Senior High School 2024-2025 Q2 Past Paper - Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person - PDF

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT S.Y. 2024 – 2025 SEATWORK NO. 4 – QUARTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON...

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT S.Y. 2024 – 2025 SEATWORK NO. 4 – QUARTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON Grade 12 ABM/HUMSS/A&D QUESTIONS CONTRIBUTION LOGICAL FALLACY EASY AVERAGE DIFFICULT 1. (Specific Fallacy – Question…… Question…… Question…… Author/Your name) Answer/Short Explanation Answer/Short Explanation Answer/Short Explanation 2. Begging the question What is begging the question fallacy? Which of the following is an example of In the context of begging the question fallacy – Christine Joy C. A) A fallacy where irrelevant the "begging the question" fallacy? fallacy, which among these situations Tabora information is introduced to A) "Chocolate is better than vanilla would most likely show this fallacy? distract from the argument. because everyone prefers A) A parent stating that his child B) Fallacy where the argument chocolate." should follow his orders as relies on appealing to emotions B) "The movie is boring because he’s the parent and is older. rather than evidence. it's not interesting." B) Organic foods are healthier C) A fallacy where the conclusion C) "You shouldn't trust him than non-organic foods is assumed in the premises, because he lies all the time." because they do not have rather than proven. D) "We should lower taxes because pesticides or other chemicals. D) A fallacy where two unrelated it would make people happier." C) Unicorns exist because there things are falsely compared as is no evidence that they don’t. being alike. Explanation: D) No one can prove that aliens This example assumes the conclusion don’t exist, so they must be Explanation: Begging the question ("the movie is boring") by restating it in real. fallacy assumes something to be true different terms ("it's not interesting") without any evidence and the without providing any real evidence, Explanation: A parent stating that his reasoning is circular. making it a circular argument. child should follow his orders as he’s Page 1 of 23  the parent and is older. Therefore, the parent believes that he’s right. 3. Ad Hominem fallacy – Rather than providing a fact or a What showcases the most possible You are in an argument with your Nyah Franz R. De la Cruz stance on someone’s argument, the scenario of making an ad hominem parents about going on a hiking trip person targets a part or an aspect of fallacy in a classroom debate? Choose with your friends. You keep telling that person irrelevantly. What logical the best answer. them that you’ve always proven fallacy is this? yourself to be reliable by always A) Points on your performance will going home before curfew, but your A) Appeal to authority be deducted parents won’t listen because B) Red Herring B) You would anger your teacher apparently you have a bad sense of C) Ad Hominem for being offensive direction. What fallacy are your D) Strawman C) You might stir up a fight with how parents making? irrelevantly targeted your Explanation: It is already explained A) Ad Hominem rebuttal is from the statement. B) Strawman D) Your argument will appear less C) Appeal to ignorance credible and effective D) Red Herring Explanation: Regardless of how bad the Explanation: Your parents are other answers are, getting into a fight is dismissing your point by attacking what would commonly occur when your personality trait which is why its making an ad hominem fallacy because ad hominem. it is targeted. 4. Gadarene Swine Fallacy – What is the Gadarene Swine Fallacy? Jia Carl M. Dimasangal Which of the following is an example of Which of the following best A) Arguing that a belief is true the Gadarene Swine Fallacy? exemplifies the Gadarene Swine because it leads to positive Fallacy? consequences. A) Assuming that two events are B) Arguing that a belief is false or bad unrelated because they happened at A) A politician argues a policy is because of its negative consequences. different times. valid because experts support it, C) Arguing that a belief is valid despite evidence of its failure in other because many people accept it. B) Believing that a solution works contexts. D) Arguing that a belief is true simply because everyone is doing it. B) A person rejects a new idea because it is supported by scientific C) Thinking something is true because it because it contradicts their personal evidence. has been disproven by experts. beliefs, even though the idea is Page 2 of 23  Explanation: The Gadarene Swine D) Relying on emotional appeal rather supported by evidence. Fallacy occurs when someone argues than facts to justify an argument. C) A student chooses a course of that a belief is false or undesirable study based on personal interest, simply because it leads to negative or Explanation: The Gadarene Swine ignoring potential job prospects or undesirable outcomes, rather than Fallacy refers to the idea of blindly income. addressing the truth or validity of the following a large group, leading to belief itself. negative consequences—like the herd of D) A company adopts a popular but swine rushing to the sea in the Biblical ineffective software tool simply story. This fallacy assumes something is because its competitors are using it, right just because many others are doing without evaluating its suitability for it. their own needs. Explanation: This is the Gadarene Swine Fallacy, where a decision is made simply because others are doing it, without critically assessing whether it is the right choice. 