Philosophy of Language w4.pdf

CRITICAL THINKING LBT30603 DR AZMAN BIDIN APRIL 17th 2024  2 Agenda INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING RECOGNISING ARGUMENTS BASIC LOGICAL THINKING PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE LOGICAL FALLACIES I LOGICAL FALLACIES II ANALYSING ARGUMENTS + ASSIGNMENT 1...

CRITICAL THINKING LBT30603 DR AZMAN BIDIN APRIL 17th 2024  2 Agenda INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING RECOGNISING ARGUMENTS BASIC LOGICAL THINKING PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE LOGICAL FALLACIES I LOGICAL FALLACIES II ANALYSING ARGUMENTS + ASSIGNMENT 1 presentation title  3 Agenda EVALUATING ARGUMENTS AND TRUTH CLAIMS CATEGORICAL LOGIC PREPOSITIONAL LOGIC INDUCTIVE REASONING FINDING, EVALUATING AND USING SOURCES + ASSIGNMENT 2 PRESENTATION REVIEW + PROJECT presentation title Assessment Criteria Assignment 1 Debate 20 Assignment 2 Article 20 Review Project Individual 30 Analyse and Evaluate a Controversial Issue Final Exam 30  5 Learning outcomes Classify elements of language in texts that shape thought. Distinguish common fallacies in reasoning. Develop arguments and counterarguments. Analyse the logical structures of arguments. presentation title PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE 1. The Need for Precision Vagueness Overgenerality Ambiguity 2. Precise Definitions Stipulative Persuasive Lexical Precising PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE 3. Strategies for Defining Ostensive Enumerative By Subclass Synonymous Genus and Difference PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE 4. Good Lexical Definition 5. Slanting the Truth Emotive power of words 6. Euphemisms and Political Correctness  THE NEED FOR PRECISION Vagueness: The shop is "down the street." This statement is vague because A precise definition is an essential tool for it does not provide a precise location, leaving room for interpretation. effective Overgenerality: All dogs are friendly. This statement is over-general because communication it makes a broad generalization about an entire species that is unlikely to be true in all cases. Ambiguity: She saw the man with the binoculars. This sentence is ambiguous because it is unclear who was using the binoculars, the woman or the man she saw. Semantic, Syntactical, Factual-Verbal Dispute  Term Definition Example PRECISE Stipulative Assigns a specific meaning to a term for a particular In a biology class, "cell" might be stipulatively defined DEFINITIONS as "the smallest structural discussion or context. unit of an organism." A company might define its Formulated to evoke a particular product as "the most eco-friendly Persuasive response or attitude towards the option on the market" to sway thing being defined. Thoughts and language create our consumers. world. Relies on the dictionary or The lexical definition of "cat" Choose, define and identify the right common usage of a word to is "a small domesticated words. Lexical define it, capturing typical carnivorous mammal with Persuasive Definition meanings. soft fur." Narrows down the meaning of a In a workplace policy, "tardiness" term, particularly when it's vague might be precisely defined as Precising or ambiguous, adding "arriving more than 15 minutes specifications. late." Term Definition Example STRATEGIES FOR Ostensive Involves pointing to or indicating something as a means of defining a Pointing to a specific object and saying, "That is a cat," to define the DEFINING term. term "cat." Lists all individual members or Defining "colors" as "red, blue, green, Enumerative instances that fall under the defined yellow, etc." by listing all the colors in term. the spectrum. Defining "vehicles" by subclass, such Breaks down a term into its constituent By Subclass as "cars, trucks, bicycles, subclasses or categories. motorcycles, etc." Equates the term being defined with Defining "happy" as "joyful" because Synonymous another term that has the same or very both terms convey similar emotional similar meaning. states. Identifies the broader category (genus) Defining "dog" as "a domesticated Genus and Difference and specific characteristics (difference) mammal (genus) with four legs and a of the term being defined. wagging tail (difference)." GOOD LEXICAL DEFINITIONS Thank you [email protected]