Language of Research, Campaigns, and Advocacies PDF

# Language Of Research, Campaigns and Advocacies Research makes use of a formal, academic and persuasive language to communicate discussions and present corresponding findings for variables studied. ## Campaign Campaign is usually social or political in nature, is technically defined as a planne...

# Language Of Research, Campaigns and Advocacies Research makes use of a formal, academic and persuasive language to communicate discussions and present corresponding findings for variables studied. ## Campaign Campaign is usually social or political in nature, is technically defined as a planned set of activities that people carry out to attain a certain goal or objective. ## Advocacy Advocacy refers to activities that argue, plead, support or favor a certain cause. Various causes for advocacy usually aim to influence decision making, especially with issues involving social, political, environmental and economic perspectives. ## Language Features 1. **Emotive Language**: This involves the use of words that evoke emotions and make people feel a certain way. 2. **Modal Verbs**: The use of words that express modality or how likely something is going to happen helps adjust the level of certainty of events to suit arguments. 3. **Involving the Reader**: This is done through the use of personal pronouns like you, your, we, our and indicative words like together. 4. **Rhetorical Questions**: These are questions that are not supposed to be answered but rather to make the readers think. 5. **Using Evidence**: This involves the use of facts, figures or quotes from experts to highlight the writer's authority and make the arguments presented more convincing. 6. **Repetition**: This technique involves repeating keywords, phrases or ideas to appeal to the readers. 7. **Adjectives and Adverbs**: Using carefully selected adjectives and adverbs makes it possible for the writer to influence how the readers feel. 8. **Association**: Linking an object or an idea with something already liked or desired by the target audience. 9. **Bandwagon**: Commonly used in advertisements, makes the audiences believe that “everyone is doing it” or that everyone likes something. 10. **Experts**: Relying on expert advice from trusted people for things that the audience does not know. The fact that the experts risk their credibility to support an object or idea makes the persuasion more effective. # Argumentation Argumentation means presenting a clear opinion supported with reasons. ## Argumentative Writing * **Example**: The color black is regal and professional-looking. Argumentative writing is sometimes called "Persuasive Writing". * **Proposition**: Proposition is very essential in argumentative writing. It serves as the point of reference of the argumentative writer. * **Argumentative Essay**: One of the most common forms of argumentative writing is an argumentative essay. Argumentative essay is an essay that presents a stand or a rationale on a given proposition or issue. ## Key Structural Elements of Argumentative Writing The basic components of an argument include: * **Claim** * **Reasons** behind this claim, and * **Evidences** to support this specific claim. The table below presents various patterns of how ideas or arguments in an argumentative essay may be presented and develop. | Pattern A | Pattern B | Pattern C | | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | **a**. Thesis Statement | **a**. Thesis Statement | **a**. Thesis Statement | | **b**. First Pro | **b**. Con(s) + Refutation(s) | **b**. First Con + Refutation | | **c**. Second Pro | **c**. First pro | **c**. Second Con + Refutation | | **d**. Con(s) + Refutation(s) | **d**. Second pro | **d**. Third Con + Refutation | | **e**. Conclusion | **e**. Conclusion | **e**. Conclusion | ## Language Features of an Argumentative Text * **Modal**: The use of modal verbs like *should* and *must* to express suggestion and obligation, respectively. * **Adverbs**: The use of adverbs can also contribute to the attainment of the author's purpose for writing, indicating the mood or attitude of the writer with regards to the matter of interest. Here are some examples of adverbs: * Usually * Probably * Necessarily * Actually * Apparently * Certainly * Definitely * Essentially * In fact * Possibly * Arguably ## Example * **A**: The public **should** consider wearing face shield as additional protection against COVD-19 infection. * **B**: Every Filipino **must** conserve water, energy and other natural resources. ## Evaluative Language Usually in the form of adjectives, reflects the writer's attitude towards a certain idea. These words express feelings, opinions or judgments on what they are describing. Here are some of the example words can use as evaluative language: * Appalling * Awful * Disgusting * Dreadful * Horrendous * Incredible * Revolting * Ridiculous * Shocking * Terrible * Wonderful ## Example: * **A**: Climate change is one of the most **dreadful** issues that we are currently facing. * **B**: The most **terrible** confection ever made in human history is chocolate. ## Transitions The use of appropriate transitional