10-1 All in One Notes PDF

rwjnIqI Swsqr dy AwDwr Aqy BwrqI sMivDwn Aqy srkwr AYktIivtI Aqy nots jspRIq kOr lYkcrwr poilitkl swieMs  < rwjnIqI Swsqr dy AwDwr Aqy BwrqI sMivDwn Aqy srkwr (Foundation Of Political Sci...

rwjnIqI Swsqr dy AwDwr Aqy BwrqI sMivDwn Aqy srkwr AYktIivtI Aqy nots jspRIq kOr lYkcrwr poilitkl swieMs  < rwjnIqI Swsqr dy AwDwr Aqy BwrqI sMivDwn Aqy srkwr (Foundation Of Political Science And Indian Constitution & Government) For XI Class of P.S.E.B By Jaspreet Kaur (Lect. Pol. Sci.) M.A. (Pol.sci.), M.A. (Pbi.), M.A. (His.) B.Ed. G.S.S.S.S. Khamanon Kalan (F.G.S)  Bwg - a rwjnIqI Swsqr dy AwDwr 1. rwjnIqI Swsqr dw ArQ, Kyqr Aqy mh`qv 2. rwjnIqI Swsqr dw hornW smwijk ivigAwnW nwl sbMD 3. nwgirk Aqy nwgirkqw 4. nwgirk dy AiDkwr Aqy krq`v 5. kwnUMn-ArQ Aqy iksmW 6. suqMqrqw-ArQ, iksmW Aqy sur`iKAw-aupwA 7. smwnqw-ArQ, rUp, Aqy smwnqw 8. inAW 9. rwj Aqy aus dIAW ivSySqwvW 10. lokqMqr Aqy qwnwSwhI 11. srkwr dy rUp-sMsdI, pRDwngI, iekwqmk, sMGwqmk 12. srkwr dy AMg- kwrjpwilkw, ivDwnpwilkw Aqy inAWpwilkw Bwg - A BwrqI sMivDwn Aqy srkwr 1. sMivDwn dI pRsqwvnw 2. BwrqI sMivDwn dIAW mu`K ivSySqwvW 3. mOilk AiDkwr 4. rwjnIqI dy inrdySk isDWq 5. mOilk krq`v 6. BwrqI sMGI FWcw , sMG Aqy rwjW dy sMbD 7. sMGI kwrjpwilkw-rwStrpqI Aqy aup-rwStrpqI 8. sMGI kwrjpwilkw-mMqrI pirSd 9. sMGI ivDwnpwilkw ( lok sBw Aqy rwj sBw) 10. rwj kwrjpwilkw-rwjpwl Aqy ivDwn pirSd 11. rwj ivDwnpwilkw-ivDwn sBw Aqy ivDwn pirSd 12. izlw pRSwsn 13. srvau`c Adwlq (suprIm kort) au`c Adwlq (hweI kort) kuJ Sbd myry vloN…… swl 2020 iv`c myry vloN bwrvIN jmwq dy rwjnIqI SwSqr pVHx vwly ividAwrQIAW leI ilKI ikqwb ‘nots AYNf AYktIivtIz Pwr XII jmwq ’ nUM pMjwb Br dy srkwrI skUlW iv`c pVx vwly ividAwrQIAW Aqy AiDAwpk sihbwn vlo bhuq vDIAw huMgwrw imilAw[ ies krky mYnUM keI ividAwrQIAW Aqy AiDAwpk sihbwn ny igAwrvIN jmwq dy rwjnIqI SwSqr pVHx vwly ividAwrQIAW leI vI Aijhy nots ilKx leI pRyirAw[ mYN Awpxy vloN pUrI iemwndwrI nwl igAwrvIN jmwq dy ividAwrQIAW leI ‘kuJ mh`qvpUrn nots XI jmwq’ ikqwb ilKI hY[ mYnUM pUrI aumId hY ik myrI ieh CotI ijhI koiSS pMjwb dy srkwrI skUlW iv`c pVHx vwly igAwrvI jmwq dy ividAwrQIAw leI lwhyvMd is`D hovygI[ ieMnWH nots nUM iqAwr krn leI mYN pMjwb iv`c CpdIAW mu`K AKbwrW, igAwrvIN, bwrvIN, bI.ey., AYm.ey., Aqy hor jrnl nolYz dIAW ikqwbW Aqy ieMtrnY`t dI shwieqw vI leI hY[ SRI mqI pRIq kml lYk. puiltIkl swieMs ny vI ies ikqwb nUM iqAwr krn iv`c Awpxw sihXog id`qw hY[ Awp swirAW dy sihXog dI qWG iv`c…… jspRIq kOr (lYk. puiltIkl swieMs) s.s.s.s.s. KmwxoN (P.g.s.) Bwg a  pwT=1 rwjnIqI SwSqr dw ArQ, Kyqr Aqy mh`qqw rwjnIqI (rwj dI nIqI) in`jI jW smUihk p`Dr auqy lokW nUM pRBwivq krn dw isDWq hY[ies dw mqlb ie`k rwj jW smwj iv`c lokW aupr kMtrol krnw hY[rwjnIqI Swsqr kwPI purwxw Aqy mhq`vpUrx ivSw hY[ purwxy ivdvwn rwj Aqy srkwr dy AiDAYn nUM rwjnIqI Swsqr dw kyNdrI ibMdU mMndy sn[ pr AwDuink ivdvwn rwj Aqy srkwr dy nwl nwl rwjnIiqk gqIivDIAW nUM vI rwjnIqI Swsqr dw ih`sw mMndy hn[ rwjnIqI Sbd dI auq`pqI Aqy ArQ rwjnIqI Sbd nUM AMgryzI iv`c poilitks ikhw jWdw hY[ ieh Sbd XUnwnI BwSw dy poils Sbd qo bixAw hY[ ijs dw ArQ “ngr” jW “ngr rwj” hY[ rwjnIqI Swsqr dy ipqwmw ArsqU (Airstotl) ny ngr rwjW dy pRbMD leI iek ikqwb ilKI ijs dw nwm “poilitks” sI[ ies ikqwb nUM rwjnIqI Swsqr dI ‘bweIbl’ vI ikhw jWdw hY[ rwjnIqI Swsqr dy ivdvwnW dy ivcwrW nUM do BwgW iv`c vMifAW igAw hY[ 1. purwqn ivdvwnW dy ivcwr jW idRStIkox 2. AwDuink ivdvwnW dy ivcwr jW idRStIkox purwqn ivdvwnW dy Anuswr rwjnIqI Swsqr dw sbMD rwj Aqy srkwr dovW nwl huMdw hY[s AwDuink ivdvwnW dy Anuswr rwjnIqI Swsqr dw sbMD rwj Aqy srkwr qo ielwvw pRBwv, SkqI Aqy sMGrS nwl hY[ AwDuink ivdvwn purwqn ivdvwn fyivf eIstn, rwbrt ey fwhl, AwlmMf gwrnr, sIly, lIkwk, ivloBI, lwskI Aqy pwvyl, hYrlf lwsvYl Aqy gYtl hn[ rwjnIqI Swsqr nwl sbMiDq kuJ mu`K pirBwSwvW :- 1. gwrnr dy Anuswr, “rwjnIqI Swsqr dw AwrMB Aqy AMq rwj nwl huMdw hY[” 2. lIkwk dy Anuswr, “rwjnIqI Swsqr srkwr nwl sbMiDq hY[” 3. rwbrt ey fwhl dy Anuswr, “rwjnIiqk ivSlySx dw sbMD SkqI, Swsn Aqy s`qw nwl hY[” 4. ivloBI dy Anuswr, “Awm krky rwjnIqI Swsqr iqMn mhwn iviSAW rwj, srkwr Aqy kwnUMn nwl sbMiDq hY[” rwjnIqI Swsqr dw Kyqr rwjnIqI Swsqr dy ivSy iv`c smy Aqy siQqIAW Anuswr pirvrqn Awauxy lwzmI hn[ purwqn Aqy AwDuink ivdvwnW dy ivcwrW nUM rwjnIqI Swsqr dy ivSy iv`c Swiml krn krky ies dw Kyqr bhuq ivSwl ho igAw hY[ 1. rwj dw AiDAYn :- rwjnIqI Swsqr pVx nwl ividAwrQI nUM rwj dy BUqkwl, vrqmwn Aqy Biv`K bwry AwswnI nwl pqw lg`dw hY[ ik purwxy smy iv`c rwj dI auqpqI ikvyN hoeI, rwj dy kI kMm sn[ vrqmwn smyN rwj nUM srvau`c sMgTn mMinAw igAw hY[ A`j rwj ivAkqI dy srvp`KI ivkws leI zrUrI hY[ ieh bwkI sMgTnW dy kMmW nUM inXmq krdw hY[ Biv`K iv`c rwj ikho ijhw hovygw? ikhVI srkwr rwj leI vDIAW hovygI? iks qrW dI ivcwrDwrw lok psMd krngy? ieh s`B rwj dy Biv`K dIAW AwsW hn[ ArsqU dy Anuswr, “rwj dw AwrMB mnu`K dIAW muFlIAW loVW iv`co pYdw hoieAw hY, Aqy ies dI hoNd jIvn nUM hor vI cMgw bxwaux leI cldI rhygI[” 2. srkwr dw AiDAYn:- srkwr rwj dw mh`qv pUrx q`q hY[ rwjnIqI Swsqr srkwr dy AMgW bwry, srkwr dIAW iksmW bwryy srkwr dy kMmW bwry Aqy ivAkqI Aqy srkwr dy AwpsI sbMDW bwry ividAwrQIAW nUM jwxkwrI pRdwn krdw hY[ 1  3. AMqr-rwStrI sMbMDW Aqy sMgTnW dw AiDAYn:- vrqmwn smy koeI ie`klw dyS Awqm-inrBr nhI bx skdw [ivSvIkrn ny swry dySW nUM ie`k dUjy auqy inrBr bxw id`qw hY[ so ies vyly sMswr iv`c SwqI, AwpsI BweIcwrw Aqy Aijhy sMgTnW dI loV hY jo swry dySW dIAW muSiklW nUM smJdy hox ijvy:- sMXukq rwStr sMG, XUnysko, jI - 77, jI-8, swrk AwsIAwn Aqy XUrpI sMG [ ieh auh sMgTn hn ijMnW bwry ividAwrQI AiDAYn krdw hY[ 4. rwjnIiqk ivcwrDwrvW dw AiDAYn:- ijvyN ijvyN rwj ivksq huMdw igAw, iesy nwl rwjnIiqk ivcwrDwrwvW vI bdldIAW geIAW hn[rwjnIiqk ivigAwnIAW ny AwpxI soc Aqy smJ Anuswr keI ivcwr rwj bwry id`qy hn[ keI qrWH dy vwd (iezm) swfy swhmxy Awey hn[ ijvyN : AwdrSvwd, swmvwd, smwjvwd, PwsIvwd, nwzIvwd, gWDIvwd Aqy audwrvwd Awid[ 5. rwjnIiqk dlW dw AiDAYn:- A`j dy smy koeI vI srkwr rwjnIiqk dlW qo ibnW nhIN bx skdI[ ieh dl lokW nUM sMgiTq krdy hn[coxW lVdy hn[ srkwr bxwaudy hn Aqy smy Anuswr ivroDI dl vjo srkwr dI Alocnw vI krdy hn[ieh dl ikvy bxdy hn? kI BUimkw inBwaudy hn ies dI jwxkwrI vI ividAwrQIAW nUM imldI hY[ rwjnIqI Swsqr dI mh`qqw rwbrt-ey-fwhl dy Anuswr,“rwjnIqI mnu`KI hoNd dI ie`k AijhI s`cweI hY ijs nUM A`KoN auhly nhI kIqw jw skdw[” rwj iv`c rihx vwlw hr ivAkqI pRq`K jW ApRq`K rUp iv`c rwjnIqI nwl sMbMiDq hY[ ies leI hr ivAkqI nUM rwjnIqI dw igAwn hoxw jrUrI hY[ 1. rwjnIqI Swsqr ivAkqI nUM AiDkwrW Aqy krq`vW dI jwxkwrI idMdw hY[ 2. ivAkqI nUM rwj Aqy srkwr bwry pUrI jwxkwrI imldI hY[ 3. ieh ivAkqI nUM AwdrS nwgirk bxwaux iv`c shwiek hY[ 4. ivAkqIAW nUM v`K-v`K rwjnIiqk dlW bwry jwxkwrI imldI hY[ 5. ivSv iv`c kMm kr rhIAW v`K-v`K rwjnIiqk ivcwrDwrwvW bwry pqw l`gdw hY[ 6. ivAkqI dyS dIAW s`misAwvW nUM smJx Aqy h`l krn dw Xqn krdw hY[ 7. dySW iv`c cl rhIAW v`K-v`K Swsn-pRxwlIAW bwry igAwn imldw hY[ 8. rwjnIqI Swsqr nwgirkW iv`c rwjnIiqk sihnSIlqw pYdw krdw hY[ 9. kwnUMn bxwauxy Aqy lwgU krn dw igAwn imldw hY[ 10. rwjnIqI Swsqr ividAwrQIAW nUM vDIAW nwgirk bxwaudw hY[ AiBAws leI pRSn au`qr 1. poilitks Sbd lwqInI BwSw dy poils Sbd qo bixAw hY [ shI/glq 2. ArsqU nUM rwjnIqI SwSqr dw ipqwmw mMinAW jwdW hY[ shI/glq 3. poilitks ikqwb pRis`D ivdvwn plYto ny ilKI sI[ shI/glq 4. poils Sbd qo Bwv hY ‘ngr rwj” [ shI/glq 5. ArsqU dI ilKI ikqwb nUM rwjnIqI SwSqr dI “bweIbl” ikhw jwdW hY[ shI/glq 6. rwjnIqI SwSqr ivAkqI nUM AiDkwrW Aqy krq`vW bwry jwxkwrI idMdw hY[ shI/glq 7. rwjnIqI dw sMbMD SkqI Aqy s`qw nwl nhI hY[ shI/glq 8. rwjnIqI nwl lokW nUM lokqMqr dw igAwn nhI imldw[ shI/glq 9. rwjnIqI SwSqr nUM do BwgW iv`c vMifAw igAw hY,AwDuink Aqy purwqn[ shI/glq 10.