Spanish Colonization, Part 1 (1521-1700) PDF

handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 L Cagandahan Abueg...

handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 L Cagandahan Abueg University of the Philippines Los Baños Victory and humanity Department of Economics  Excutive Order (EO) no. 55 : creation of the National Quincentennial Committee, to spearhead the 500th anniversary of the Victory at Mactan and the first circumnavigation (later to be debated) of the world Spanish colonization, part one: 1521-1700 Transforming the native society Victory and humanity On calendars and dates  EO no. 103 : “espouses a Filipino-centric point It has been a practice by most of the Filipino historians to use Julian calendar for historical dates prior to the effectivity of the of view of the first circumnavigation of the world, present Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582, and preserve underscoring the magnanimity, compassion and further the historic dates prior to the adoption of the Philippine humanity of our ancestors in helping the Standard Time on 1 January 1845, respectively. Preserving the impoverished crew of the first circumnavigators— historic dates prior to these standardizations is in recognition of the Armada de Maluco, a.k.a., Magellan-Elcano the conventions our ancestors were in with the rest of humanity. expedition—that traversed the Pacific Ocean, and Whilst, adjusting the dates to conform with the present standards is too complicated, both historically and scientifically. It will only the courage and bravery of the warriors in Mactan sow confusion, if not fully implemented and sustained which served as inspiration to our heroes and (hypothetical example: if Lapu-Lapu City will adjust the Battle of martyrs who founded the Filipino nation and the Mactan from its Julian-based 27 April 1521 to 8 May 1521, might generations hence.” as well Manila adjust its establishment as a city from 24 June 1571 to 5 July 1571 and all other places in the country). … On calendars and dates … This effort will only jeopardize the sense of 'what actually happened.' This is also a case of 'anachronism' in historical writing or the appropriation of a thing to a period that was not existing at that time. That is why all events associated with the 500th anniversary of the Philippine part in the first circumnavigation of the world will remain as they were recorded, in Julian and without the concept of the World Standard Time. National Quincentennial Committee 11 April 2020 Facebook post LCAbueg, econ@uplb 1 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Victory and… 5000-peso banknote, Jollibee! obverse (Lapu-Lapu) and reverse (Mt Apo and PH eagle) (released March 2021) Marco Polo and the Silk Road  A Venetian merchant who traveled to China and Mongolia through the Prequel: Spain Silk Road (the trading route from Central Asia to the Mediterranean) and Portugal, and  Accounts contested to be the race to the legendary and not real, but did not “new world” fail to influence explorers, e.g., Cristoforo Colombo and Vasco da Gama Marco Polo [1254-1324] The Silk Road network (land and water route) LCAbueg, econ@uplb 2 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 The spaghetti anecdote 1. Marco Polo “discovered” noodles in China, and brought the idea when he returned to Europe (in Italy) 2. Italians loved tomato-based dishes, making the tomato a major ingredient in spaghetti (of course, with the so-and-so herbs) 3. Italians emigrated to New England (USA) Marco Polo by the time of the American Revolution [1254-1324] 4. Other cultural influences added meat (in particular, meatballs) to spaghetti The “new world” Portuguese explorers Exploration routes to the “new world” [16th century] Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama Fernando de Magallanes [1450-1500] [1460-1524] [1480-1521] Italian explorers The “new world”  Proponent of the geocentric theory of the solar system, with the “belief” that the world is flat  subscribed even by the Roman Catholic Church—embraced for around fourteen centuries: reason for the inquisition of Galileo, and Copernicus deferring the publication of his discoveries Claudius Ptolemy Amerigo Vespucci Cristoforo Colombo [90-168 AD] [1454-1512] [1451-1506] LCAbueg, econ@uplb 3 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 The “new world” The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. Ecclesiastes 1:5 The School of Athens, by Raphael Apostolic Palace, Vatican City The Christian Aristotelian Cosmos Ptolemy [engraving from (right) and Peter Apian’s Zoroaster (left) The World Cosmographia] by Ptolemy (150AD) (1524) Malacca and Moluccas Moluccæ Insulæ Celeberrimæ (1630) Malacca (Malaysia), the trade Moluccas (Indonesia), the coveted “spice hub of the 15th century islands” of the East, by the Europeans Malacca and Moluccas Porta de Santiago,  The Portuguese thought that by controlling Kota A Malacca, they can monopolize trade in the region Famosa for the benefit of the Portuguese crown: to their dismay frustrations over war disrupted the existing trade network  Porta de Santiago: the only existing gate of the Kota A Famosa (“Famosa” = fortress, “kota” = mountain in Bahasa Malaysia) built by the Portuguese Afonso de Albuquerque upon conquest in 1511—one of the few surviving oldest European architectural remains in Asia LCAbueg, econ@uplb 