Animal Nutrition PDF

Animal Nutrition: You are what you eat  Nutrition The process of acquiring, breaking down, and absorbing food >- indigestive heterotrophs Animals are heterotrophs and may be...

Animal Nutrition: You are what you eat  Nutrition The process of acquiring, breaking down, and absorbing food >- indigestive heterotrophs Animals are heterotrophs and may be eat animals -mirrores Herbivores (eating plants/algae) > - may ex. grazers accidentally Carnivores (eating animals) eat bugs Omnivores (eating both) Why do animals need food? Source of energy, building materials, & essential nutrients ① Energy (ATP) from cellular respiration to fuel muscle contractions, active transport across cell membranes, endergonic production of molecules, & more ② Building materials necessary for growth & repair ↳ ala raw materials > carbon hydrogen - ,  for cell function - proteins important enzymes · Essential Nutrients structure/support o ECM biochem make AA from Scratch (non essential Pathways. Essential amino acids: amino acids that y animals cannot synthesize (about half cannot the 20 total AAs); must come from diet make w/in body “complete” proteins (animal) have all essential AA ”incomplete” proteins (plant) lack one or more essential AA requires pairing protein up sources to - plant obtaingrain (rice)'s complete ex. Essential fatty acids: fatty acids (base I legumes (beans ( molecules for various lipids) that animals cannot synthesize; must come from diet (linoleic acid)  X calcium essential mineral Essential Nutrients Con’t X - vitamin D rickets seen in kids Vitamin D deficiency & lack of sufficient calcium (rickets) vitamin X Bq Vitamins: organic molecules required (at low levels) [often used as coenzymes, support for necessary processes like mineral absorption, antioxidants] forming enclosing Spinal cord Ex: Folic acid (vitamin B9) for neural tube development (deficiency can lead to spina bifida, - exposed Spinal chord Iodine deficiency (goiter) anencephaly) ↳ "minimal brain or no brain" Minerals: inorganic molecules required (at low levels) [often used to complete assembly of molecules/structures, source of ions] anemia ex. iron ; Fe deficiency = ↳ solution : iodized salt  Overview baleen> microorgan. Ismall things Digestive process includes: tube => nectar jaws large food Ingestion (eating) => Requires wide range of specialized structures Digestion (breaking down materials) taking place inside cell Intracellular or extracellular when = this does occur a - H20 necessary breaking for Mechanical vs chemical digestion (hydrolysis) down - macromolecules bio organisms. -larger May require system to distribute absorbed nutrients (circulatory system) require connections Elimination (removing undigested waste) btwn systems/moving materials efficiently Varies based on type of gut (gastrovascular cavity vs alimentary canal) ↳SAG ↳ tube food Waste different entrance t exits going in /out same way Filter feed substrate fluid · steators · ex termites · ex. probiscus > - ticks mosquitos , · whales w/ baleen does not need to eat/live not blood plant always juices during entire life cycle sponges flamingoes Ingestion lots based of on diet mouth modificans environment Filter feed (sieve food out of water) Substrate feed (live in/on food source) Fluid feed (suck liquids) Bulk feed (consume large solid food items) ↳ jaws , chewing , swallowing  work in a dissembly line tracts x digestive * on exam (requires specialization) - > sequential process doesno alwayacomplete & have Digestive System Variation elimination [ 3 j· ingestion for storage (carrying food) Jac digest sys - · crush hard things I. take in food > - not much 2. release - digestive specificity enzyme 3. release was te Tube Digestive - · more SA complex to break down material Bigger-active - more energy demanding · efficient materials absorbing - > must get better at absorbing diff. exits/entrance for wast's food  basic components know ↑ Overview of the Human Digestive System down breaking carbs month ↑ throat Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus tube leading to for stomach Mechanical: teeth (incisors/canines clip,↑ enzymes easier react to premolars/molars crush); increase surface area & breaking down starch Chemical: salivary amylase in saliva (from salivary