devices plays a great part in maintaining the smooth flow of ideas in an argument text. Here are some examples that we can use for transitions: * Because * Therefore * On the other hand * As a result * In summary * Consequently * Similarly * In contrast * Meanwhile * Furthermore ## Example: * **A**: Climate change is one of the most dreadful issues that we are currently facing **because** it hinders the growth of the produces. * **B**: The most terrible confection ever made in human history is chocolate; **meanwhile**, the best one in my opinion is cupcake. # Opinion Or Assertion ## Opinion - A personal view, judgment, conclusion or appraisal drawn from factual evidences. - It may change often and reflect one's person. - It cannot be proven; but it may be supported by facts **Example**: Sisig is one of the best pork dishes in the world. ## Assertion - A declaration or expression of strong belief towards a particular topic, often subjective and without support and evidence. - Includes forceful or confident and positive statements regarding a belief or a fact. **Example**: Sir Hy's Grade 10 students are the best students out there in the universe. ## Common Place Assertion Otherwise known as “stereotypes”. Statements that sound true and treated as true, but are generally based on common opinions. **Example**: - Men are smarter than women. - Women are wiser than men. ## Three Types Of Assertion - **Basic Assertion**: It directly expresses the writer's feelings and beliefs through simple statements. It is used in standing up for personal beliefs. **Example**: Brgy. Bagtas prioritizes education more than ever. - **Empathic Assertions**: It conveys sympathy to someone recognizing first his/her feelings or situation then showing support for your own viewpoint, feeling or rights. **Example**: I am aware that you are busy with your errands right now but I need your part in our research tonight. - **I-Language Assertions**: Expresses the feelings and preferences of the writer. This type is called I-Language because the writer usually uses the pronoun “I” in asserting disagreement. **Example**: I love how the bread turned out but I guess it needed a little more shortening and chocolate chips. # Claims Of Fact, Value and Policy ## Claims Claims are ideas, opinions, or propositions that are clearly asserted. It can also be used to convince or persuade readers or a specific audience to agree with a specific stand or rationale on an issue. ## Three Types Of Claims ### Claim Of Fact - Things in the past, in the present, and in the future. - Can be proven or disproved by using factual evidences. **Example**: A healthy study habit can improve your grades. ### Claim Of Value - An assertion as to whether something is good or bad, or one concept or idea is better than another. - Emphasizes and weighs the benefits of the subject matter. **Example**: It’s better to eat peanuts than to study. ### Claim Of Policy - Supports that an action should or should not be done to address a certain case or policy, and in order to solve a problem. **Example**: We must study to improve our grades. # Exposition ## Expository Text - It is a text that presents or provides information about a particular topic or issue and is sometimes called “informational writing”. - It is fact-based and seeks to educate the reader by presenting facts based on reliable sources. - It does not tell a story or does not use emotion in presenting facts. **Key Point**: An expository text seeks to inform. A narrative text is to entertain; and an argumentative text is to persuade readers. ## What Are The Key Structural Elements In An Exposition? 1. **A clear and concise thesis statement**: Presented in initial paragraph, the thesis statement introduces the main topic or idea and provides the overall direction for the text. 2. **Clear transitions**: The use of clear and proper transitions will glue the introduction, body and conclusion together. 3. **A body that contains evidences and support**: The use of supporting evidences like examples and explanations forms a huge part of facts-based expository text. 4. **An effective conclusion**: A conclusion should tie the ideas altogether while highlighting the true essence of the main idea in the text. ## Exposition Can Take Other Shapes And Patterns Depending On How The Writer Intends To Present His Or Her Ideas. These Are: ### A. Cause And Effect - The writer presents the information by explaining how or why a certain event or occurrence happened (cause) and what resulted from the particular cause or occurrence (effect). **Signal Words**: Because/Consequently/Since/Therefore/As result/Thus/For this reason/This led to/Due to **Example**: The inflation increased, thus, the prices in the market also skyrocketed. ### B. Comparison And Contrast - The writer presents the information by providing details as to how things, concepts, or ideas are alike or different. **Signal Words**: but/on the other hand/as well as/similar to/different from/however/in contrast/although/in the same way. **Example**: Computers can be used to communicate easily likewise with a mobile phone. However, mobile phones can be operated from