4 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Malacca and Moluccas Spain-Portugal treaties  Spaniards had built settlement in  Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): divided the world into 1603 in Tidore and Ternate, the east (Spain) and west (Portugal)—the which became part of the Tordesillas meridian Spanish East Indies  Treaty of Zaragoza (1529): subsequent ratification  Presence lasted until 1663, when of the previous treaty (creation of the Zaragoza the settlers and military were anti-meridian), as a result of the discovery of the moved back to the Philippines: Philippines (1521) by Spain, discovery of the settling near Manila in what Moluccas by the Portuguese (1511), and the later became Ternate, Cavite decision by Charles V of Spain to eventually make the Philippines a Spanish colony (1524); basis for subsequent explorations, called the Conquista Carlos V (HRE); Carlos I (Spain) movement of Spanish movement of Portuguese expeditions expeditions  Served also as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany and Prussia), 1519-1556  Known for his great support for the Catholic Church, he greatly opposed protestant movement in his territories: the sword-and-cross campaign (as in the Crusades of 13th century)  His son, Felipe II, will be the basis of the name Filipinas Carlos I [1500-1558] Fernando de Magallanes Fernando de Magallanes  Portuguese by citizenship (Fernão  Proposed to do an Magalhães) who pledged allegiance “unconventional” way of to the King of Spain, influenced by expedition, which was rejected by Cristoforo Colombo and the story of the Portuguese crown (Manuel I) Marco Polo due to “impossibility”, plus  Ideas also supported by a friend politicking issues (on previous explorer—Francisco Serrão—who has expeditions with Serrao in India) the first expedition of the East, reaching Moluccas (and allegedly having reached the island of Mindanao) Fernando de Magallanes Fernando de Magallanes [1480-1521] [1480-1521] LCAbueg, econ@uplb 5 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Fernando de Magallanes Fernando de Magallanes  “First” circumnavigation of the earth:  From him the names Mar Pacifico actual completion done by Juan (Pacific Ocean), Islas Ladrones for Sebastián Elcano, and accounted Guam (theft of ship Victoria) and for by the Italian historian and other attributions, e.g., “Strait of chronicler Antonio Pigafetta Magellan” (southernmost tip of  Trinidad (flagship vessel), Chile); recorded by Pigafetta Concepcion, San Antonio, Santiago,  Relied on his Malay servant Enrique Victoria (the only vessel that (from the Portuguese invasion of completed circumnavigation Malacca in 1511) to converse with through Elcano) natives Fernando de Magallanes Fernando de Magallanes [1480-1521] [1480-1521] Antonio Pigafetta  Chronicler in the Magellan-Elcano expedition: accounts became the basis of historical studies of the 16th century Spanish empire and exploration, entitled Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo (Report on the First Voyage Around the World); published by Italian historian Giovanni Battista Ramusio between 1550 to 1559 Interior of the Magellan’s Shrine Antonio Pigafetta Cebu City [c1480-c1531] Santo Niño de Cebu  Gift of Magallanes to Rajah Humabon (Carlos) and wife Hara Humamay (Juana) upon conversion of the natives to Christianity  Later discovered by troops of Legazpi when the city was burned in 1565, called kaplag  Feast with papal approval (17th Planting of the first cross century) Santo Niño de Cebu by Vicente Manansala Cebu City National Museum collection LCAbueg, econ@uplb 6 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Carlos V and mother Juana la Loca Juana de Castilla [1479-1555] Carlos V Basilica Minore de Santo Niño [1500-1558] Declared by Pope Paul VI, 1965 (quadricentennial) Humabon v. Lapulapu Juan Camus [of the Legazpi  Similar with Sikatuna (with Legzapi expédición] later in 1565), Humabon did a by Manuel Pañares sanduguan with Magellan, and requested to fight his archrival in the nearby island, Lapulapu  Lapulapu rejected conversion to Christianity, being a devout Muslim Lapulapu monument (also, The Statue of the Sentinel of Freedom) By Juan Sajid Imao Agrifina Circle, Rizal Park (Luneta), Manila Lapulapu of Mactan Battle of Mactan  Death of Magellan (27 April 1521): he took a by Manuel Pañares poisoned arrow to the leg, in addition to several slash and stab wounds in his extremities and face who alone faced off against the natives after he stayed behind to let his men get away, managing to injure and kill a few of them until he was finally overwhelmed and killed on the beach  Gerona (2016) stressed that it was one of the soldiers of Lapulapu who actually Magellan, and not Lapulapu himself, as the chief was in his 70s during the Battle of Mactan LCAbueg, econ@uplb 7 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Return to Spain Juan Sebastián Elcano Victoria in the map by Abraham  Recognized by Carlos I as the first Ortelius person to circle the Earth  Received a yearly pension and a coat of arms featuring a globe with the Latin inscription Primus circumdedisti me (“you went around me first”)  Became part of the next expedition, but he died during the Juan Sebastián Elcano Replica of the Nao Victoria voyage [1476-1526] Punta Arenas (Sandy Point), Chile The first circumnavigation 9 September 