Introduction to the Late 19th and 20th Century Architectural Movements (Neoclassical) PDF

INTRODUCTION TO THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS (NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) (ARC214 theory of architecture II) By: arch.Shiyar Shikh Debs  AG E N DA ▪ INTRODUCTION ▪ ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS ▪ RADICAL CHANGES IN ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN WESTERN EUROPE A...

INTRODUCTION TO THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS (NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) (ARC214 theory of architecture II) By: arch.Shiyar Shikh Debs  AG E N DA ▪ INTRODUCTION ▪ ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS ▪ RADICAL CHANGES IN ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN WESTERN EUROPE AND UNITED STATES DURING THE MID AND LATE 19TH CENTURY ▪ NEOCLASSICISM ▪ ECLECTICISM ARCHITECTURE ▪ INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE  THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS The Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century Revival period is sometimes described as the Eclectic Movement in architecture. INTRODUCTION There was a desire to create buildings that were more closely modeled after the original forms that inspired them, The building designs of this era were intended to be more exact versions of earlier architectural styles and traditions. In the preceding architectural periods, elements of various European inspired styles were combined and arranged to create new styles like the Gothic Revival, Italianate, or Second Empire styles.. etc 3  THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS the late 19th and early 20th centuries were a period of dynamic change in architecture, driven by: 1. technological progress 2. social transformation 3. artistic experimentation. Understanding these movements not only provides insight into historical architecture but also informs our appreciation of contemporary design. 4  THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS REASONS BEHIND RADICAL CHANGES THE RADICAL CHANGES IN ARCHITECTURAL STYLES DURING THIS PERIOD WERE DRIVEN BY SEVERAL INTERRELATED FACTORS: Cultural and Technological Socio-Economic Reaction to Artistic Advancements Shifts Tradition Movements The late 19th and early The development of Rapid urbanization, 20th centuries were Many architects were new construction the rise of industrial rich in cultural and motivated by a desire techniques and cities, and changes in artistic to break away from materials, such as social structures experimentation. historical styles and steel framing and necessitated new Architects were conventions. This reinforced concrete, building types and influenced by broader quest for innovation expanded the designs to artistic movements, led to the possibilities for accommodate such as Impressionism development of new building design and growing populations and Cubism, which architectural structure. and evolving needs. challenged traditional languages and forms. forms and aesthetics. 5  THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS Late 19th Century Early 20th Century 1850s–1900s: 1880s–1910s: Arts and 1900s–1930s: 1920s–1930s: Beaux-Arts Architecture Crafts Movement Modernism Art Deco Mid to Late 20th Century Contemporary Trends 1940s–1960s: 1970s–1980s: High-Tech 1990s–2000s: 2000s–Present: Sustainable Postmodernism Architecture Deconstructivism and Parametric Design 6 NEOCLASSICISM ARCHITECTURE 7  THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS NEOCLASSICISM ARCHITECTURE Neoclassicism architecture describes buildings that are inspired by the classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. After the ancient Roman cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii were discovered in the mid-1700s, artists sought to revive the ideal of classical Greece and Rome in architecture, sculpture, painting, and the decorative arts. Architects and artists adopted Neoclassicism for aesthetic and political reasons, and the style flourished during the revolutionary periods in France and the United States. (Approx. 1750-1900) 8  THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS NEOCLASSICISM ARCHITECTURE DEFINITION an artistic and architectural movement/style that emerged in the mid-18th century as a revival of classical architecture styles (Greek and Roman…. ). Was in part reaction to the excess of Baroque and Rococo and was partly consequence of new discoveries of Greek, Roman architecture. The Pantheon in Paris, designed by Jacques-Germain Soufflot. 9 TYPES OF NEOCLASSICAL BUILDINGS Neoclassical buildings can be divided into three main types: ⚫ Temple: features a design based on an ancient temple. Many temple style buildings feature a peristyle (a continuous line of columns around a building). ⚫ Palladian: Andrea Palladio was an Italian architect who admired ancient Roman architecture. His influence is still seen today and he is the best known neo-classical architect in the western world. A well known Palladian detail is a large window consisting of a central arched section flanked by two narrow rectangular sections. ⚫ Classical block: features a vast rectangular (or square) plan, with a flat roof and an exterior rich in classical detail. The exterior is divided into multiple levels, each of which features a repeated classical pattern, often a series of arches and/or columns. The overall impression of such a building is an enormous, classically-decorated rectangular block. Can you name the type of Neoclassical Architecture for each building?  NEOCLASSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 1.Classical Inspiration: A revival of the design principles of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. This includes the use of classical orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian), columns, pediments, and symmetry. 2.Simplicity and Elegance: A focus on simplicity and geometric clarity. Neoclassical architecture tends to avoid the elaborate ornamentation of the previous Rococo style, favoring clean lines and a restrained aesthetic. 3.Proportion and Harmony: Emphasis on proportion, balance, and harmony. Neoclassical buildings often adhere to strict proportions and alignments, drawing on the principles of classical architecture. 