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Questions and Answers
What type of organism is primarily responsible for Tinea nigra?
What type of organism is primarily responsible for Tinea nigra?
- Microsporum canis
- Hortaea werneckii (correct)
- Trichophyton rubrum
- Epidermophyton floccosum
Which of the following best describes the appearance of lesions associated with Tinea nigra?
Which of the following best describes the appearance of lesions associated with Tinea nigra?
- Darkly pigmented macules with irregular edges (correct)
- Red raised bumps with yellow exudate
- Darkly pigmented macules with smooth edges
- Pale brown patches with irregular edges
What is the primary characteristic of superficial mycoses?
What is the primary characteristic of superficial mycoses?
- They exclusively affect nails.
- They require a sexual reproductive cycle.
- They are localized to the outermost layers of skin and hair. (correct)
- They infect deep tissues and organs.
Which of the following fungi is classified as an opportunistic mycosis?
Which of the following fungi is classified as an opportunistic mycosis?
Which genus of fungi is included under dermatophytes responsible for skin infections?
Which genus of fungi is included under dermatophytes responsible for skin infections?
How does Amphotericin B function as an antifungal agent?
How does Amphotericin B function as an antifungal agent?
What characteristic feature is observed in Trichophyton rubrum microconidia?
What characteristic feature is observed in Trichophyton rubrum microconidia?
Which of the following statements is true regarding dermatophyte infections?
Which of the following statements is true regarding dermatophyte infections?
At what temperature do dimorphic fungi exist as yeasts?
At what temperature do dimorphic fungi exist as yeasts?
What type of structure is primarily observed in Microsporum canis when viewed under a microscope?
What type of structure is primarily observed in Microsporum canis when viewed under a microscope?
Which of the following terms refers to fungi that have asexual reproduction through conidia?
Which of the following terms refers to fungi that have asexual reproduction through conidia?
Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with systemic mycoses?
Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with systemic mycoses?
Which dermatophyte is commonly associated with infections in pets like cats and dogs?
Which dermatophyte is commonly associated with infections in pets like cats and dogs?
Tinea nigra lesions are primarily found on which part of the body?
Tinea nigra lesions are primarily found on which part of the body?
Which class of antifungal agents specifically inhibits ergosterol synthesis?
Which class of antifungal agents specifically inhibits ergosterol synthesis?
Which organism causes Coccidioidomycosis and has a characteristic transformation from mold to spherule at 37℃?
Which organism causes Coccidioidomycosis and has a characteristic transformation from mold to spherule at 37℃?
What is the distinguishing feature of cutaneous mycoses?
What is the distinguishing feature of cutaneous mycoses?
What transformation occurs in Histoplasma capsulatum when exposed to 37℃?
What transformation occurs in Histoplasma capsulatum when exposed to 37℃?
Which organism is responsible for Talaromycosis and undergoes a morphological change to yeast form at higher temperatures?
Which organism is responsible for Talaromycosis and undergoes a morphological change to yeast form at higher temperatures?
What is a unique feature of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis when it transforms into yeast at 37℃?
What is a unique feature of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis when it transforms into yeast at 37℃?
Which disease is associated with Blastomyces dermatitidis?
Which disease is associated with Blastomyces dermatitidis?
At what temperature does Paracoccidioides brasiliensis change from mycelium to yeast?
At what temperature does Paracoccidioides brasiliensis change from mycelium to yeast?
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a dimorphic fungus?
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a dimorphic fungus?
What is the primary morphological form of Histoplasma capsulatum at 25℃?
What is the primary morphological form of Histoplasma capsulatum at 25℃?
What initial site of infection does Coccidioides immitis primarily affect?
What initial site of infection does Coccidioides immitis primarily affect?
Which treatment is indicated for systemic fungal diseases caused by Coccidioides immitis?
Which treatment is indicated for systemic fungal diseases caused by Coccidioides immitis?
What is the morphological characteristic of Candida albicans?
What is the morphological characteristic of Candida albicans?