“poils” Sbd iks BwSw dw hY? a) lwqInI A) XUnwnI e) PrWsIsI s) ietwlIAn 11. rwjnIqI SwSqr dw AwrMB Aqy AMq rwj nwl huMdw hY[ ieh iks ny ikhw hY:- a) lwrf AYktn A) lIkwk e) blMSlI s) gwrnr 12. “poiltks” ikqwb dw lyKk kox hY:- a) ArsqU A) plYto e) gwrnr s) lIkwk 13. “rwjnIqI SwSqr srkwr nwl sMbMDq hY[” ieh iks dw kQn hY? a) lIkwk A) sIly e) gYtl s) lwskI 14. _______nUM rwjnIqI SwSqr dw ipqwmw mMinAw jwdW hY[ 15. ArsqU dI ilKI ikqwb nUM rwjnIqI SwSqr dI _______ikhw jwdW hY[ v`fy pRSnW dy auqr :- 1. rwjnIqI Swsqr dI mh`qqw qy not ilKo ? 2. rwjnIqI SwSqr dy Kyqr bwry Awpxy ivcwr sWJy kro ? 2  idmwgI ksrq AYktIivtI - 1 AwE hyTW id`qI gym dy au`qr lBIey 1fy iv f eI 2s t n 4 3 7 5 6 auupr id`qy tybl iv`c hyTW id`qy pRSnW dy au`qr Bro[ pRSn dw au`qr aupr tybl iv`c (auproN hyTW jW S`jy qoN K`by) ilKy AMk qoN SurU krnw hY[ quhwfI shwieqw leI au`qr ikMny AKrW dw hY ieh pRSn dy nwl brYkt iv`c drswieAw igAw hY[ audwhrx vjoN pRSn nMbr 1 dw au`qr tybl iv`c BirAw igAw hY[ auproN hyTW S`jy qoN K`by 2. rwjnIqI (rwj dI nIqI) in`jI jW _____p`Dr auqy 1. rwjnIqI Swsqr dy ie`k AwDuink ivdvwn dw nwm lokW nUM pRBwivq krn dw isDWq hY[(4 A`Kr) _____ hY[(7 A`Kr) 4. poilitks Sbd XUnwnI BwSw dy ______Sbd qo 3. rwjnIqI Sbd nMU AMgryzI iv`c _______ kihMdy bixAw hY[(3 A`Kr) hn [(5 A`Kr) 5. rwjnIqI Swsqr dy ipqwmw mhwn ivdvwn _______nUM ikhw jWdw hY[(4 A`Kr) 7. lIkwk dy Anuswr,“rwjnIqI Swsqr____nwl 6. ______ dy Anuswr, “rwjnIqI Swsqr dw AwrMB sbMiDq hY[” Aqy AMq rwj nwl huMdw hY[”(4 A`Kr) 3  pwT - 2 rwjnIqI Swsqr dw dUjy smwijk ivigAwnW nwl sbMD BUimkw mnu`K ie`k smwijk pRwxI hY[ aus dI izMdgI aupr AwriQk, smwijk, Dwrimkss, s`iBAwcwrk, nYiqk Aqy rwjnIiqk pRBwv pYxy lwzmI hn[ ieMnWH swry pRBwvW dw AiDAYn v`K-v`K ivSy krdy hn[ ijvyN: smwj Swsqr, ArQ Swsqr, nIqI Swsqr Aqy ieiqhws Awid[ jy dyiKAw jwey qW hr ivSw ie`k dUjy nwl juiVAw huMdw hY[ rwjnIqI Swsqr Aqy smwj Swsqr iv`c sbMD smwj Swsqr kI hY ? smwj sB qoN purwxw sMgTn hY[ ies nwl sbMiDq ivSw smwj Swsqr AKvwaudw hY[ ies ivSy dI auqpqI, ivkws, audyS, mh`qqw Awid dI pVweI kIqI jWdI hY[ ieh ivSw sB qo pihlW PrWsIsI ivdvwn kwmty duAwrw 1839 iv`c kwiem kIqw igAw[ A`j ieh ivSw ividAwrQIAW leI bhuq mh`qv r`Kdw hY[ smwj Swsqr nUM “mW ivigAwn” vI ikhw jWdw hY[ smwj Swsqr nUM swry iviSAW dI jnnI ikhw jWdw hY rwjnIqI Swsqr Aqy smwj Swsqr iv`c AwpsI sbMD:- smwj iv`c pweIAW jwx vwlIAW burweIAW rwj Kqm krdw hY :- smwj iv`c keI qrWH dIAW burweIAW ijvy:- dwj pRQw, sqI pRQw, bwl ivAwh, CUq-Cwq, Awid pweIAW jWdIAW hn[ smwj iv`c sdIAW qo cldIAW Aw rhIAW ieMnWH burweIAW nUM rwj ny kwnUMn duAwrw Kqm kIqw hY[ rwj dw ivkws smwj iv`co hoieAw hY :- smwj sB qo izAwdw purwxw sMgTn hY[ purwxy keI ivdvwn qW rwj Aqy smwj iv`c koeI AMqr nhI smJdy sn[ A`j vI rwj dy ivkws nUM jwxn leI smwj Swsqr qy inrBr krnw pYNdw hY[ smwijk hwlqW rwjnIiqk sMgTnW qy pRBwv pwaudIAW hn :- hryk dyS dy smwijk hwlwq rwjnIqI auqy fUMGw pRBwv pwauNdy hn[ij`Qy smwj ivkisq Aqy s~iBA hovygw auQy rwjnIiqk sMgTn izAwdw mzbUq Aqy sRySt hoxgy [ies dy ault Aivkisq Aqy As`iBA smwj dw rwjnIiqk isstm vDIAW nhI hovygw[ smwijk rIqI irvwj rwj dy kwnUMnW nUM pRBwivq krdy hn :- hr smwj dy lokW dy Awpxy rIqI irvwj, nYiqkqw, Drm, Aqy pRMprwvW huMdIAW hn[ ijnWH dy AwDwr qy rwj Awpxy lokW leI kwnUMn bxwaudw hY[ ikauNkI jo kwnUMn rIqI irvwj Anuswr nhI huMdy lok aunW nUM svIkwr nhI krdy[ keI vwr srkwr nUM kwnUMn lwgU krvwaux leI SkqI dw pRXog krnw pYNdw hY[ smwj Swsqr rwjnIiqk ivcwrDwrwvW nUM smJx iv`c m`dd krdw hY :- vrqmwn Xu`g iv`c rozwnw nvIAW ivcwrDwrwvW pYdw huMdIAW hn[ hr ivcwrDwrw qy smwijk, AwriQk ,Aqy rwjnIiqk pRBwv pYxy lwzmI hn[ iksy vI ivcwrDwrw nUM smJx leI aus smy dy hwlqw bwry jwxkwrI jrUr pRwpq hoxI cwhIdI hY[ rwjnIqI Swsqr Aqy ieiqhws iv`c sMbMD ieiqhws iks nUM kihMdy hn? ieiqhws ijs nUM AMgryzI iv`c ihstrI (HISTORY) kihMdy hn[ ijs dw Bwv hY “HIS+STORY” [ mqlb “mnu`K dI khwxI”[ ieh mnùK dIAW bIqIAW hoeIAW GtnwvW dw lyKw joKw r`Kdw hY[ ieiqhws qo hI AsI Awpxy pUrvjW dy cMgy Aqy mwVy nqIijAW nUM pV skdy hW[ rwjnIqI dIAW jVWH ieiqhws iv`c hn :- ijMnIAW vI rwjnIiqk jW hor sMsQwvW hn auh swrIAW ieiqhwsk ivkws dw nqIjw hn[ ieiqhws dI shwieqw ley ibnW AsI iksy ivSy bwry shI jwxkwrI ie`kTI nhI kr skdy[ 4  ieiqhws rwjnIqI leI mh`qv pUrx pRXogSwlw hY :- ieiqhws mnu`K dIAW ij`qW Aqy hwrW dw ie`k kImqI somw hY[ jo cMgIAW mwVIAW GtnwvW bIq cu`kIAW rwjnIqI aus qo isiKAw lYy ky kMm krdI hY[ ieiqhws qo sbk lYNdy hoey swfy dyS Bwrq ny Drm-inrp`Kqw dw isDWq ApxwieAw[ dunIAW dy sB qo v`D Drm Bwrq iv`c pwey jWdy hn, ies leI dyS dI aunqI leI Bwrq dw inrp`K hoxw jrUrI sI[ rwjnIiqk kRWqIAW ieiqhws dw ru`K moV idMdIAW hn :- dunIAW dIAW mh`qvpUrx rwjnIiqk kRWqIAW ijvyN :- ieMglYNf dI 1688 dI kRWqI , 1780 dI PrWs dI kRWqI, 1917 dI rUs dI kRWqI, 1949 dI cIn dI kRWqI ieMnWH kRWqIAW ny sMswr dI idSw hI bdl id`qI[ ieiqhws dw ru`K hI bdl id`qw[ bhuq swry dySW iv`co rwjqMqr Kqm ho ky lokqMqr iv`c bdl igAw[ ie`k nvy Xu`g dw AwrMB hoieAw[ rwjnIqI Swsqr Aqy ArQ Swsqr iv`c sMbMD ArQ Swsqr kI hY ? ArQ Swsqr dw ivSw swnUM d`sdw hY ik pYsw ikvy kmwauxw hY, ikvy Krc krnw hY? ikvy pYsy nUM dUjy vpwr iv`c lgwauxw hY ? SurU iv`c qW rwjnIqI Aqy ArQ Swsqr nUM ie`k hI mMinAw jWdw sI [ies nUM “rwjnIiqk AwriQkqw” ikhw jWdw sI [ 18vIN sdI iv`c AYifm sim`Q ny ArQ Swsqr nUM ie`k Al`g ivSy vjoN pihcwx idvweI[ AYifm sim`Q dI pRis`D pusqk ‘An Enquiry into the Nature and causes of wealth of Nations’ hY[ 1. AwriQk ivkws leI rwjnIiqk siQrqw jrUrI hY :- ijMnWH dySW iv`c lgwqwr rwjnIiqk au`Ql-pu`Ql huMdI rihMdI hY aunW dySW iv`c AwriQk ivkws dI gqI holI ho jWdI hY[ XUrpI dySW dI qr`kI dw rwz hI ieh hY ik aunW dySW iv`c rwjnIqI siQr rihMdI hY[ lok srkwr qy Awpxw ivSvws r`Kdy hn[AwriQk KuShwlI bhuq h`d q`k mjbUq Swsn qy inrBr krdI hY[ ASwqI nwl dyS dw ivkws ru`k jWdw hY[ 2. AwriQk AsmwnqwvW rwjnIiqk kRWqIAW nUM jnm idMdIAW hn :- ਹੁਣ ਤਕ ਦੁਨੀਆਂ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਿਜੰ ਨੀਆਂ ਵੀ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ ਕ ਤੀਆਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਹਨ ਉਨ ਸਾਿਰਆਂ ਦਾ ਮੁੱ ਖ ਕਾਰਨ ਅਮੀਰ ਅਤੇ ਗ਼ਰੀਬ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਫ਼ਾਸਲਾ ਿਜ਼ਆਦਾ ਹੋਣਾ ਹੈ ਭਾਵ "ਆਰਿਥਕ ਅਸਮਾਨਤਾ" ਦਾ ਹੋਣਾ ਹੈ। ਜੇਕਰ ਸੰ ਸਾਰ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਆਰਿਥਕ ਅਸਮਾਨਤਾਵ ਹੋਣਗੀਆਂ ਤ ਰਾਜਨੀiਤਕ ਕ ਤੀਆਂ ਨਹ ਹੋ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਮਨੁੱ ਖ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਸਕਾਰਾਤਮਕ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਤ ਹੀ ਿਹੱ ਸਾ ਲੈ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੇਕਰ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਆਰਿਥਕ ਸਿਥਤੀ ਠੀਕ ਹੋਵੇ । "ਪੇਟ ਨਾ ਪਈਆਂ ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਤੇ ਸੱ ਭੇ ਗੱ ਲ ਖੋਟੀਆਂ "ਇਕ ਮਹੱ ਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਅਖਾਣ ਹੈ। ਜੋ ਇਸ ਗੱ ਲ ਵੱ ਲ ਇਸ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਿਕ ਭੁੱ ਖੇ ਿਵਅਕਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਕੁਝ ਵੀ ਚੰ ਗਾ ਨਹ ਲੱਗਦਾw 3. ਆਰਿਥਕ ਨੀਤੀਆਂ ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਹੀ ਲਾਗੂ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ :- ਪੈਸੇ ਨੂੰ ਕਮਾਉਣਾ , ਖ਼ਰਚ ਕਰਨਾ, ਬਚਾਉਣਾ ਅਤੇ ਲਗਾਉਣਾ। ਇਹ ਚਾਰ ਅਰਥ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦੇ ਮੁੱ ਖ ਿਵਸ਼ੇ ਮੰ ਨ ਗਏ ਹਨ। ਸਰਕਾਰ ਦੀ ਟੈਕਸ ਦੀ ਨੀਤੀ ਆਯਾਤ ਿਨਰਯਾਤ ਨੀਤੀ ਬਕ ਪਣਾਲੀ ਮੁਦਰਾ ਿਵਵਸਥਾ ਸੀਮਾ ਕਾਰਨ ਇਹ ਸਾਰੇ ਿਵਸ਼ੇ ਅਰਥ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਆ ਦੇ ਹਨ ।