5. Appeal to Authority Which of the following is an example Why is the following statement an Which scenario best illustrates an fallacy - Ramil F. Angadol of an appeal to authority fallacy? appeal to authority fallacy? appeal to authority fallacy? A. “Dr. Smith, a dentist, says this car “A famous actor claims this diet pill A. “A Nobel Prize-winning physicist brand is the best on the market.” works, so it must be effective.” explains quantum mechanics to the B. “The scientist explains how climate A. The actor is not an expert in nutrition public.” change impacts the environment.” or medicine. B. “An economist is cited to support C. “Research shows exercise improves B. The diet pill is scientifically proven a statement about inflation rates.” mental health.” to work. C. “A celebrity endorses a new D. “The chef demonstrates how to C. The actor is popular and well-known. medical treatment they have no cook a perfect steak.” D. The pill company has a good expertise in.” reputation. D. “A historian analyzes the causes of Explanation: World War II using primary sources.” This is an appeal to authority fallacy Explanation: because Dr. Smith is a dentist, not an The fallacy lies in accepting the actor’s Explanation: expert on cars. The argument assumes claim as evidence of the pill’s This scenario demonstrates an appeal that because Dr. Smith is a effectiveness simply because they are to authority fallacy because the professional in one field, their opinion famous. While the actor may have celebrity endorses a medical Page 3 of 23  about a completely unrelated topic public appeal, they lack expertise in treatment without having the relevant (cars) is valid or credible. nutrition or medicine, making their expertise. Their fame does not make endorsement irrelevant to the product’s them a credible source on medical actual efficacy. matters. In contrast, the other scenarios involve experts providing information within their area of expertise, which is not fallacious. 6.Argumentum ad Populum – Shiana Renelei Cerrero What does the fallacy Argumentum ad Which of the following is an example of Which of the following best Populum (an appeal to popularity) an Argumentum ad Populum fallacy? exemplifies a fallacy that appeals to claim? social popularity, while ignoring the A) "Most people believe he is a good quality or validity of the argument A) A claim is true because the candidate, so he must be the best itself? majority believes it's true. candidate to vote for." A) "The majority of environmental B) A claim is true because it is backed B) "Experts agree that climate change is scientists agree that renewable energy by experts. a serious issue, so it must be true." is vital, which supports its adoption." C) A claim is true because it is based C) "Studies show that regular exercise B) "Everyone on social media is on scientific evidence. improves health, so you should talking about how great this new exercise." movie is, so it must be amazing." Explanation: A claim is said to be true after appealing to the majority. Explanation: He/she claimed that the C) "Many influential philosophers person is a good candidate because throughout history have argued that he/she appealed to the majority. free will is an illusion, so it must be true." Explanation: A and C are both supported by experts and valid claims. Option B appealed to the public. Page 4 of 23 7.Paralogism – Ma. Sofia Which of the following best defines Cassandra L. Ramos a paralogism? Which of the following is an example of a Mark is trying to argue that his team’s paralogism? consistent success is due to their coach A) A deliberate attempt to deceive always wearing a lucky jacket. He states: A) “All birds can fly; therefore, someone using false reasoning penguins can fly.” B) A logical argument based on “Our team wins every time Coach wears B) “I studied hard, so I will pass the evidence and facts exam.” the jacket, so the jacket must be the C) A reasoning error made C) “The sun rises in the east because reason for our success.” unintentionally or in good faith the Earth rotates.” D) A personal attack used in an D) “Cats are mammals, so they give Which logical error does Mark argument birth to live young.” commit in this reasoning? Explanation: A paralogism is an Explanation: A paralogism is a form of A) Begging the question unintentional error in reasoning, often reasoning that is logically flawed but not intentionally deceptive. The statement in A B) Post hoc ergo propter hoc made in good faith without the assumes a generalization (“all birds can intention to deceive. It differs from fly”) without considering exceptions, such fallacies that are used deliberately to C) Ad hominem as penguins and ostriches. This makes it a mislead. logical error, fitting the definition of a D) Strawman paralogism. The other options present either valid reasoning (B, C, and D) or accurate Explanation: Mark commits the post hoc statements. ergo propter hoc fallacy, a type of paralogism. This fallacy assumes that because one event (wearing the jacket) happens before another event (winning), the first event caused the second. This reasoning ignores other factors that might contribute to the team’s success, such as skill, strategy, or training. 8. Ignoratio Elenchi - Jady Santos What does the term "ignoratio elenchi" Which of the following is an example of In a debate about climate change refer to in logic? "ignoratio elenchi"? policy, one participant argues that the government should not regulate A) Arguing based on false premises A) Claiming that eating vegetables carbon emissions because taxes are B) A fallacy that ignores the original makes you healthier, then discussing the Page 5 of 23  argument and introduces an irrelevant benefits of exercise already too high, and further point B) Arguing that global warming is a regulation would increase economic C) Misleading statistics hoax by citing contradictory opinions of hardship. Which logical fallacy best D) Attacking the character of the scientists characterizes this reasoning? opponent C) Responding to a debate about government policy with an unrelated A) Ad hominem Explanation: story about personal experiences B) Appeal to Authority D) Explaining that a company's profits Since ignoratio elenchi refers to a type are down due to poor management and C) Ignoratio elenchi of logical fallacy that answers a market competition D) Flamboyance question with irrelevance or “missing the point” Explanation: Explanation:Use process of elimination Since the question or issue being Ad hominem - Attack on the discussed is about government policy, personal characteristics and responding with an answer about such personal experience is irrelevant, the Appeal to authority - someone answer could’ve been something about higher up says something and law restrictions since it is related to it is believed so easily since government policy but since ignoratio he has authority elenchi states the part of missing the Ignoratio Elenchi - the answer point the answer should be irrelevant to being irrelevant to the the question. question or issue Flamboyance - extravagance means correct So, the right answer is ignoratio elenchi since the issue is about climate change and the answer is about taxes 9. Invincible Ignorance - Does invincible ignorance fallacy act Why do you think vincible ignorance is “Is Santa Claus real?” How would a Rjae Caparanga out of a good conscience? considered a sin but invincible child react to this applying the a. Yes, but only depending on the ignorance isn’t? invincible ignorance fallacy? situation a. Vincible ignorance is intentional a. “I don’t think so, mom and b. No, because the person has while invincible ignorance is not. dad just made up that story.” lack of knowledge anyway Page 6 of 23  c. Yes, because the person acts b. You can overcome invincible b. “Santa may not be real but I without knowing that they are ignorance but in vincible like how he’s part of the wrong ignorance, you cannot. celebration.” d. No, because all acts of c. Both do not imply negligence in c. “He may be real but I don’t invincible ignorance is any act. believe in him.” intentional d. None of the above d. “Yeah! He brings me presents every year and I see him at the Explanation: Because they have their Explanation: Because in vincible mall!” own belief and they believe it is ignorance, the person deliberately enough not knowing some ignores seeking the truth while Explanation: Because he does not consequences invincible ignorance just simply is know enough, he has a belief that unaware. All the other answers are santa is real even if they are wrong. incorrect or the opposite of the correct answer. 10. 11. Invincible Ignorance What does the “invincible ignorance Which of the following is an example of How does the invincible ignorance -Laurence Asica fallacy mean?” the invincible ignorance fallacy? fallacy differ from confirmation bias, a. accepting all evidence equally. and can the two overlap? b. refusing to consider evidence a. a scientist revises their theory that contradicts a belief. after a new evidence emerges A. invincible ignorance is about c. being open to changing one’s b. a friend debates both sides of an rejecting evidence outright, mind. argument before deciding their while confirmation bias stance. involves seeking evidence that d. debating both sides of an c. a teacher changes their lesson supports one’s belief; they can argument. plan based on a student feedback overlap when both occur d. a person insist the earth is flat together EXPLANATION: despite satellite images and B. both involve Refusing to consider evidence that scientific explanations open-mindedness, but contradicts a belief invincible ignorance is more EXPLANATION: conscious. A person insists the earth is flat despite C. Invincible ignorance applies satellite images and scientific to logic, and confirmation bias explantions applies to emotions, so they don’t overlap. Page 7 of 23  D. They are identical concepts with no significant differences. EXPLANATION: invincible ignorance is about rejecting evidence outright, while confirmation bias involves seeking evidence that supports one’s belief; they can overlap when both occur together. 12. Argumentum Ad What is the definition of argumentum What statement is an example of How do you spot someone using Misericordiam - Paulene ad misericordiam? argumentum ad misericordiam? argumentum ad misericordiam? Catherine D. Calmerin A. Appeal for Mercy A. “This was written by the A. By examining if their B. Appeal of Force Europeans, therefore, this statements contain C. Appeal on Authority ancient Asian text is false!” discrepancies D. Appeal of Popularity B. “Children’s immune systems are B. By checking if their weak, therefore, they should not statements are about irrelevant EXPLANATION: be allowed to be vaccinated.” topics Argumentum Ad Misericordiam C. She was born in a third-world C. By listening if they stutter usually uses pitiful circumstances to country, therefore, she should D. By checking if their assist in persuading their argument. be granted the job offer.” statements are about their D. “You will become poor, circumstances therefore, you must save money.” EXPLANATION: People who use argumentum ad EXPLANATION: misericordiam usually reference their The pitiful circumstance used poor experiences and circumstances. was that the person was born in a third-world country indicating that they grew up in poor conditions. Page 8 of 23 13. Fallacy of false What does fallacy of false alternatives alternatives - Ma. Elena G. mean? Which of the following statements Which of the following statements Ladra contains a false alternatives fallacy? demonstrates the fallacy of false A) Presenting a situation as having alternatives? only two possible options when other A) "Either we stop using plastic bags, or the environment will be ruined forever." A) "Either we implement strict gun alternatives exist. B) Assuming that because two events B) "We can either go to the beach or control laws, or the number of mass happen together, one must have caused visit a museum this weekend." shootings in this country will the other. C) "You should either study hard for the continue to rise." C) Claiming that a conclusion is true exam or you will fail." B) "The data shows that the simply because it has been widely D) "Either you like the new movie, or company's profits have increased by accepted by the majority. you don't understand good cinema." 20%, so it's clear their new strategy is D) Arguing that something is true working." Explanation: A presents an either/or C) "We need to either invest heavily based on an emotional appeal rather situation (stop using plastic bags or ruin in renewable energy or continue to than logical evidence. the environment), when in reality, there rely on fossil fuels for the foreseeable may be many other ways to help the future." Explanation: It typically occurs when environment without completely D) "If you support the proposed someone argues that there are only eliminating plastic bags (e.g., using healthcare plan, then you must two choices—often an "either/or" alternatives, recycling, etc.). believe in completely scenario—while ignoring other viable possibilities. The person may argue government-run healthcare." that one of the options is extreme or undesirable, making the other choice Explanation: A presents an seem like the only reasonable one. oversimplified "either/or" situation. It However, in reality, more options may suggests that there are only two exist. options: implementing strict gun control laws or seeing a continued rise in mass shootings. In reality, there may be many other factors involved (e.g., mental health support, changes in law enforcement strategies, etc.), and other solutions may exist. Page 9 of 23 14. Affirming the Consequent Alice says, "If it rains, the ground will Consider the statement: "If someone is a "If a person has the flu, they will Moira Kym b. Sanchez be wet. The ground is wet, so it must professional athlete, they are physically have a fever. Sarah has a fever, so she have rained." Identify the fallacy in fit. Ahron is physically fit, so he must be must have the flu." Discuss the Alice's reasoning. a professional athlete." Is the argument logical error in this argument and valid or flawed? how it can lead to incorrect a. Modus Ponens conclusions in medical diagnosis. b. Affirming the Antecedent a. The argument is flawed because c. Affirming the Consequent it affirms the consequent. Just a. The argument commits a d. Modus Hominem because Ahron is physically fit it fallacy because it afirms the does not mean he is a idea that Sarah is always professional athlete flu-prone b. The argument is valid because b. The argument commits a all athletes are fit so Ahron must fallacy as it affirms the be an athlete because he is fit consequent that people who c. The argument is flawed because have a fever are immeciately Ahron is actually into cars people who has caught a flu, d. The argument is valid because when in reality there are all fit people are bound to be various other indicators for athletes and there for they flus other than having a fever will/are professional athletes c. The argument is actually correct as it is a medical occurance for people having the flu to also be in a feverish state. d. The argument is valid because using common sense, it is valid. 15. Ad Ignorantiam - What is the Latin term of Appeal to How can the argument of appeal to You just finished a job interview, Shaine Leanne Bachiller Ignorance ignorance be considered true? which response would best fit under appeal to ignorance? a. Ad Ignorantiam a. If it is supported by empirical b. Ad Hominem evidence. a. "I know they appreciated my c. Ad Ignorante b. if the claim is not disproven and resume because they d. Ad Populum assumes truth based on lack of mentioned my qualifications." evidence. Page 10 of 23  According to Merriam Webster, Ad c. When the majority of people b. "I didn’t ask about the role’s Ignorantiam is the argument from believe it to be true. challenges, but I think I’ll ignorance also known as appeal to d. When it is endorsed by an adapt well if hired." ignorance. authority on the subject. c. “I guess I didn't get the job. They never called me back.” According to the texas university, the d. "I gave strong examples of occurs when you argue that your my skills, so I believe they’ll conclusion must be true, because there is hire me." no evidence against it. This response assumes a conclusion (not getting the job) based solely on the absence of evidence (no communication), which exemplifies the appeal to ignorance fallacy. 