1519 – 6 September 1522 The “first” circumnavigation  Candidates: Juan Sebastian Elcano and Enrique de Malacca (Magellan’s nameless slave and interpreter)  Antonio Pigafetta: Enrique was actually a native of Sumatra (basis for the historians’ argument that he would have already circumnavigated the world by the time the Portuguese fleet reached the Philippine shores) and may have returned to Sumatra 15 months prior before Enrique de Malacca Pigafetta and Elcano reached Spain (Photo from “The Voyage of Balangay”) The “first” circumnavigation  Magellan’s last will indicated that Enrique was bought from Malacca and reportedly spoke the Malay language (even to the Filipino islanders, as testified by a witness named Gines de Mafra), making him an invaluable part of Magellan’s journey to the Southeast  Malay was a common language of trade in most of Philippine National Elcano and Police (PNP: logo Magellan Southeast Asia, and not a dialect exclusive to the depicting Lapulapu (2019), Spain Philippines (so, not a Filipino) in the middle  After Magellan’s death, Enrique remained in the Philippines after a conflict between him and the new Lapu Lapu leaders of the voyage (1955), LVN Pictures LCAbueg, econ@uplb 8 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Subsequent expeditions Subsequent expeditions  Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (1525): died  Sebastian Cabot (1526): expedition did before expedition reached the not reach the Philippines, although led Philippines (with Elcano died days after), to the lands of Paraguay and Argentina expedition was not completed, survived by Andres de Urdaneta (captured by the Portuguese in Moluccas) Fictional depiction (2012) Subsequent expeditions Subsequent expeditions  Alvaro de Saavedra (1527): discovered  Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1543): named the the lost men of Loaisa expedition in archipelago “Las Islas Filipinas”, but were Tidore, dies in a second attempt to subsequently captured by the Portuguese return to Spain upon embarking at the island of Moluccas Subsequent expeditions  Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565): the last expedition under the Spanish Conquista, which eventually made the Philippines a colony of Spain  Fray Andres de Urdaneta as navigator (Augustinian priest, survivor of the Loaisa mission) 400th year  Martin de Goiti, Juan de Salcedo as commemorative lieutenant assistants marker Plaza Mexico, Intramuros, Manila Miguel Lopez de Legazpi [1502-1572] LCAbueg, econ@uplb 9 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Inaugurated during the term of The prewar structure consisted of Governor General Narciso a stone column with a marble Claveria, Magellan’s Monument pedestal. The column was was comparable to New York decorated by dolphins, merlions, City’s Statue of Liberty as it laurel leaves, and anchors. On welcomed passengers upon top of the monument was a docking in Paseo de Magallanes, spherical globe inscribed with a park located just outside the Magellan’s name. northern walls of Intramuros. Magellan’s Monument, Intramuros, Manila (1848) Establishment of the Spanish East Indies Territories of the Spanish Empire European colonies and trade routes  Nueva España (New Spain): Mexico [18th century]  Indias Orientales Españolas (Spanish East Indies): Filipinas (Luzon and Visayas), Guam, Caroline Islands, Marianas Islands, Palau  Las Antillas Occidentales (Spanish West Indies): Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, the (British) Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Montserrat, Guadalupe and the Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Trinidad, and the Bay Islands LCAbueg, econ@uplb 10 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Recopilación Indias orientales españolas  Recopilación de Leyes de los Reinos de las Indias: law declaring that: because all the costs of the voyages of discovery and conquest, and all the expenses and support of the regimes and church establishment in the Indias, had been defrayed by the King [of Spain], then, since the natives had formerly paid tribute to their datus, it was just that they owed tribute to the King  Law defined the system of tributes (similar to the taxation system of the Roman empire vis-à-vis its provinces and territories) Tributary system  General practice: allotment of the Spanish king of tribute proceeds for the support of the civil regime and military forces; religious establishment (“in the name of Christianity”), and as awards for the conquistadores  Award system: assignment of the king to certain individuals the right to collect tributes to specific barangays or towns  Initial assignments done in 1571 (upon the establishment of Intramuros in Manila), went as high as 140 awards in 1576 Tributary system: problems Tributary system: solutions  Some barangays generally small (note, possible to  Chinese invasion proposal of 1586: have as few as 12 families), making tribute expecting success and making Spain an collection insignificant instantly rich country because of tributes to  Some of the awards were unconquered areas a possibly large populace, but this project, (e.g., Jolo, and Maguindanao) which some however rash, was not approved remained hostile up until 1700s  Alternative monarchial policy in 1589:  Conquistadores cannot regularly collect tributes, reorganization of