BIOL 1216 Human Physiology Course Introduction PDF

BIOL 1216 – Human Physiology DR. TREVOR KING ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION What is this course? Physiology - The study of the functions of an organism and its constituent parts Human Physiology – How does the body work? Some subdisciplines ◦ Neurophysiology ◦ Cardiovascul...

BIOL 1216 – Human Physiology DR. TREVOR KING ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION What is this course? Physiology - The study of the functions of an organism and its constituent parts Human Physiology – How does the body work? Some subdisciplines ◦ Neurophysiology ◦ Cardiovascular Physiology ◦ Respiratory ◦ Exercise Physiology ◦ Pathophysiology Who am I? Exercise Physiology Cardiovascular Health and Function Athletic Performance  Who are you? Answer these questions (anonymous) https://forms.gle/fvKJYKDUCbKRUZfLA Why is Physiology Important for Everybody? https://forms.gle/4m4SxG9VCA2jMs3V6 What are the details I need to know? Assessment Details Weight Lecture midterms (80 min each) midterm 1 – Oct 3 15% midterm 2 – Nov 7 20% Lecture questions Completed at the beginning of most classes 5% (D2L and Google forms) Lab PowerPoint presentation (5%) 35% lab exam 1 (10%) lab exam 2 (10%) quizzes (6%) post lab assignments (4%) Lecture final exam (2 hour) Exam period (dec 11-21) 25% TOTAL 100% Textbook Human Physiology (2019), Bryan H. Derrickson (2nd edition). Wiley. (ISBN: 9781119497783) ◦ Useful? (yes) ◦ Necessary? (depends on note-taking, background, or research abilities) ◦ Lab uses textbook (A copy available in the lab) ◦ 1 Copy on reserve at library Online resources: WileyPLUS ◦ Not required, but useful Class Overview: Lecture Online Assignments Review followed by small participation quiz at start of each class If you participate in 80% of quizzes = 100% If sick and missing a few classes, let me know Goal: to see whether the info stuck, or whether I need to revisit ◦ On your team Streaming Classes via Google Meet Stream classes – see how it works ◦ Won’t be a replacement for in-class, but could use if needed meet.google.com/anr-nvsi-mgb Contact Me Email: [email protected] Office: U243F Office hours: Tuesdays 1 to 2 pm or by Appointment (can be virtual) Class Overview: Labs Labs Start Next Week (Wednesday or Thursday) See myMRU for your schedule Labs run by the biology department ◦ Contact your instructor for lab questions ◦ Your lab has its own D2L site Lab instructors ◦ Karen Sheedy (Lab Coordinator): [email protected] ◦ Valentine Brussee-Bohn: [email protected] ◦ Jessica Eggleton: [email protected] Learning Objectives for Today Identify common methodologies, foundational principles, and practical applications of physiology as a science Recognize foundational physiology concepts acquired from previous studies (reviewing chapters 2, 3, and 4, typically covered in high school) including: ◦ Homeostasis ◦ Acids and bases ◦ ATP ◦ Macronutrients ◦ Metabolism ◦ Cellular respiration ◦ Enzymes ◦ Ligand-protein interaction ◦ Components of the cell Physiology as a Science (Lab 1) The process of acquiring knowledge about some aspect of the natural world in a systematic way is known as the scientific method Make an observation Formulate a hypothesis Design an experiment to test your hypothesis Interpret the data The Quantitative Scientific Method Observation and question ◦ E.g. Schrutes → low levels of CVD Hypothesis ◦ Nitrates in beets Experiment ◦ Give nitrate supplements Results interpretation ◦ Supported → theory ◦ Not supported → new question Key themes in physiology Homeostasis Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment. Integration When several components work together to accomplish a particular function. Mechanism of action Explain how the body works by indicating the mechanisms that are involved Communication Cells of the body must communicate with one another in order for the body to function  Homeostasis Maintenance of relatively stable internal environment Body has many controlled variables that it wants to keep stable What are some important variables to control? https://education.wiley.com/content/shared/media/anatomy/3D_Interactives/3d_interactive_homeostasis.html  Homeostasis Example Variable to maintain (controlled): Body temperature maintained at 37 degrees 3. Start to sweat 37 ֯C 6. Start to shiver 1. Running outside 5. Come inside to cold AC Homeostasis Via Feedback Feedback system most common way to maintain homeostasis in controlled variable Receptor: ◦ Senses change Feedback loop Control centre: ◦ Evaluates whether outside the set point ◦ Output when needed Effector ◦ Produces response to change the controlled variable Homeostasis Via Feedback Feedback loop is a cycle of events in which a parameter of the internal environment is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re-evaluated Positive and negative feedback loops Feedback loop  STIMULUS Disrupts homeostasis by increasing Negative Feedback CONTROLLED CONDITION Blood pressure Reverses a change in a controlled RECEPTORS Baroreceptors in variable. certain blood vessels Input Action potentials CONTROL CENTER How most variables in the body are Brain controlled Return to homeostasis when the response brings blood pressure back to normal Action potentials Output EFFECTORS Heart Blood vessels RESPONSE A decrease in heart rate