into glucose glands) initiates starch (amylose) hydrolysis subunits Saliva also contains water, mucus, pH buffers, & antimicrobial enzymes (protection agains pathogens ( Bolus forms, is pushed toward pharynx by tongue, then down esophagus to stomach via peristaltic squeezing => contractions food swallowed Bolus : ball that is movement (smooth musoe) of swallowing involuntary hydrolysis : water mucus : lubrication DHbuffers : controls/maintains microbiome  Overview Con’t Orientata Stomach - breaks proteins down different Mechanical: layers of smooth muscle mix bolus Chemical: gastric juice contains pepsin (released pepsinogen : as num pepsin from chief cells, activated by low pH - inactive enzyme + (H from parietal cells) a protease that breaks (pepsin) excreted by chief peptide bonds cells ; in gastric pit produced by mucous cell ↓ Mucus secretions and rapid replacement of I activates in to 2) stomach lining protect pepsin in acidic (pH = 1 or stomach exit of environments Chyme (liquidy mix) released by pyloric sphincter into small intestine (cardiac sphincter prevents backflow into esophagus) entrance Stomach into parietal cells : release acids (HC) to maintain acidity of gastric juice  salivary glands , liver , pancreas accessory organs Overview Con’t diameter , long tube = 4SA Small x liver's pancreas Small Intestine, Liver, & Pancreas are accessory organs Small intestine: 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum ① Duodenum: chyme mixes with secretions: > filters materials Bile (produced by liver, excess stored in gallbladder) to - emulsify fats bile salts break F by Itzo Chydrophobic fats cannot be broken fats into smaller for pH buffers & digestive enzymes (pancreas) everythingenzymesdigested > - makes pieces (more JA( - to be neutralizes more acidic = Pancreatic amylase (carbs), trypsin & chymotrypsin - due to chyme small to protect intestine amylase (proteins), nuclease (nucleic acids), & lipase (fats) ↳ DNA ↳ works With bile alkaline environment Pancreas also secretes insulin/glucagon into blood to ② regulate blood sugars (endocrine secretion) Jejunum & ilium: complete digestion & absorption (increase surface area via small diameter/long & length, presence of villi & microvilli) via both finish digestion passive & active transport requires cotransport > - Ho reabsorbed in intestine · gets small  ↑ Overview Con’t reabsorbing recycled - materials Large Intestine before climation (H20 , bile salts Much larger diameter; functions primarily for final re-absorption of water, salts conse Is + - Cecum: dead-end pouch at entrance; varies in size & houses part of LI microbes; in humans leads to appendix Ends in rectum and anus E spinchter involuntary (smooth) is : interal bothin external spinchter : voluntary (skeletal) full of microorgan. that C can break down cellulose ; larger in herbivores; release nutrients for animals  · life dep. On extracting nutrients Evolution & Digestive Systems Comparative anatomy focuses on the different ways organisms accomplish necessary processes via various adaptations Physical: mouthparts, dentition (carnivore/herbivore; gizzard), modifications (long/short gut) Functional: microbiome variations; foregut/hindgut fermenters; coprophagy Digestive sys. has observ modification ( - diet - behavior seal ; adapt for filter teeth feeding - How they extract nutrients not evolved for bitings crushing  rabbits hindgut fermentor > - /more complex more vegetative food chamber longer gut ; - - large cecum Carnivore for eght - - shorter fermentors - easier to break down proteins breakdown food via microbes 2. regurgitate. breakdown food 3 again (physical/mech digestion  Regulation (with human examples) · prevents spitting stomach acid 24/7 Digestion: process is controlled via hormones (cephalic, gastric, & intestinal phases regulate secretions sequentially) Energy storage: blood sugar remains stable regardless of meals/fasting; excess glucose stored as glycogen Insulin removes glucose from blood bancreas (into cells) Glucagon releases glucose into blood (from cells) Regulation Con’t Hunger: influenced by hormones as well as environment Ghrelin (appetite stimulant) vs. leptin, insulin, PYY (repress hunger) Ozempic/semaglutide mimic satiating hormones, reducing appetite for weight loss