community settlements since their presence is much critical in Manila (including all barangays) under the statutes (presence of British and Dutch threats) of the Recópilacion, called the reducción  Generally, collection was not promising LCAbueg, econ@uplb 11 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Reducción Reducción  Reorganization of barangays into larger  Since barangay structures (physical and social) communities called towns (in Spanish, pueblo), were more or less maintained, the establishment of which more or less constitute 500 families (each pueblos were much similar in location as the earlier household equals one tribute unit) barangays: lakeshore, coastal areas, riverbanks  Since ecclesiastical authorities come hand-in-  Typical pueblo structure: a central quadrilateral hand with the reducción, the counterpart religious open area called plaza, with the convento (friar administration the community were also called a curate’s residence) adjacent to the church, town doctrina: a community undergoing catechism hall, and surrounding households arranged by and eventual baptism as [Catholic] Christians. blocks (and not linear, as in the old barangay  Barangays were retained as units of pueblo structure) Scale model of Argao, Cebu (founded 1608) Calle Crisologo, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur Reducción Colonial executives  General characteristic: the belfry of the  King of Spain church is the tallest structure of the pueblo  Virreinato de Nueva España (Mexico) [others: Peru (1542);  Pueblo jurisdiction: farthest reach of the Nueva Granada: Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela sound of the bells of the belfry (1717); and Río de la Plata: Western US (1776)]  Head of the barangay: cabeza de Pan-ay bell  Capitañía General de Filipinas barangay, chosen from the old datu class Roxas City, Capiz  Viceroy Capitañía, delegated to the Archbishop of Manila  Head of the pueblo: gobernadorcillo, also The largest bell in Asia,  Alcalde Mayor (provincia) chosen from the old datu class (but made from donations of  Corregidores (corregimiento) a total of 70 sacks of sometimes were Spaniards themselves) coins minted by the local smith and dentist Juan  Ayuntamiento (city), only in Intramuros (loosely  Note: cabeza and gobernadorcillo only Reina in 1878 interchanged with the building) for indios LCAbueg, econ@uplb 12 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Coat of arms, Felipe II Capital city City of Manila  8 May 1570: Goiti arrived in Manila and were 20 March 1596 welcomed by natives and formed an alliance From the document with Rajah Sulayman Noticias civiles y  Uprising and conflict arised after the natives eclesiásticas de Indias discovered the true mission of Goiti and troops; with heavy armoured army (relative to natives), y otros documentos they have conquered Manila Photo from  Legazpi came to join Goiti in Manila, formed a Biblioteca Nacional peace pact with the native councils: Rajah de España Sulayman and Rajah Lakandula Capital city Palacio del Gobernador Plaza Mayor de Manila  24 June 1571: Legazpi proclaimed Manila as the (1847) island's capital and permanent seat of the Spanish Manila Cathedral José Honorato Lozano colonial government in the western Pacific Ocean, Vistas de las then ordered the construction of the walled city of Ayuntamiento Yslas Filipinas y trages de sus Intramuros abitantes  1574: King Felipe II bestowed the title Insigne y Siempre leal Ciudad de España (Distinguished and ever loyal city of Spain) with Legazpi regarded as the first governor general (who died in 1572)  Manila built in the Spanish baroque style, later regarded as the Vatican of Asia The first stone fort in Manila was planned by Gov. Gen. Santiago de Vera, who Capital city thought that a tower would best serve the purpose. Jesuit friar Antonio Sedeño, who had some knowledge of military architecture, was assigned to oversee the project. Fort Nuestra Señora de Guia was to be three tiers of circular walls, with the outer tier 28 feet high, 12 feet thick at the bottom, and 4 feet thick at the top. Built  Question: Why did the from 1586 to 1587, the tower threatened to collapse as it got higher. Spaniards decide to move With the appointment of Gov. Gen. Gomez Perez Dasmariñas in 1590, the wooden the capital from Cebu (in fortress of Manila was reconstructed in stone. In 1593, the upper portion of the tower 1565) to Manila (in 1596), was demolished, and the rest was integrated into the new stone bulwark - Baluarte De San Diego. Completed sometime between 1653 to 1663, the new baluarte was henceforth? shaped like an ace of spades. Baluarte De San Diego was breached by the British forces in 1762. It was restored and strengthened when the Spaniards returned, but was damaged and abandoned after the 1863 earthquake. The Battle of Manila in 1945 destroyed whatever remained of the structure. The circular fort was forgotten until excavation was done in 1979 by the Intramuros Administration and the National Museum. The first stone fort in Manila was unearthed and the baluarte was restored by 1992. Baluarte de San Diego, Filipino History, News, and Classic Stories [Facebook page] Intramuros, Manila LCAbueg, econ@uplb 13 handouts in econ115 02_spanish pt1 Eighteenth century Intramuros Created by digital artista JR Casals for a historical magazine (2020) LCAbueg, econ@uplb 14