4.Use of New Materials: Incorporation of new materials and construction techniques, such as steel and iron, which allowed for greater structural flexibility while maintaining classical forms. 5.Influence of Enlightenment: The movement was influenced by Enlightenment ideas that emphasized reason, order, and the study of classical antiquity. 12 NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE FEATURES  WHAT NEOCLASSICAL BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DO YOU SEE IN THIS BUILDING ELEVATION? 15 The British Museum in London, designed by Sir Robert Smirke. 16  Perhaps the single greatest example of Neoclassical style in the U.S. is the United States Capitol Building, for which construction began in 1793. President Washington selected a building plan that was composed of three sections. The central section was topped by a low dome and was flanked by two rectangular wings, one for the House of Representatives and one for the Senate. This original plan can still be seen today but in a much grander scale than the original concept. The building has evolved over hundreds of years but still retains its original Neoclassical style. White House – South Façade  THE ARC DE TRIOMPHE DU CARROUSEL It is an example of Neoclassical architecture in the Corinthian order. The monument is 63 feet (19 m) high, 75 feet (23 m) wide, and 24 feet (7.3 m) deep. The 21 feet (6.4 m) high central arch is flanked by two smaller ones, 14 feet (4.3 m) high, and 9 feet (2.7 m) wide. Around its exterior are eight Corinthian columns of marble, topped by eight soldiers of the Empire. 19 University of Virginia Baltimore Cathedral Low Library – Columbia University  THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS ECLECTICISM IN ARCHITECTURE Eclecticism in architecture refers to a movement/style characterized by the combination of elements from various architectural traditions and periods. It emerged in the 19th century and is known for its diverse and inclusive approach to design 22 ECLECTICISM IN ARCHITECTURE 1.Mix of Styles: Eclectic architecture blends elements from different historical styles, periods, and cultures. Architects may incorporate features from classical, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and other styles into a single building or design. 2.Creative Freedom: It offers architects the freedom to experiment with and combine diverse architectural forms and details. This results in unique and often visually complex buildings. 3.Historical Revival: Eclecticism often involves reviving and reinterpreting historical styles. For instance, a building might combine Victorian decorative elements with Renaissance proportions and Classical columns. 4.Personal and Regional Influences: The style allows for the incorporation of personal tastes, regional influences, and local materials, leading to a wide variety of outcomes. 23 NEGATIVES OF ECLECTICISM IN ARCHITECTURE In summary, while eclecticism offers creative freedom and diversity in architectural design, it can face criticism for: 1. Potential lack of cohesion 2. Historical authenticity 3. The risk of creating visually or functionally problematic structures. The Folies Bergère in Paris: Known for its eclectic blend of Art Nouveau and traditional 24 architectural elements. The Paris Opera House (Palais Garnier) by Charles Garnier: A grand example of 25 eclecticism, combining elements of Baroque, Renaissance, and Classical styles. The Royal Albert Hall in London: Features a mix of 26 Romanesque and Victorian Gothic styles. BEGINNING OF NEW ERA 27  INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The nineteenth century brought an age of uncertainty, confidence apparent in the elegant architecture of the 18th C had diminished, and was subjected to a period of architectural eclecticism.. The birth of this sought after style would allow elements to be retained from previous historic precedents, returning to the style of Michelangelo etc., whilst creating something that is new and P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E original, forming styles of Neo-Classical and Neo-Gothic. This ability to create a fusion of styles allowed for expression devised through creation, not reminiscence; usually elected based on its aptness to the project and overall aesthetic value, seeking to restore order and restraint to architecture. 28 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The industrial revolution which began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century in England, led to enormous changes at each and every level of civilization throughout the world. P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on architecture. This period of rapid industrial and technological change introduced new materials, techniques, and design philosophies that transformed architectural practices. 29 The Crystal Palace One of the examples of technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Hyde Park, London Designed by Joseph Paxton was a cast iron and plate glass structure, house the Great Exhibition of 1851. more than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in its 990,000-square-foot (92,000 m2) exhibition space to display. 30 The Crystal Palace the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, with an interior height of 128 feet (39 m), and was three times the size of St Paul's Cathedral. 31 TAT L I N ' S T O W E R Tatlinʼs Constructivist tower was to be built from industrial materials: iron, glass and steel. In materials, shape and function, it was envisaged as a towering symbol of modernity. It would have dwarfed the Eiffel Tower in Paris. 32 EIFFEL TOWER GUSTAVE EIFFEL The tower is 330 meters (1,083 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building, and the tallest structure in Paris. 33 FORTH BRIDGE-SCOTLAND is a cantilever railway bridge across the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland, (14 kilometres) west of central Edinburgh. Completed in 1890, it is considered a symbol of Scotland, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was designed by English engineers Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker. 34  By: arch.Shiyar Shikh Debs T H A N K YO U 35 THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS