minerals are color, streak, hardness, luster, cleavage, and crystal form. 3. There are three varieties of rock, each with its unique formation. Igneous rocks are created when magma (molten rock) cools either inside the Earth or surface. Sedimentary rocks are made up of the byproducts of weathering on the Earth's surface, like cementation or precipitation. Temperature and pressure variations within the Earth create metamorphic rocks. 4. Weathering must first be used to break down rocks into smaller bits. Erosion is how smaller and lighter-worn rocks are carried to new locations by gravity, wind, water, and glaciers. Agents of erosion eventually drop or deposit rock particles during the deposition phase. EVALUATE 1. c 6. d 2. c 7. c 3. b 8. d 4. b 9. d 5. d 10. c RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 14 V. REFLECTION I have learned that ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ I wish to ask my teacher about _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ VI. REFERENCES 1. Papa, R.D, et al. (2016). Earth and Life Science, Knowing and Understanding Nature. Abiva Publishing House, Inc. Araneta Ave., Quezon City 2. Petersen, J.F., et al (2016). Earth and Life Sciences. Rex Bookstore, Inc. Manila, Philippines Salandanan, G., Faltado, R. and Lopez, M. (2016) Earth and Life Sciences For Senior High School (Core Subject). Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Metro Manila. 3. Glencoe McGraw-Hill (n.d.). Science Voyages, Exploring the Life, Earth, and Physical Sciences. Florida Edition, Level Blue. 4. Commission on Higher Education (2016).Teaching Guide for Senior High School. Earth and Life Science. Writer: Joni S. Aborde Reviewers: Emily B. Esmabe/Helen O. Cornelio/Marisol D. Andrada Content Editors: Maryrose Angieley M. Peňaflor/Eva C. Malanyaon Language Editors: Dianna A. Maquilan/Manuel D. Buere Illustrator: Francis C. Morales Layout Artist: Christy R. Dawal RO_Earth and Life Science_11/12_Q1_LP 2 15