16.Anthropocentric Fallacy- What does anthropocentric fallacy How does the anthropocentric fallacy Which of the following demonstrates Ayesha Nicole M. Alang assume? affect views on environmental issues? the anthropocentric fallacy in A. Humans are equal to other A. It encourages sustainable decision-making? species in importance practices for all species A. Preserving forests to protect B. Humans are the central and B. It leads to the belief that nature biodiversity most important entities in the exists primarily to serve human B. Constructing dams to universe needs prioritize human water needs, C. Animals are superior to C. It promotes equal consideration disregarding the impact on humans for humans and animals wildlife D. Nature operates independently D. It emphasizes the preservation of C. Promoting conservation of human influence ecosystems for their own sake efforts for endangered species Answer: B Answer: B to maintain ecosystem balance Explanation: The anthropocentric Explanation: This fallacy D. Researching the behavior of fallacy assumes the humans are the assumes that nature’s value lies animals in their natural focal point of existence, which can in its utility for humans, which habitats without human lead to biased perspectives about the can justify exploitation of interference environment and other species resources rather than promoting Answer: B sustainability Explanation: Prioritizing human needs over the well-being of ecosystems Page 11 of 23  assumes that human interests are more important than those of other species, which reflects the anthropocentric fallacy 17. Post hoc ergo propter What does "Post hoc ergo propter hoc" Which of the following is an example of Identify the Post hoc ergo propter hoc hoc - Vince Tanciano mean? a Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy? fallacy in the scenario below: a. After this, therefore because of this a. You train hard, and as a result, you "A student notices that whenever they b. Before this, therefore because of win a marathon. wear their lucky shirt, they get good this b. A rooster crows, and the sun rises; grades on tests. They conclude that c. During this, therefore because of therefore, the rooster caused the sunrise. wearing the shirt causes them to this c. A study proves that eating vegetables perform better. What logical error are d. None of the above improves health. they making?" d. Turning off a light reduces electricity Answer: bills. a. Correlation does not imply a. After this, therefore because of this causation. This is the literal translation of the Answer: b. Events that happen together always Latin phrase, which refers to the b. A rooster crows, and the sun rises; influence each other. logical fallacy of assuming that just therefore, the rooster caused the sunrise. c. Future events can influence past because one event follows another, the This example incorrectly assumes events. first caused the second. causation because one event follows d. Unrelated events cannot occur another, even though there's no real simultaneously. connection between them. Answer: a. Correlation does not imply causation. The student assumes a causal relationship between wearing the shirt and getting good grades solely based on the sequence of events, which is the essence of the Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy. 18. Circular Reasoning - How do you define the fallacy of Which of the following examples shows During a debate on climate, a speaker Francisco F. Payumo III circular reasoning? circular reasoning? argues, “ We know that climate Page 12 of 23  A. When you make a statement A. “God exists because the Bible change is real because the planet is based on personal feelings says so, and the Bible is true getting warmer, and the planet is rather than facts. because it is the word of God.” getting warmer because climate B. When the conclusion of an B. Exercise is important for health change is happening.” What type of argument is the same as one of because it is good for you.” reasoning is the speaker using in this its premises. C. “The company is successful argument? C. When an argument relies on because it makes a lot of money, A. Hasty Generalization evidence from unreliable and it makes a lot of money B. Circular Reasoning sources. because it is successful” C. Straw man Fallacy D. When a conclusion is reached D. All of the above. D. Appeal to Authority without any supporting evidence The correct answer is D. because The correct answer is B. as the options A, B and C all show examples following scenario shows circular The correct answer is B. because it of Circular Reasoning as they do not reasoning because the speaker is just explains the definition and the prove anything. They simply just restate restating his own statement. explanation of circular reasoning. their own premises. 19. Fallacy of Interogation - Which of the following best defines a Which of the following questions is an Rana Cossette Patricio fallacy of interrogation? example of a loaded question fallacy? Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the fallacy of complex A) A fallacy that involves drawing a A) "Can you explain why you believe questions? conclusion that does not logically that policy is effective?" follow from the premises. B) "Do you think the new law will B) A type of fallacy that occurs when benefit the economy?" A) A politician asks, "Do you support a question is phrased in a way that C) "Why do you oppose the bill that our efforts to reduce taxes and presupposes a certain answer, making aims to protect wildlife?" improve the healthcare system?" it difficult for the respondent to D) "Have you stopped smoking in B) A teacher asks, "Do you agree that respond freely. public places?" the school should raise the budget for C) A fallacy that involves presenting the arts program?" only two options when there are more Answer: D) "Have you stopped C) An interviewer asks, "How do you available. smoking in public places?" plan to address your company’s D) A fallacy where someone recent decline in profits?" misrepresents an opponent’s argument Explanation: This question presupposes D) A journalist asks, "How long have to refute it more easily. the person smoking in public places, you been involved in unethical which may not be true. It is a leading or business practices?" loaded question because it forces the Page 13 of 23  Answer: B) A type of fallacy that respondent into a corner and implies Answer: D) "How long have you occurs when a question is phrased in a guilt or wrongdoing. been involved in unethical business way that presupposes a certain answer, practices?" making it difficult for the respondent to respond freely. Explanation: This question is an Explanation:A fallacy of example of the fallacy of complex interrogation, or a loaded question, is question, or a loaded question, when a question assumes something because it presupposes that the person unproven or false, making it difficult has engaged in unethical business for the respondent to answer without practices. The question sets up a false accepting a flawed premise. This premise that may not be true, and it limits answers and can ma makes it difficult for the respondent to answer without admitting to something damaging or false. 20. Equivocation -Robert, What is equivocation Which of the following is an example. How can equivocation weaken an Rocio A. Using a word with clear of equivocation? argument? meaning in every context A. "I have the right to say whatever I A. By using overly complex B. The use of ambiguous language want, so it is right for me to say it." evidence to conceal the truth B. "The sun rises in the east every day." B. By relying on irrelevant C. Avoiding language altogether in C. "If it rains, then the ground gets wet." premises D. "All cats are mammals, and some a discussion C. By causing confusion through mammals are dogs, so all cats are dogs." D. Speaking honestly and directly shifting definitions of terms Explanation: This is equivocation D. By failing to use persuasive Explanation: Equivocation occurs because the word "right" is used with language when a word or phrase is used with two different meanings first as a legal different meanings in the same right and second as a moral justification. ExplanationEquivocation weakens argument, often to an argument by making it unclear or deceptive, as key terms change meaning, leading to faulty reasoning or invalid conclusions. Page 14 of 23 21. 22.Priori Fallacy - Denise Mari T. Sejera Which of the following describes an Which of the following arguments "All tech startups fail. That’s why this a priori fallacy? commits the a priori fallacy? new app company is doomed, even A. Believing something without A. "Dogs bark because they have vocal though it has strong financial backing evidence because it “sounds right” cords designed for barking." and an innovative team." B. Using a false premise to make an B. "This diet must work because it’s the argument sound convincing most popular one right now." A. Assumption without C. Assuming the conclusion is true C. "I know ghosts exist because I feel a verification: The argument without testing it presence whenever I'm alone." concludes failure without considering D. All of the above D. "It will rain tomorrow because specific evidence. meteorologists predicted it." B. Hasty generalization: The Explanation: conclusion is based on insufficient or The a priori fallacy occurs when a Explanation: limited evidence about tech startups. person assumes something is true Option B assumes the diet's popularity C. Fixed presupposition: The without evidence, often because it automatically proves its effectiveness, argument begins with a rigid belief aligns with preconceived beliefs. without considering evidence or results. that all tech startups fail and ignores Options A, B, and C all describe This is a classic a priori fallacy. Options contrary evidence. aspects of this fallacy, making D the A and D use reasoning based on D. Overconfidence in intuition: The correct answer. This is the easiest observable facts, and option C, while argument relies on a “gut feeling” question because it tests basic subjective, does not presume a that failure is inevitable, without recognition of the fallacy. conclusion as true without reasoning. logical support. Explanation: The argument starts with the rigid belief that all tech startups fail and uses it as the foundation for concluding that the new app company will fail. This reflects fixed presupposition, where an unchanging assumption dictates the argument. Option A (Assumption without verification) is tempting but too broad, as it Page 15 of 23  doesn’t highlight the rigidity of the belief in "all startups fail." Option B (Hasty generalization) is incorrect because the argument doesn't rely on limited evidence; instead, it assumes a universal truth. Option D (Overconfidence in intuition) is misleading because the argument doesn’t stem from “gut feeling,” but from a supposedly universal rule. 23. Argumentum ad Captandum - Ralph Angel M. Credo 24. Argumentum ad Which of the following fallacies refers Which of the following statements is an In a debate, one participant states that Baculum - Shaun Angelo to the use of force to bring about the example of an appeal to force fallacy? “If you don’t accept my proposal, you Satsatin acceptance of a conclusion? risk severe backlash from the community.” Which of the following A. Appeal to Force A. Either you support this law, or best evaluates whether this is an B. Circular Reasoning you don’t care about public appeal to force fallacy? C. If-then fallacy safety. D. Priori fallacy B. You can’t trust her argument on A. Yes, it uses threats to coerce climate change; she’s not even a agreement rather than Explanation: Appeal to force is when scientist. presenting logical reasoning. there is a use of threats to force a C. My friend got food poisoning at B. No, it is not a fallacy because decision out of someone to agree to a that restaurant once, so all their backlash is a realistic statement food must be bad. consequence and relevant to the argument Page 16 of 23  D. If you don’t vote for this C. It depends on whether the candidate, you’ll lose your job backlash is being used as a when I’m in power. logical consequence or as an emotional threat to manipulate Explanation: This is a direct threat to agreement. enforce compliance as they will face D. All of the above consequences if they don’t follow the order Explanation: This depends on whether the backlash is used as a logical consequence or an emotional threat 25. If-Then Fallacy - Randa Which of the following is an example Which of the following statements is Which of the following statements I. Jamin of an if-then fallacy? NOT an example of an if-then fallacy? represents an if-then fallacy? a. If it rains, the ground a. If you eat chocolate, you’ll get a. If a country increases its will get wet. acne. education budget, the overall b. If I wear my lucky b. If you wear sunscreen, you won’t literacy rate will improve socks, I will win this get sunburned. b. If a company adopts game. c. If you study for the test, you will environmentally-friendly c. If you study hard, you definitely pass. practices, its reputation will will get good grades. d. if you jump in the air, gravity likely improve its consumers. d. If you touch the stove, will pull you back down. c. If people spend more time in it will get hot. nature, they might experience Explanation: It is a scientifically a reduction in stress and Explanation: It assumes a casual supported fact. The law of gravity anxiety. relationship between wearing lucky ensures that if you jump, gravity will d. If a person spends a lot of socks and winning the game, without pull you back to the ground, making this time practicing a musical any logical or evidence-based reason a rue and logical cause-and-effect instrument, their musical skill for why the socks would affect the relationship. will improve. outcome of the game. Explanation: It assumes that increasing a country’s education budget will automatically result in improves literacy rates. Page 17 of 23 26. Argumentum ad silentio What is argumentum ad silentio Which of these Shows an example of Which of The following best argumentum ad silentio illustrates argumentum ad silentio A. An argument drawing conclusions from an A. Dinosaur fossils have been found A. No ancient records have been opponent's failure to respond to that suggest they existed millions found that mention the use of a point or allegation of years Ago electricity, so its likely They have never used electricity B. An argument drawing B. There are no history of ancient conclusions by counter arguing civilizations using advance technology, B. Some ancient civilizations so they must have not known about recorded there daily lives but C. An argument drawing them not all has been documented conclusions by ignoring the opponent C. There are no records of using C. Some ancient developed writing electricity, and thus cannot be Explanation: argument from silence is while others did not assumed they had knowledge a logical fallacy that occurs when of it. someone asserts that a proposition is true because there is a lack of Explanation: There no records of ancient Explanation: there has been no evidence civilizations ever using advance records of ancient civilization ever technology using electricity, so it is likely it was unknown to them 27.Genetic Fallacy - Aieshia How do you define a Genetic Which of the following examples best Which statement best demonstrates Reese P. Valerano Fallacy? demonstrates the genetic fallacy? a genetic fallacy? a.) An argument that appeals to the a.) My parents told me that this a.) The claim that this diet leads to popular majority politician is dishonest, so he must be! immediate weight loss is false, as it was said by an influencer with no b.) An argument that presents only two b.) This politician can’t be trusted background in the field. absolute choices because they have a history of corruption. b.) Climate change is a false issue d.) An argument which claims that if a made up by socialists that want to consequent is true then the antecedent c.) This bill should not be passed, dismantle the government. is also true afterall, it was proposed by a tyrant! Page 18 of 23  e.) An argument that dismisses or d.) This actor must make a good c.) This sweater is of poor quality approves a claim on the basis of its politician, afterall, the masses adore because the manufacturing company origin him! is known for its poor quality control. Explanation: Genetic Fallacy is a Explanation: e.) The history in this book is biased fallacy that bases its argument on the because the author hates one of the origin of the information, rather than A is an example of appeal to authority parties involved. engaging with the content of the information itself. B is an example of Ad Hominem Explanation: option b does not take into consideration any of the content D is an example of appeal to popularity of the argument, rather, it focuses on the origin of the source: the socialists Option C makes a claim on the basis of that want to dismantle the the arguments origin. government. The other options provide information based reasons for their claims. 28. Arguing from is to ought- Alzaira Vheralaine B. What does the “is-ought” fallacy Which of the following resolves the Which of the following scenarios Saulog involve? "is-ought problem"? avoids the is-ought fallacy? a) Assuming that something is true a) Introducing an additional moral a) "Humans are naturally because it feels right. principle to bridge the gap between "is" competitive, so societies should focus b) Claiming that what currently exists and "ought." on individual achievement." should be the way things are. b) Avoiding the use of prescriptive b) "Exercise improves physical c) Arguing that the past determines the language entirely. health, so individuals should exercise future. c) Defining ethical behavior based on regularly to maintain well-being." d) Believing that an argument is true cultural norms. c) "War has existed throughout because it is popular. d) Conflating factual statements with history, so it is inevitable and should moral judgments. not be avoided." Correct Answer: b d) "Predatory behavior is common in Explanation: The “is-ought” fallacy Correct Answer: a animals, so it is acceptable for occurs when someone assumes that Explanation: To move from an "is" to humans to act selfishly." because something is a certain way, it an "ought," you must introduce a moral ought to be that way without providing principle or value (e.g., "If you value Correct Answer: b any reasoning for why it should be so. Explanation: Statement (b) avoids Page 19 of 23  human life, you ought to...") to justify the is-ought fallacy because it the transition. provides a normative goal (maintaining well-being) that links the factual premise (exercise improves health) to the conclusion. The other statements assume what "is" justifies what "ought to be" without further reasoning. 29. 30. Argumentum ad lazarum - What is the meaning of argumentum Which of the following choices is an Ezekiel Josh D. Tolosa ad lazarum? A politician argues, "We must adopt this example of argumentum ad lazarum? policy because it is the only way to A) An argument that assumes wealth support those who are suffering in A) "You should donate to my charity is a sign of moral superiority. poverty. Opposing it would mean because it helps the poor and the B) An argument that appeals to pity or turning our backs on the less fortunate." needy." assumes that the poor are inherently virtuous or morally correct. Does this statement demonstrate B) "We should increase taxes on the C) An argument that dismisses argumentum ad lazarum? Why or why rich to support social welfare someone’s opinion based on their lack not? programs." of expertise. D) An argument that uses authority A) Yes, because it appeals to sympathy C) "How can you argue against this figures to justify a claim. for the poor without providing logical policy? Just think about how many evidence for the policy's effectiveness. people are struggling to survive!" Correct Answer: B B) No, because it provides a clear moral D) "This car is the best choice obligation to help the poor. Explanation: Argumentum ad lazarum because it has the highest safety is a logical fallacy that appeals to pity C) Yes, because it criticizes those who ratings." by assuming that someone is correct, oppose the policy. virtuous, or morally superior simply because they are poor or struggling, D) No, because it focuses on addressing Correct answer: C. without considering any actual social inequality with solid reasoning. evidence or reasoning. Correct Answer: A Explanation: The argumentum ad lazarum fallacy occurs when an Page 20 of 23  Explanation: The statement argument appeals to the emotions or demonstrates argumentum ad lazarum pity of others by focusing on the because it appeals to the audience's hardships of the poor or emotions and sympathy for the poor as disadvantaged without addressing the justification for the policy, rather than actual merits of the argument itself. offering evidence or rational arguments for its effectiveness. 31.Argumentum ad Which of the following best describes Which of the following is an example of crumenam - Ahmila B. the argumentum ad crumenam fallacy? argumentum ad crumenam? Which of the following is an example Badron of the argumentum ad crumenam A. Arguing that something is true A. "Environmental preservation is fallacy, which asserts that the wealth because it has always been essential for everyone's future." of an individual is a valid reason to believed to be true. B. “This shoes is the best choice accept their argument as true? B. Claiming that something is because its comfortable” valid or superior because it is A) "This financial expert is a C. “The idea can’t be good, no one associated with wealth or wealthy supports it” billionaire, so their investment financial success. D. “You should practice, because advice must be correct." C. Dismissing an argument based practice makes progress” B) "Everyone supports this policy, so on the age or appearance of the it must be the right choice for the person making it. Explanation: Argumentum ad crumenam country." D. Asserting that a statement is is the informal fallacy of drawing C) "Since scientific studies have true simply because it is conclusions based on the speaker's proven it, this claim must be popular or widely accepted. financial status. indisputable." D) "The speaker has over 20 years of experience, so their views are unquestionably accurate."