ਪਰ ਇਨ ਨੂੰ ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਲਾਗੂ ਕੀਤਾ ਜ ਦਾ ਹੈ[ 4. ਰਾਜਨੀਤਕ ਿਵਚਾਰਧਾਰਾਵ ਆਰਿਥਕ ਸਿਥਤੀ ਦੀ ਉਪਜ ਹੁੰ ਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ :- ਉਦਾਰਵਾਦ, ਮਾਰਕਸਵਾਦ ਸਾਮਵਾਦ ਸਾਮਰਾਜਵਾਦ,ਪੂੰ ਜੀਵਾਦ, ਸਮਾਜਵਾਦ ਇਹ ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਕ ਿਵਚਾਰਧਾਰਾਵ ਆਰਿਥਕ ਸਿਥਤੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਉਪਜ ਦਾ ਿਸੱ ਟਾ ਹਨ[ 5. ਲੋ ਕਤੰ ਤਰ ਦੀ ਸਫ਼ਲਤਾ ਲਈ ਆਰਿਥਕ ਖੁਸ਼ਹਾਲੀ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ :- ਅੱ ਜ ਦੁਨੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਲੋ ਕਤੰ ਤਰੀ ਪਣਾਲੀ ਪਾਈ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ। ਿਕ ਿਕ ਇਹ ਵਰਤਮਾਨ ਸਮ ਸਭ ਤ ਹਰਮਨ ਿਪਆਰੀ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਹੈ। ਲੋ ਕਤੰ ਤਰ ਦੀ ਸਫ਼ਲਤਾ ਲਈ ਦੇਸ਼ ਆਰਿਥਕ ਪੱ ਖ ਖੁਸ਼ਹਾਲ ਹੋਣਾ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ ਇਸੇ ਲਈ ਲੋ ਕ ਵਧ ਚੜ ਕੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਿਹੱ ਸਾ ਲੈ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਨ। ਕੁਝ ਪਸ਼ਨ ਤਰ AwpxI kwpI qy ilKo 1. ਿਕਹੜੇ ਿਵਸ਼ੇ ਨੂੰ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦੀ ਪਯੋਗਸ਼ਾਲਾ ਿਕਹਾ ਜ ਦਾ ਹੈ? 2. ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਜੀਵਨ ਦੇ ਿਕਸ ਪੱ ਖ ਦਾ ਅਿਧਐਨ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ? 3. ਿਕਸ ਿਵਸ਼ੇ ਨੂੰ ਸਾਰੇ ਿਵਿਸ਼ਆਂ ਦੀ "ਮ " ਿਕਹਾ ਜ ਦਾ ਹੈ ? 4. ਕੀ ਆਰਿਥਕ ਅਸਮਾਨਤਾ ਰਾਜਨੀਿਤਕ ਕ ਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਜਨਮ ਿਦੰ ਦੀ ਹੈ ? 5. ਅਰਥ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦਾ ਿਪਤਾਮਾ ਕੌ ਣ ਹY[ v`fy pRSnW dy auqr idE 1. rwjnIqI Swsqr Aqy ieiqhws dy sMbMDW qy not ilKo? 2. ArQ Swsqr rwjnIqI Swsqr nUM ikvyN pRBwivq krdw hY? 5  ਪਾਠ - 3 ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਦਾ ਅਰਥ :- ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਸਮ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਉਸ ਿਵਅਕਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਿਕਹਾ ਜ ਦਾ ਹੈ ਿਜਹੜਾ ਸ਼ਿਹਰ ਜ ਨਗਰ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਰਿਹੰ ਦਾ ਹੋਵ।ੇ ਜੋ ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਾਸਨ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਿਹੱ ਸਾ ਲਦਾ ਹੋਵੇ ਿਜਸ ਨੂੰ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਸ ਮਾਣ ਅਤੇ ਸਿਤਕਾਰ ਿਮਿਲਆ ਹੋਵੇ । ਪਰ ਵਰਤਮਾਨ ਸਮ ਅਿਜਹਾ ਕੁਝ ਨਹ ਹੈ । ਆਧੁਿਨਕ ਯੁੱ ਗ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਦੀ ਪਿਰਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਿਬਲਕੁਲ ਵੱ ਖਰੀ ਹੈ ਅੱ ਜ ਹਰ ਉਹ ਿਵਅਕਤੀ ਿਜਹੜਾ ਿਕਸੇ ਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਮਬਰ ਹੈ, ਰਾਜ ਪਤੀ ਸ਼ਰਧਾ ਰੱ ਖਦਾ ਹੈ, ਰਾਜ ਵੱ ਲ ਿਦੱ ਤੇ ਗਏ ਅਿਧਕਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਮਾਣਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਬਦਲੇ ਿਵਚ ਰਾਜ ਪਤੀ ਕੁਝ ਕਰਤੱ ਵ ਨੂੰ ਿਨਭਾ ਦਾ ਹੈ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਿਕਹਾ ਜ ਦਾ ਹੈ । ਿਵਦਵਾਨ ਨ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਸਬੰ ਧੀ ਵੱ ਖ ਵੱ ਖ ਪਿਰਭਾਸ਼ਾਵ ਿਦੱ ਤੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਹੇਠ ਿਲਖੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਹਨ :- ਅਰਸਤੂ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ,"ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਉਹ ਿਵਅਕਤੀ ਹੈ ਿਜਸ ਨੂੰ ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਪਬੰ ਧਕੀ ਿਵਭਾਗ ਅਤੇ ਿਨਆਂ ਿਵਭਾਗ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਭਾਗ ਲੈ ਣ ਦਾ ਅਿਧਕਾਰ ਹੋਵੇ ।" According to Vettal, " ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਸਮਾਜ ਦੇ ਉਹ ਮਬਰ ਹਨ ਿਜਹੜੇ ਕੁਝ ਕਰ`ਤਵ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਉਸ ਨਾਲ ਬੱ ਝੇ ਹੋਏ ਹੋਣ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਸੱ ਤਾ ਦੇ ਅਧੀਨ ਹੋਣ ਅਤੇ ਉਸ ਤ ਪਾਪਤ ਹੋਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਲਾਭ ਦੇ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਿਹੱ ਸੇਦਾਰ ਹੋਣ ।" nwgirk Aqy ivdySI iv`c AMqr 1. nwgirkW nUM rwjnIiqk Aqy smwijk AiDkwr pRwpq huMdy hn[ pr ivdySIAW nUM ieh AiDkwr nhI pRwpq nhI huMdy[ ivdySIAW nUM vot pwaux, coxW lVx, srkwrI pdvI pRwpq krn dw AiDkwr nhI huMdw[ 2. Xu`D jW lVweI vkq jy koeI ivdySI dyS ivroDI kwrvweI krdw hY qW aus nUM dyS inkwlw dy id`qw jwdW hY pr nwgirkW nwl Aijhw nhI ho huMdw[ 3. koeI vI dyS Awpxy nwgirkW qo Poj dI lwzmI syvw lY skdw hY, pr ivdySIAW qo nhI[ 4. bhuq swry rwjW iv`c ivdySIAW nUM srkwrI nOkrI pRwpq krn Aqy sMpqI KrIdx dw AiDkwr nhI huMdw[ nwgirkqw dIAW iksmW jnm-jwq nwgirkqw qo Bwv hY ik ijhVI jnm qoN jnm-jwq nwgirkqw iksy rwj dw nwgirk bxn qy pRwpq huMdI hY[ dySI ikRq nwgirkqw dySI ikRq nwgirkqw qo Bwv jo iksy dUjy rwj dIAW inSicq SrqW pUrIAW krn mgroN imldI hY[ 6 ਉਹ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਿਜਹੜੇ ਜਨਮ ਦੇ ਆਧਾਰ ਤੇ ਿਕਸੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਰਿਹੰ ਦੇ ਹਨ । ਿਜਸ ਦਾ ਆਧਾਰ ਲਹੂ ਹੋਵੇ ਜ ਜਨਮ ਸਥਾਨ ਹੋਵੇ । ਿਜਵ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਮਾਤਾ ਿਪਤਾ ਦੀ ਸੰ ਤਾਨ ਅਤੇ ਭਾਰਤ ਿਵਚ ਪੈਦਾ ਹੋਏ ਬੱ ਚੇ ਜਨਮ ਤ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਪਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਅਿਧਕਾਰੀ ਹੁੰ ਦੇ ਹਨ । jnm-jwq nwgirkqw :- 1. lhU-isDWq :- ies isDWq Anuswr b`cy dI nwgirkqw aus dy ipqw dI nwgirkqw qo jwxI jWdI hY[ ies isDWq iv`c jnm sQwn dI koeI mh`qqw nhI hY[ jrmnI Aqy ietlI iv`c Aijhw isDWq hY[ 2. jnm -sQwn isDWq :- ies isDWq Anuswr b`cy dI nwgirkqw aus dy mwqw ipqw qo nhI sgoN jnm sQwn qo inrDwirq kIqI jweygI[ ieh isDWq Arjntwienw iv`c hY[ 3. dohrw isDWq :- keI dySW iv`c dohrw isDWq pwieAw jWdw hY[ ijvy lhU isDWq vI Aqy jnm sQwn dw isDWq vI[ ieh dyS hn AmrIkw, ieMglYNf, Aqy PrWs[ies isDWq Anuswr dohrI nwgirkqw vI pRwpq ho jWdI hY[ dySI ਿਕਤ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ :- ਇਹ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਜਨਮ ਤ ਪਾਪਤ ਨਹ ਹੁੰ ਦੀ, ਸਗ ਦੂਜੇ ਰਾਜ ਕੁਝ ਸ਼ਰਤ ਪੂਰੀਆਂ ਕਰਨ ਮਗਰ ਪਾਪਤ ਕੀਤੀ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ । ਇਹ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਕਈ ਤਰੀਿਕਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਪਾਪਤ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀ ਹੈ 1. ਿਜਵ ਿਕਸੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵਚ ਲੰਬੇ ਸਮ ਤ ਰਿਹਣਾ 2. ਜਦ ਕੋਈ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਿਕਸੇ ਿਵਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਨਾਲ ਿਵਆਹ ਕਰ ਲਦੀ ਹੈ ਤ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਪਤੀ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਪਾਪਤ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ ਇਸ ਤਰ ਿਵਆਹ ਨਾਲ ਵੀ ਿਕਸੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਪਾਪਤ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ 3. ਕਈ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਿਵਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਉਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਸੰ ਪਤੀ ਖਰੀਦਣ ਨਾਲ ਉਥ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਪਾਪਤ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ 4. ਗੋਦ ਲੈ ਣ ਨਾਲ ਵੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਪਾਪਤ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ ਜਦ ਇੱ ਕ ਿਵਅਕਤੀ ਿਕਸੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਬੱ ਚੇ ਨੂੰ ਗੋਦ ਲਦਾ ਹੈ ਤ ਉਸ ਬੱ ਚੇ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਨਵ ਮਾਤਾ ਿਪਤਾ ਦੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਪਾਪਤ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ 5. ਿਕਸੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਨੌਕਰੀ ਪਾਪਤ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਵੀ ਉਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਹਾਸਲ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀ ਹੈ [ 6. ਜਦ ਕੋਈ ਿਵਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਿਕਸੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਸੈਨਾ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਭਰਤੀ ਹੋ ਜ ਦਾ ਹੈ ਤ ਉਹ ਉਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਪਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਯੋਗ ਹੋ ਜ ਦਾ ਹੈ । 7. ਕਈ ਵਾਰੀ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਸਤਾਏ ਗਏ ਰਾਜਨੀਿਤਕ ਅੱ ਿਤਆਚਾਰ ਤ ਬਚਣ ਲਈ ਿਕਸੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਸ਼ਰਨ ਪਾਪਤ ਕਰ ਲਦੇ ਹਨ[ ਕੁਝ ਸਮ ਬਾਅਦ ਸਬੰ ਿਧਤ ਦੇਸ਼ ਉਨ ਨੂੰ ਉਥ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਦੇ ਿਦੰ ਦਾ ਹੈ । 8. ਜੇਕਰ ਕੋਈ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਤੇ ਹਮਲਾ ਕਰਕੇ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਰਾਜ ਿਵਚ ਿਮਲਾ ਲਦਾ ਹੈ ਤ ਹਾਰੇ ਹੋਏ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਖਤਮ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਜੇਤੂ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਉਨ ਲੋ ਕ ਨੂੰ ਪਾਪਤ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ [ 9. ਿਵਦਵਾਨ, ਸਾਿਹਤਕਾਰ ਜ ਿਕਸੇ ਿਵਸ਼ੇਸ਼ ਖੇਤਰ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਪਿਸੱ ਧੀ ਪਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੇ ਿਵਅਕਤੀ ਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਕੀਮਤੀ ਸਰਮਾਇਆ ਹੁੰ ਦੇ ਹਨ । ਇਹ ਅਿਜਹੀ ਿਵਅਕਤੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਪਦਾਨ ਕਰਨਾ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਵੀ ਮਾਣ ਮਿਹਸੂਸ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ ਮਦਰ ਟੈਰੇਸਾ ਨੂੰ ਕਈ ਦੇਸ਼ ਨ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਪਦਾਨ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ । 7 ਿਕਹੜੇ ਤਰੀਿਕਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਖੋਹੀ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀ ਹੈ ? ਜ ਗੁਆਈ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀ ਹੈ ? ਿਜਸ ਤਰ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਪਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਕਈ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਹਨ ਉਸੇ ਤਰ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਗੁਆਉਣ ਦੇ ਵੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਹਨ 1. ਿਕਸੇ ਿਵਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਆਦਮੀ ਨਾਲ ਿਵਆਹ ਕਰਨ ਨਾਲ ਔਰਤ ਦੀ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਖ਼ਤਮ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ 2. ਜੇ ਕੋਈ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਨੂੰ ਛੱ ਡ ਕੇ ਿਕਸੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵਚ ਕਾਫੀ ਲੰਬੇ ਸਮ ਤਕ ਰਹੇ ਤ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਖਤਮ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ 3. ਜੇਕਰ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਸੈਨਾ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਭਰਤੀ ਹੋ ਜਾਵੇ ਜ ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਨੌਕਰੀ ਪਾਪਤ ਕਰ ਲਵੇ ਤ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਖਤਮ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ। 4. ਜੇ ਕੋਈ ਬੱ ਚਾ ਿਵਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਜੋੜੇ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਗੋਦ ਲੈ ਿਲਆ ਜਾਵੇ ਤ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਪਿਹਲੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਖ਼ਤਮ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ 5. ਜੇ ਕੋਈ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਕਸੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਪਰ ਹਮਲਾ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਰਾਜ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਿਮਲਾ ਲਵੇ ਤ ਹਾਰੇ ਹੋਏ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਦੀ ਪਿਹਲੀ ਨਾਗਿਰਕਤਾ ਖ਼ਤਮ ਹੋ ਜ ਦੀ ਹੈ । 