and the dilation (widening) of blood vessels cause blood pressure to decrease COPYRIGHT © 2019 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Contractions of the wall of the uterus force the baby's head or body into the cervix Increasing Positive feedback CONTROLLED CONDITION Stretching of cervix RECEPTORS Strengthens or reinforces a change in a Stretch- sensitive nerve cells in the controlled variable cervix Input Action potentials CONTROL CENTER Brain Increased stretching of the cervix Something external must disrupt cycle causes the release of more oxytocin, which results in more stretching of the cervix Brain interprets input and Output releases oxytocin Cervix EFFECTORS Muscles in the wall of the uterus Contract more forcefully RESPONSE Baby’s body stretches the cervix more Interruption of the cycle: The birth of the baby decreases stretching of the cervix, thus breaking the positive feedback cycle Positive feedback: https://education.wiley.com/content/shared/media/anatomy/3D_Interactives/3d_interactive_homeostasis.html Feedforward Events occur in anticipation of a change in a controlled variable. Ex. Mouth watering prior to a tasty meal Predictions Questions to figure out your background Reminder: Participation – if you answer 80% of in-class questions throughout the semester, you get 5% Correct answers not required to get the grade https://forms.gle/VNgkWo1g7zxiRX8T6 Only open when presented in class  https://forms.gle/VNgkWo1g7zxiRX8T6 Questions The pH of your blood is kept around 7.4. When you exercise really hard, your muscles release a bunch of hydrogen ions into the blood. What does this do to the pH of your blood? ◦ Lowers it (more acidic) ◦ Raises it (more basic) ◦ I don’t know Which of the following has the lowest 'set point' for pH? (i.e. where is the most acidic) ◦ Saliva ◦ Gastric Juice (Found in Stomach) ◦ Blood  Questions Which of the following statements regarding ATP is correct? ATP a) Releases energy when a phosphate bond splits b) consists of an adenine molecule, a ribose molecule, and three phosphate groups c) Is the energy currency of the cell d) All of these statements regarding ATP are correct. e) I don’t know Which of the following can the body break down to produce ATP? (select all) a) Carbohydrates b) Protein c) Fat d) Caffeine e) I don’t know Questions Catalysts function by: a) combining with other substances in a reaction to create a new product b) raising the amount of energy needed (making it more difficult) to start the reaction c) breaking themselves apart to provide energy for a reaction d) lowering the amount of energy needed (making it easier) to start the reaction e) I don’t know  Questions Place the following steps of the cellular respiration of glucose in the correct order: i) electron transport chain ii) glycolysis iii) Krebs cycle iv) formation of acetyl CoA a) ii; iv; iii; i b) ii; iii; iv; i c) i; ii; iii; iv d) iv; iii; ii; i e) I don’t know Questions The three main parts of a human cell include all of the following EXCEPT: a) a rigid, protective, nonliving outer cell wall b) a flexible plasma membrane separating the cell’s internal environment from the external environment c) the cytoplasm including the cytosol and organelles d) the nucleus that houses most of the cell’s DNA e) I don’t know For more detailed review See chapters 2, 3, 4 Won’t be tested on content from these chapters specifically, but they may help for understanding of future content The remaing slides give an idea of important content from chapters 2, 3, and 4  Acids and Bases For proper homeostasis, acid base balance must be maintained pH ~7.4 E.g. H+ and muscle function Video explainer Acids and Bases ATP: Our energy ‘currency’ Break apart bond on 3rd phosphate group to release energy Energy captured to do work in the body Energy Macronutrients Nutrients our body can use to provide ATP (energy) ◦ Carbohydrates ◦ Lipids ◦ Proteins Overview of cellular metabolism Anaerobic conditions Which steps require oxygen and which ones do not? Aerobic conditions COPYRIGHT © 2019 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Why is knowledge of nutrients and metabolism important for athletes? e.g. Carbohydrate loading ▪ Maximize glycogen storage ▪ Improve endurance performance e.g. fueling for exercise ▪ Fat, proteins, or carbohydrates?  Roles of protein Building materials Hormones Enzymes Acid-Base Balance Transporters Antibodies Provide glucose and energy Many Other ATP Video: Enzyme Functions and ATP Ligand–protein interaction ▪ Ligand ◦ Any molecule or ion that binds to a particular site on a protein through weak, noncovalent interactions ▪ Binding site ◦ The region of protein where the ligand binds COPYRIGHT © 2019 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The three main components of the cell Plasma membrane ▪ Forms the cells outer surface Cytoplasm ▪ Consists of the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus Nucleus ▪ Large organelle that houses most of the cell’s DNA COPYRIGHT © 2019 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The three main components of the cell Plasma membrane ▪ Forms the cells outer surface Cytoplasm ▪ Consists of the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus Nucleus ▪ Large organelle that houses most of the cell’s DNA COPYRIGHT © 2019 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.