What type of infections is Candida most commonly responsible for?
What type of infections is Candida most commonly responsible for?
Which of the following fungal diseases is considered opportunistic?
Which of the following fungal diseases is considered opportunistic?
Which form of Talaromyces marneffei is observed at 37℃?
Which form of Talaromyces marneffei is observed at 37℃?
What is a common feature of the morphology of Pseudohyphae?
What is a common feature of the morphology of Pseudohyphae?
What is the main diagnostic feature for identifying Candida albicans?
What is the main diagnostic feature for identifying Candida albicans?
What type of infection is most common for Candidiasis?
What type of infection is most common for Candidiasis?
Which area is commonly affected by mucosal Candidiasis in females?
Which area is commonly affected by mucosal Candidiasis in females?
What is a common symptom of pulmonary cryptococcosis?
What is a common symptom of pulmonary cryptococcosis?
What is the main pathogen responsible for Cryptococcosis?
What is the main pathogen responsible for Cryptococcosis?
How can Cryptococcus neoformans be identified microscopically?
How can Cryptococcus neoformans be identified microscopically?
Which treatment is commonly used for initial therapy in Cryptococcal meningitis?
Which treatment is commonly used for initial therapy in Cryptococcal meningitis?
What type of skin infection is associated with Candidiasis?
What type of skin infection is associated with Candidiasis?
What is the primary mode of infection for Cryptococcus neoformans?
What is the primary mode of infection for Cryptococcus neoformans?
In which patient population is Cryptococcus neoformans most commonly found as an opportunistic pathogen?
In which patient population is Cryptococcus neoformans most commonly found as an opportunistic pathogen?
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Study Notes
Dimorphic Fungal Diseases and Pathogens
- Dimorphic fungi can exist in two forms: mold at 25°C and yeast at 37°C.
- Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum manifests as mold or yeast.
- Blastomycosis caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis transitions from mold to yeast form.
- Paracoccidioidomycosis involves Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, showing yeast with multiple budding.
- Coccidioidomycosis caused by Coccidioides immitis forms spherical structures at body temperature.
- Talaromycosis caused by Talaromyces marneffei, demonstrating mold and yeast phase transitions.
Systemic Mycoses Overview
- Initial infections typically occur in the lungs through inhalation of spores.
- Symptoms may resemble mild respiratory infections or be asymptomatic in nature.
- Treatment for severe cases predominantly involves amphotericin B.
Opportunistic Mycoses
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Candidiasis caused by Candida spp., notably Candida albicans, is associated with bloodstream infections.
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Common forms include:
- Mucosal infections: present in the mouth (thrush) and genital areas, often endogenously acquired.
- Skin infections: manifests as rashes in moist areas of the body.
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Cryptococcosis attributed to Cryptococcus neoformans, distinguished by its large polysaccharide capsule observable with India ink.
- Sources include soil contaminated with bird droppings.
- Predominantly causes fungal meningitis, especially in AIDS patients.
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Aspergillosis linked to the Aspergillus genus, commonly involves A. fumigatus, impacting immunocompromised patients.
Additional Fungal Information
- Fungal reproduction can be asexual (via conidia) or sexual.
- Mycoses classification:
- Superficial mycoses: Targets outer skin and hair.
- Cutaneous mycoses: Affects the outer layers of skin, hair, and nails.
- Subcutaneous mycoses: Involves deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissues.
- Systemic mycoses: Associated with dimorphic fungi affecting various organ systems.
- Opportunistic mycoses: Generally affects immunocompromised hosts, featuring potential pathogens like Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus.
Antifungal Medications
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Polyenes:
- Amphotericin B: Disrupts fungal cell membrane integrity via ergosterol binding.
- Nystatin: Also targeting ergosterol for membrane disruption.
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Azoles:
- Imidazoles: Include Miconazole and Ketoconazole.
- Triazoles: Include Fluconazole, Itraconazole, and Voriconazole; inhibit ergosterol synthesis to combat fungal infections.
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