Medical Mycology Lecture Notes PDF

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Kaohsiung Medical University

Chang Chung-Yu

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medical mycology fungal diseases pathogenic fungi

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These lecture notes cover Medical Mycology, including fungal characteristics, diseases, and treatments. It contains information on various aspects, from fungal morphology and reproduction to laboratory diagnostics, and covers a range of fungal diseases.

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醫用黴菌學 Medical Mycology 教師姓名: 張仲羽 (Chang Chung-Yu) 單位: 微生物暨免疫學科 辦公室: 醫學研究大樓三樓317室 聯絡電話: 07-3121101-2150 E-mail: [email protected] 1 學習目標 學習致病性黴菌之特性及其感染疾病 總論 (Introduction) 黴菌病 (Myc...

醫用黴菌學 Medical Mycology 教師姓名: 張仲羽 (Chang Chung-Yu) 單位: 微生物暨免疫學科 辦公室: 醫學研究大樓三樓317室 聯絡電話: 07-3121101-2150 E-mail: [email protected] 1 學習目標 學習致病性黴菌之特性及其感染疾病 總論 (Introduction) 黴菌病 (Mycoses) – 真菌細胞 – 表皮 – 形態 – 皮膚 – 黴菌生殖 – 皮下 – 黴菌病之分類 – 全身性 – 抗黴菌藥物 – 伺機性 – 實驗診斷 2 學習資源 1. Murray, Rosenthal, and Pfaller: Medical Microbiology. 9ed. 2020. Chapter 57, 61- 65. 2. 商惠芳, 王蓮成翻譯: 醫用微生物學。9ed. 2022. Chapter 57, 61-65. 3 總論 (Introduction) 一、真菌細胞 1. 真核微生物 (eukaryotic organism) 2. 細胞膜: – 以麥角固醇 (ergosterol)取代膽固醇作為 細胞膜中主要的固醇成分 3. 細胞壁: – 由幾丁質 (chitin) 和聚葡萄糖 (glucan)所 構成 4 原核及真核生物的主要特性 5 醫用微生物學 8ed 總論 (Introduction) 二、形態 ※ 形態: 黴菌型 (mold), 酵母菌型 (yeast) 1. 黴菌型 (mold) a. 產生多細胞的絲狀菌落, 菌落由分支的柱狀管 組成, 稱為菌絲 (hyphae) b. 菌絲形態: (i) 有分隔菌絲 (有隔膜; septate): 菌絲細胞間 有分隔 (ii) 多核體菌絲 (coenocytic, 中空且多核; aseptate 無分隔; 無隔膜): 菌絲無分隔 (aseptate) 6 真菌之菌落與菌絲 (hyphae) 菌落 菌絲 (hyphae) 7 Talaro: Foundations in Microbiology. 3e. Figure 5.16 真菌細胞的形態 – Mold 有分隔菌絲 aseptate 多核體菌絲 菌絲無分隔 Types of hyphae seen with various molds 8 Murray: Medical Microbiology 9e. Figure 57.2 B 顯微鏡下有分隔菌絲和無分隔菌絲的形態 septum septum Septate hyphae (phase-contrast, 400X) Grigoriu: Medical Mycology Figure 2 (左上), 4 (右下) Coenocytic mycelial filaments, aseptate (phase-constrast, 400X) 總論 (Introduction) 二、形態 2. 酵母菌型 (yeast) a. 單細胞 b. 出芽或分裂方式生殖 c. 假菌絲 (pseudohyphae): − 出芽後母細胞與子細胞不分開,互相連接 而成 − 念珠菌屬 (Candida) 3. 雙形性 (dimorphism) – 酵母菌型和黴菌型兩種形態存在 10 真菌細胞的形態 – Yeast Murray: Medical Microbiology 9e. Figure 57.2. A (上) Talaro: Foundations in Microbiology 3e. Figure 5.15 (下) 假菌絲 (pseudohyphae) 12 Larone: Medically important fungi A guide to identification. 4e. 顯微鏡下的酵母菌細胞與假菌絲 pseudohyphae yeast cell Yeast cells and pseudohyphae, direct mount Micrograph of vaginal smear: yeast cells from culture (phase-contrast, 400X) and pseudohyphae (phase-constrast, 400X, green filter) 13 Grigoriu: Medical Mycology. Figure 5 (左), 370 (右) 總論 (Introduction) 三、黴菌生殖 1. 無性 (Asexual) ‒ 無性孢子: 分生孢子 (Conidia) 2. 有性 (Sexual) 14 總論 (Introduction) 四、黴菌病之分類 1. Superficial mycoses (表皮黴菌病): – 感染部位: 侷限皮膚和毛髮的最外層 2. Cutaneous mycoses (皮膚黴菌病): – 感染部位: 皮膚、毛髮、指甲的角質層 3. Subcutaneous mycoses (皮下黴菌病): – 感染部位: 真皮、皮下組織、肌肉和肌膜 4. Systemic mycoses (全身性黴菌病): a. 病原菌: 雙形性 (dimorphic)黴菌 b. Thermal dimorphism: yeast at 37℃, mold at 25℃ c. Systemic mycoses: 肺部 → 其他器官組織 15 Levels of infection by fungal pathogens Systemic mycoses 16 Talaro: Foundations in Microbiology. 3e. Figure 22.5 總論 (Introduction) 四、黴菌病之分類 5. Opportunistic mycoses (伺機性黴菌病): a. 此類黴菌通常與人類共生或在周遭環境中出 現 b. 感染衰弱或免疫抑制的個體 c. 常見之伺機性黴菌: − Candida 念珠菌 − Cryptococcus neoformans 新型隱球菌 − Aspergillus 麴菌 17 總論 (Introduction) 五、抗黴菌藥物 (Antifungal agents) 種類 藥物 作用機轉 與黴菌細胞膜的ergosterol結 Polyenes Amphotericin B 合 → 產生離子通道 → 破壞 多烯 Nystatin 黴菌細胞膜的完整性 → 細胞 內成分滲漏, 造成細胞死亡 1. Imidazoles -- Miconazole -- Ketoconazole Azoles 2. Triazoles 抑制ergosterol合成 唑類 -- Fluconazole -- Itraconazole -- Voriconazole Amphotericin B之化學結構 Polyene chain Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 61.2 19 Amphotericin B的作用機制 醫用微生物學 6e. 圖70-3 總論 (Introduction) 五、抗黴菌藥物 (Antifungal agents) 種類 藥物 作用機轉 Naftifine Allylamines 抑制ergosterol合成 Terbinafine Antimetabolites Flucytosine 抑制DNA及RNA合成 與microtubules作用, 抑制 Griseofulvin Griseofulvin 有絲分裂 Caspofungin, 抑制細胞壁glucan合成→ Echinocandins Anidulafungin, 破壞細胞壁完整 Micafungin 總論 (Introduction) 六、黴菌之實驗診斷 1. 直接以顯微鏡檢查: – 檢體 (如: 皮膚, 毛髮, 指甲) → 滴上10~20% KOH → 顯微鏡檢查 → 菌絲 2. 培養: 檢體置於黴菌培養基 – 培養基: Sabouraud agar 3. 鑑定: – 菌落外觀, 黴菌顯微鏡下形態 (分生孢子形 態、大小、發育方式、排列, 菌絲形態特徵) 22 Collection of specimens Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 5 (左上) Inglis: Microbiology. 2e. Figure 152 (右下) 23 Observation of fungi in the tissues KOH preparation of skin infected with a dermatophyte. The hyphae are regular in width, have septa and may branch. 24 Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 9 黴菌病 (Mycoses) 表皮黴菌病 (Superficial Mycoses) 皮膚黴菌病 (Cutaneous Mycoses) 皮下黴菌病 (Subcutaneous Mycoses) 全身性黴菌病 (Systemic Mycoses) 伺機性黴菌病 (Opportunistic Mycoses) 25 表皮黴菌病 (Superficial Mycoses) 疾病 病原菌 侵犯的 臨床病徵 治療 組織 花斑癬、汗斑、 Malassezia 皮膚 深色或淺色 局部azoles or 變色糠疹 furfur 斑點,常見 selenium sulfide, 於上軀幹 oral ketoconazole Pityriasis or itraconazole versicolor 黑癬 Hortaea 皮膚 灰至黑色斑 角質溶解劑,水 werneckii 點,常見於 楊酸,azole, Tinea nigra terbinafine 手掌、腳底 毛幹白節病 Genus 毛髮 軟,白至乳 White piedra Trichosporon 黃色顆粒, 去除感染毛髮, 沿毛幹披掛 保持良好衛生, 毛幹黑節病 Piedraia 毛髮 硬,棕至黑 局部抗黴菌藥 色固結物圍 (topical azoles) Black piedra hortae 繞毛幹產生 花斑癬 (Pityriasis versicolor) Pityriasis versicolor. Periodic acid-Schiff-stained Pityriasis versicolor. Multiple, pale brown, skin scraping showing yeastlike cells and short, hyperpigmented patches on chest and infrequently branched hyphae that are often shoulders. oriented end to end (×100). 27 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 62.1 (左), 62.3 (右) 黑癬 (Tinea nigra) Tinea nigra. Dematiaceous hyphae of Hortaea Tinea nigra. Darkly pigmented macules with werneckii (H&E, magnification 100×). irregular edges present on the palm. Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 62.4 (左) Murray: Medical Microbiology. 7e. Figure 70-5 (右) 28 White piedra and Black piedra White piedra Black piedra Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. 29 Figure 113 (左上), 116 (右下) 皮膚黴菌病 (Cutaneous Mycoses) 一、感染: 皮膚、毛髮、指甲的角質層 二、病原菌: Dermatophytes (皮癬菌; 皮膚絲狀菌) 1. Trichophyton 毛癬菌屬 − T. rubrum (紅色毛癬菌) − T. mentagrophytes (鬚毛癬菌) 2. Microsporum 小芽孢癬菌屬 − M. canis (犬小芽孢癬菌) 3. Epidermophyton 表皮癬菌屬 − E. floccosum (絮狀表皮癬菌) 30 Trichophyton rubrum培養基上菌落 及顯微鏡下形態 Trichophyton rubrum colonies showing the typical form reverse Trichophyton rubrum microconidia Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. 31 Figure 22 (上), 24 (下) Microsporum canis培養基上菌落 及顯微鏡下形態 Colonies of Microsporum canis reverse Microsporum canis, lactophenol cotton blue showing rough-walled macroconidia and microconidia (magnification 400×). Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 33 (上) 32 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 5e. Figure 72-8 (下) Epidermophyton floccosum培養基上菌落 及顯微鏡下形態 Colonies of Epidermophyton floccosum Epidermophyton floccosum, lactophenol cotton blue showing smooth-walled macroconidia (magnification 400×). Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 29 (上) 33 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 5e. Figure 72-7 (下) 皮膚黴菌病 (Cutaneous Mycoses) 三、疾病: 1. 足癬 (Tinea pedis) 2. 甲癬 (Tinea unguium) 3. 體癬/圓癬 (Tinea corporis) (ringworm) 4. 頭癬/髮癬 (Tinea capitis) – 毛髮被特定種類 (e.g., Microsporum canis)感 染, 以伍氏燈照射會呈現黃綠色螢光 5. 股癬 (Tinea cruris) 6. 鬚癬 (Tinea barbae) 34 足癬 Tinea pedis 甲癬 Tinea unguium Tinea pedis. Interdigital scaling. Tinea unguium due to Trichophyton rubrum. Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 14 (左上), 15 (左下), 19 (右上) 35 Tinea pedis. Dry-type infection. 體癬 Tinea corporis Microsporum gypseum Trichophyton rubrum Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. 36 Figure 32 (左), 31 (右) 頭癬 Tinea capitis 頭髮發螢光之頭癬 Tinea capitis caused by Microsporum canis. Fluorescent tinea capitis Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 62.13 (左) 37 Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 48 (右) 股癬 Tinea cruris 鬚癬 Tinea barbae Tinea barbae caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 144 (左) 38 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 62.14 (右) 皮膚黴菌病 (Cutaneous Mycoses) 四、感染部位: 1. Trichophyton: 皮膚, 毛髮, 指甲 2. Microsporum: 皮膚, 毛髮 3. Epidermophyton: 皮膚, 指甲 五、治療: 1. 不涉及毛髮或指甲的局部感染可用局部抗黴菌 劑: azoles, terbinafine 2. 其他感染需口服療法: griseofulvin, itraconazole, fluconazole, terbinafine 39 皮下黴菌病 (Subcutaneous Mycoses) 一、一般特性 1. 病原多存在於土壤或腐敗植物 2. 病原自傷口進入 3. Exposure is largely occupational or related to hobbies (e.g., gardening, wood gathering) 4. 感染真皮深層、皮下組織、骨骼 5. 臨床病程是慢性和潛伏的 40 皮下黴菌病 (Subcutaneous Mycoses) 二、淋巴皮膚孢子絲菌病 (Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis) 1. 病原菌: Sporothrix schenckii (申克氏孢子 絲菌), 具雙形性 2. 病徵: 從最初的感染部位沿著淋巴管, 形成 皮下結節及潰瘍病灶 3. 治療: a. 傳統治療: 口服碘化鉀飽和溶液 b. Itraconazole: 安全, 有效, 首選治療方式 41 申克氏孢子絲菌 (Sporothrix schenckii) Mold 25℃ Yeast 37℃ Murray: Medical Microbiology. 5e. Figure 73-2 (上) Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 144 (下) 淋巴皮膚孢子絲菌病 (Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis) Classic lymphocutaneous form of sporotrichosis demonstrating a chain of subcutaneous nodules along the lymphatic drainage of the arm. Murray: Medical Microbiology. 7e. Figure 70-1 (上) Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 63.1 (下) 43 皮下黴菌病 (Subcutaneous Mycoses) 三、著色芽生菌病; 產色黴菌病 (Chromoblastomycosis) 1. 病徵: 出現多個大型, 疣狀 (warty), 像花椰 菜 (cauliflower-like)的結節 2. 治療: a. Itraconazole, terbinafine, posaconazole b. These agents are often combined with flucytosine in refractory cases. c. shrink larger lesions with local heat or cryotherapy (冷凍療法) 44 著色芽生菌病; 產色黴菌病 (Chromoblastomycosis) Chromoblastomycosis of the foot and leg Chromoblastomycosis lesion on the thigh Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 63.5 (左) 45 Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 145 (右) 皮下黴菌病 (Subcutaneous Mycoses) 四、黴菌足菌腫 (Eumycotic mycetoma) 1. 病徵: – 無痛的皮下結節, 緩慢但逐漸變大 → 形成多 個肉芽腫和膿瘍, 內含黴菌菌絲大量聚集成的 顆粒 → 破壞組織面, 破壞肌肉、筋膜、骨頭 2. 治療: a. 通常無效, 對大部分抗黴菌藥物反應不佳 b. 使用特定抗黴菌藥進行治療時, 可能會減緩病 程進展: terbinafine, voriconazole, posaconazole c. 截肢是唯一的最終療法 46 黴菌足菌腫 (Eumycotic mycetoma) Mycetoma of the foot Draining of a sinus in a mycetoma opened with a sterile needle, showing the grains Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 128 (上), 129 (下) 47 全身性黴菌病 (Systemic Mycoses) 1. 疾病與病原菌: 雙形性 疾病 病原菌 25℃ → 37℃ 莢膜組織胞漿菌 組織胞漿菌病 Histoplasma 菌絲 → 酵母菌 Histoplasmosis capsulatum 皮炎芽生菌 皮炎芽生菌病 Blastomyces 菌絲 → 酵母菌 Blastomycosis dermatitidis 巴西副球孢子菌 巴西副球孢子菌病 菌絲 → 酵母菌 Paracoccidioidomycosis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 全身性黴菌病 (Systemic Mycoses) 1. 疾病與病原菌: 雙形性 疾病 病原菌 25℃ → 37℃ 球黴菌病 粗球黴菌 菌絲 → 圓球體 Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioides immitis (spherule) 馬爾尼菲青黴菌病 馬爾尼菲青黴菌 Talaromycosis Talaromyces 菌絲 → 酵母菌 (Penicilliosis) (Penicillium) marneffei marneffei Histoplasma capsulatum (莢膜組織胞漿菌) 25℃ mold 37℃ yeast Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 64.1 (上) 50 Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 165 (左下), 163 (右下) Blastomyces dermatitidis (皮炎芽生菌) 25℃ mold 37℃ yeast 51 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 64.1 (上), 64.3 (左下), 64.4 (右下) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (巴西副球孢子菌) 25℃ mold 37℃ yeast 多個出芽生殖 子細胞的酵母 菌 (multiply budding yeast), 呈輪舵 (pilot wheel)狀 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 64.1 (上), 64.13 (右下) 52 From google圖片搜尋: Slide cultures of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolate (左下) Coccidioides immitis (粗球黴菌) 25℃ mold 37℃ spherule (圓球體) Arthroconidia (關節孢子) 53 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 64.1 (上), 64.8 (右下) de la Maza: Color Atlas of Diagnostic Microbiology. 1997. Figure 14-8 (左下) Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei (馬爾尼菲青黴菌) 25℃ mold 37℃ yeast 瓶梗 (phialides) 長出成串的分 transverse 瓶梗 生孢子呈油漆 septum (phialide) 刷狀 (掃把狀) 排列分佈 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 64.1 (上), 64.15 (右下) 54 de la Maza: Color Atlas of Diagnostic Microbiology. 1997. Figure 14-106 (左下) 全身性黴菌病 (Systemic Mycoses) 2. 感染途徑: a. 吸入分生孢子 → 肺 b. 最初感染部位: 肺 3. 臨床症狀: a. 肺部疾病: 無症狀或類似感冒疾病 b. 擴散性肺部外感染 4. 治療: − 全身性疾病, 嚴重疾病: amphotericin B 55 伺機性黴菌病 (Opportunistic Mycoses) 疾病 病原菌 念珠菌病 (Candidiasis) 念珠菌屬 (Candida) 新型隱球菌 隱球菌病 (Cryptococcosis) (Cryptococcus neoformans) 麴菌病 (Aspergillosis) 麴菌屬 (Aspergillus) 56 伺機性黴菌病 (Opportunistic Mycoses) 一、念珠菌病 (Candidiasis) 1. 病原菌: Candida (念珠菌屬) a. 中心導管相關血流感染 (central line-associated bloodstream infections)常見的病原菌 b. 最常從臨床檢體分離: 白色念珠菌 (Candida albicans) 2. 形態: 白色念珠菌 a. 卵圓形酵母菌形態 b. 假菌絲 (pseudohyphae) b. 形成芽管 (Germ tube)和末端厚壁孢子 (terminal thick-walled chlamydoconidia) 57 白色念珠菌之芽管及厚壁孢子 chlamydoconidia blastoconidia Germ tube Germ tubes in serum after incubation of the Candida albicans. Microscopic morphology in yeasts for 2 hours at 37℃ are diagnostic of cornmeal agar showing large chlamydospores Candida albicans. (black arrow), blastoconidia (red arrow), hyphae, and pseudohyphae. Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 90 (左) 58 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 65.2 (右) 伺機性黴菌病 (Opportunistic Mycoses) 一、念珠菌病 (Candidiasis) 3. 多數類型的念珠菌感染為內源性 (endogenous) 感染 4. 黏膜感染 (Mucosal infections): a. 鵝口瘡 (thrush): 可能只限於口咽 (oropharynx), 或是 蔓延至食道和整個消化道 b. 對女性而言, 陰道黏膜也是常被感染的部位 5. 皮膚感染: a. 局部: 在封閉潮濕的皮膚表面 (如: 腹股溝, 腋下, 腳趾 間, 乳房褶皺), 會出現搔癢性紅疹並有紅斑性的皮膚 膿疱 b. 血源性擴散 (hematogenous dissemination) 6. Onychomycosis and paronychia (甲溝炎) 59 鵝口瘡 (thrush) Candidiasis of tongue Diffuse candidiasis of mouth 60 Grigoriu: Medical Mycology. Figure 385 (左), 383 (右) 甲溝炎 甲黴菌病 Midgley: Diagnosis in color Medical Mycology. 1997. Figure 83 (左), 84 (右) 61 伺機性黴菌病 (Opportunistic Mycoses) 二、隱球菌病 (Cryptococcosis) 1. 病原菌: 新型隱球菌 (Cryptococcus neoformans) 2. 形態: 球形至卵圓形的酵母菌 3. 具有多醣類莢膜 (Polysaccharide capsule), 可用 印度墨 (India ink)染色觀察 4. 流行病學: a. 普遍存在被鳥類 (鴿子)排泄物汙染的土壤中 b. 黴菌性腦膜炎 (fungal meningitis)最常見的病 原菌 c. 是AIDS患者主要的伺機性病原菌 62 新型隱球菌 (Cryptococcus neoformans) Cryptococcus neoformans. Microscopic 新型隱球菌 (Cryptococcus neoformans) morphology, Gomori methenamine 以 India ink染色, 顯現有大型莢膜圍 silver stain. 繞著芽生酵母細胞 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 65.7 (左), 65.8 (右) 63 伺機性黴菌病 (Opportunistic Mycoses) 二、隱球菌病 (Cryptococcosis) 5. 感染途徑: 吸入環境中氣霧化的酵母菌細胞 → 肺 → 擴散到中樞神經系統 6. 臨床症狀: a. 肺部隱球菌病 (pulmonary cryptococcosis): 從 無症狀到較猛烈的雙側肺炎 b. 隱球菌腦膜炎 (Cryptococcal meningitis): − 致病: 肺部 → 血流和淋巴擴散 → 腦膜 − 臨床表現: 發燒、頭痛、視覺障礙、精神狀 態異常、癲癇 64 伺機性黴菌病 (Opportunistic Mycoses) 二、隱球菌病 (Cryptococcosis) 7. 治療: a. 所有患者: – 先使用amphotericin B合併flucytosine – 再給予fluconazole或itraconazole做維 持治療 b. AIDS病人: 需終身服用fluconazole或 itraconazole維持治療 65 伺機性黴菌病 (Opportunistic Mycoses) 三、麴菌病 (Aspergillosis) 1. 病原菌: − 麴菌屬 (Aspergillus), 大多數人類感染症是 由薰煙色麴菌 (A. fumigatus), 黃麴菌 (A. flavus), 黑麴菌 (A. niger)和土麴菌 (A. terreus) 2. 流行病學: a. 分生孢子普遍存於空氣、土壤、腐敗物中 b. 感染途徑: 通常是吸入孢子 66 麴菌 (Aspergillus)形態 Aspergillus fumigatus, lactophenol cotton blue preparation showing conidial head (magnification 400×). 醫用微生物學 6e. 圖5-3 B (左) 67 Murray: Medical Microbiology. 9e. Figure 65.12 (右) 伺機性黴菌病 (Opportunistic Mycoses) 三、麴菌病 (Aspergillosis) 3. 臨床疾病: a. 過敏 b. 阻塞性支氣管麴菌病 (Obstructive bronchial aspergillosis)和true aspergilloma (麴菌瘤; “fungus ball”): – 麴菌在副鼻竇和下呼吸道生長所造成 – 麴菌瘤: 可於副鼻竇, 舊結核病續發之肺部 空洞或其他慢性空洞化肺病中形成 c. 侵犯性麴菌病 (invasive aspergillosis) 68 摘要 總論 (Introduction) 黴菌病 (Mycoses)及重 – 真菌細胞 要病原 – 形態 – 表皮 – 黴菌生殖 – 皮膚 – 黴菌病之分類 – 皮下 – 抗黴菌藥物 – 全身性 – 實驗診斷 – 伺機性 69

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