anywhere. ### C. Description - In this structure, the topic is presented by providing descriptions about its attributes, features, and examples. **Signal Words**: for example/for instance/to illustrate/such as/including/like **Example**: A person who has influenced me most is my father. My father raised me to be cheerful and compassionate. ### D. Problem And Solution - The writer may present a problem and provide one or more solutions to the said problem. **Signal Words**: since/consequently/a solution/therefore/so that/in order to **Example**: Teen pregnancy cases are high in Tanza, Cavite. However, this can be prevented through abstinence. ### E. Sequence - In this structure, information may be presented in a way that follows numerical or chronological sequence either explicitly or implicitly. **Signal Words**: then/next/previously/first/second/third/before/after/finally/ **Example**: To do your homework, you must bring out your notebook first, then your pen, and you may now start writing. **Key Reminder**: One of the most effective ways to organize information to be used in exposition is by using graphic organizers. # Multimodal Elements ## Multimodal Elements Now, we are able to learn through interactive materials in various digital and non-digital platforms, this is called multimodal texts. ## Mode Mode refers to the method of communication being employed. * Can be linguistic, visual, auditory, gestural, or spatial. ## Types Of Multimodal Texts ### Simple * Newspaper * Brochure * Comics * Graphic novels * Picture books * Print advertisement * Posters * Storyboards * Slide presentation * E-books * E-posters * Social media ### Complex * Animations * Digital stories * Web pages * Documentaries * Book trailers * Live action films * Video games ## Composing Texts With Multimodal Elements 1. **Textual Knowledge**: A clear understanding of the information at hand or the specific subject from which the multimodal composition is based is essential. 2. **Technological Knowledge**: It is imperative to understand what technological tools or processes will best work for the kind of text to be produced. 3. **Semiotic Knowledge**: Refers to understanding how each mode can work to convey meaning. 4. **Ability to Combine Various Modes**: When composing multimodal text, it is vital to understand what combinations will work best. 5. **Understanding Different Genres**: It is important to take the purpose, target audience, and text-type into consideration. # Techniques In Public Speaking ## Techniques In Public Speaking Public speaking involves having to deliver or communicate information in front of a live audience. ## The Most Common Forms Of Public Speaking Include Delivering A Prepared Speech And Impromptu Speech: ### Prepared Speech - The speaker is given the topic beforehand, has time to research about the topic, and is able to rehearse or practice prior to delivering the speech. **Example**: Graduation Speech, State of the Nation Address, Eulogy, Oration. **Key Reminder**: Prepared Speech is not similar to Memorized Speech. ### Impromptu Speech - The speaker is given little to no time to prepare. **Example**: Question and Answer Portion, Family Gathering Speech, Ambush Interview ## What Makes A Good Public Speaker? 1. **Know your purpose**: Being sure on the purpose of your speech is synonymous to knowing where in focus your discussion. It may be as basic as to inform, persuade, or inspire. 2. **Be familiar with your topic**: When you are sure with every piece of information you are presenting, you will be more confident. 3. **Consider your audience**: Knowing your audience will help you plan the appropriate content, language, and techniques to use. 4. **Plan ahead of time**: Cramming will reflect in the way you speak and behave in front of an audience. That is why planning everything is a key to a successful speaking engagement. 5. **Use non-verbal cues**: Movements help convey ideas more clearly. Establishing eye contact with the audience also works well in maintaining confidence and establishing sincerity. 6. **Remain calm**: Taking deep breaths and having a focused mindset can do the magic of staying relaxed. 7. **Practice**: Through constant practice, one may be able to identify areas that can be improved. Practice is a major component of planning. 8. **Watch your words**: One must be careful enough not to use words that might put his or her reliability and reputation into jeopardy. 9. **Speak with clarity**: One should observe proper pronunciation, stress, intonation, juncture, diction, tone, and pacing when delivering a speech. 10. **Know the essential etiquettes**: As a public speaker, one should know the different do's and don'ts when speaking before an audience. 11. **Use visuals when necessary**: When possible and appropriate, visuals like PowerPoint slides can help support the speech being delivered. 12. **Dress comfortably**: Sometimes, speaking with ease comes with feeling comfortable with what you wear. A speaker, however, should dress in a way that exudes respect and formality. 13. **Be open to questions and comments**: It is essential to be open to questions, comments, and even criticisms.