6. ਕਈ ਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵਚ ਦੇਸ਼ ਧੋਹ ਵਰਗੇ ਗੰ ਭIr AprwD krn qy vI ivAkqI dI nwgirkqw Kqm ho jWdI hY[ ie`k cMgy nwgirk dy gux 1. ie`k cMgw nwgirk ishqmMd hoxw cwhIdw hY[ ikauik ie`k ibmwr ivAkqI nw qW AwpxI dyK Bwl kr skdw hY Aqy nW hI smwj pRqI Awpxy Prz inBw skdw hY[ 2. ie`k cMgw nwgirk is`iKAq huMdw hY ijs nwl auh Awpxw burw Blw soc skdw hY[Awpxy AiDkwrW Aqy krq`vW dI pwlxw kr skdw hY[ 3. ie`k cMgw nwgirk vDIAw cir`qr vwlw hoxw cwhIdw hY[ auh ipAwr, hmdrdI, sihxSIlqw, Aqy inmrqw vwlw hoxw cwhIdw hY[ 4. imhnq ie`k vDIAW nwgirk dw mu`K l`Cx hY[ auh iksy kMm nUM krn qo Srm nhI krdw[ jwpwn Aqy XUrp imhnqI lokW dy dyS hn Aqy ienW dI audwrhn swrw sMswr idMdw hY[ 5. ie`k vDIAW nwgirk infr, dyS Bgq Aqy vDIAW ivcwrW vwlw hoxw cwhIdw hY[ auh smwj dy bury rsmW irvwjW dw ivroD krdw hY[ 6. ie`k vDIAW nwgirk AwpxI vot dw shI iesqymwl krdw hY[ Aqy Awpxy dyS pRqI krq`vW dw pwlx krdw hY[ ie`k vDIAw nwgirk dy rsqy iv`c Awaux vwlIAw rukwvtW 1. ie`k AwdrS nwgirk dy rsqy iv`c AnpVqw ie`k mu`K rukwvt hY[AnpV ivAkqI dyS dIAW muSklW nUM smJ nhI skdw[ auh purwxy rIqI irvwjW dw gulwm bixAw rihMdw hY 2. Awls ivAkqI dw dUjw v`fw duSmx hY[AwlsI ivAkqI dyS dy kMmW iv`c Bwg nhI lYNdw[ iesy leI auh AwpxIAW ijMmyvwrIAW nUM shI qrIky nwl nhI inBwaudw[ 3. ies qo ielwvw grIbI, byruzgwrI, vDdI AbwdI Awid vDIAw nwgirk dy rsqy iv`c rukwvtW hn[ 4. sMpRdwiekqw, rwStrvwd Aqy iPrkwpRsqI Aijhy msly hn ijMnW nUM h`l krn nwl hI koeI dyS qr`kI kr skdw hY[ Drm dy AwDwr qy lVweI, iGRxw Aqy eIrKw ies sB nwgirkW dy rsqy iv`c Aihm rukwvtW hn[ 8 5. iBRStwcwr Aqy irSvq KorI vDIAW nwgirkW dy rsqy iv`c AijhIAW rukwvtW hn ijMnW nwl dyS dw ivkws ru`k jWdw hY[ AmIr izAwdw AmIr Aqy grIb izAwdw grIb bx jWdy hn[ ieh burweIAW dyS Aqy smwj dy ih`qW dw nukswn krdIAW hn[ 6. keI vwr smwj dy bxwey bury rsmo -irvwj nwgirk dy ivkws iv`c v`fI rukwvt pYdw kr idMdy hn[ jwqI pRQw, dwj dI pRQw, bwl ivAwh AijhIAW smwijk burweIAW hn ijMnW nwl ivAkqI dw srvp`KI ivkws nhI huMdw[ nwgirkW dy rsqy iv`c Awaux vwlIAW rukwvtW nUM ikvy dUr kIqw jw skdw hY? 1. nwgirkw iv`c AigAwnqw nUM dUr krn leI muPq Aqy lwzmI is`iKAw ie`k vDIAw auprwlw hY[ 2. AmIr Aqy grIb iv`c Pwslw G`t krn leI lokW nUM rujgwr imlxw cwhIdw hY[ GrylU audXogW nUM auqSwihq krnw Aqy lokW dy jIvx p`Dr nUM aucw cu`kxw srkwr dw mu`K kMm hoxw cwhIdw hY[ 3. vot dw shI iesqymwl krnw nwgirkW nUM Awauxw cwhIdw hY[ qW jo auh vDIAw Aqy inrp`K srkwr cux skx[ jo lokW Anuswr kMm kry[ 4. kwnUMn inrmwx iv`c v`D qo v`D lokW nUM ih`sw lYxw cwhIdw hY[ srkwr lokW dy ih`qW nUM mu`K r`K ky Aijhy kwnUMn bxwey ijnW nwl v`D lokW nUM lwB iml sky[ 5. smwijk burweIAW nUM dUr krn leI srkwr nUM sKq kwnUMn bxwauxy cwhIdy hn[ smwj iv`c jo lok AijhIAW burweIAW nUM vDwaudy hn, aunW ivru`D kwnUMnI kwrvweI krnI cwhIdI hY[ 6. nwgirkW dI cMgI ishq leI v`D qo v`D ishq kyNdr hoxy cwhIdy hn[ kmzor vrg dy lokW leI muPq srkwrI ielwz hoxw cwhIdw hY[ AiBAws leI pRSn 1. nwgirk nMU AMgRyzI iv`c kI kihMdy hn? 2. nwgirk Aqy ivdySI iv`c cwr AMqr d`so ? 3. jmWdrU nwgirkqw ikvyN pRwpq kIqI jw skdI hY? 4. nwgirkqw qo kI Bwv hY ? nwgirkqw Kqm ikvy ho skdI hY ? koeI do kwrn d`so 5. ਇਕ ਵਧੀਆ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਿਵਚ ਿਕਹੜੇ ਿਕਹੜੇ ਗੁਣ ਹੋਣੇ ਚਾਹੀਦੇ ਹਨ ? 9  pwT=4 nwgirkW dy AiDkwr Aqy ਵਰਤਮਾਨ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਉਦੇਸ਼ ਿਵਅਕਤੀ ਦੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਨੂੰ ਵੱ ਧ ਤ ਵੱ ਧ ਸੁਖਾਲਾ ਬਣਾਉਣਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਉਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਪਾਪਤੀ ਲਈ ਹਰ ਰਾਜ ਆਪਣੇ ਨਾਗਿਰਕ ਨੂੰ ਕੁਝ ਸਹੂਲਤ ਿਦੰ ਦਾ ਹੈ। ਰਾਜ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਿਦੱ ਤੀਆਂ ਸਹੂਲਤ ਨਾਲ ਿਵਅਕਤੀ ਆਪਣਾ ਸਰਵਪੱ ਖੀ ਿਵਕਾਸ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ[ਅਤੇ ਇਨ ਸਹੂਲਤ ਨੂੰ ਅਸ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਿਵੱ ਚ ਅਿਧਕਾਰ ਕਿਹੰ ਦੇ ਹ । ਇਹ ਅਿਧਕਾਰ ਿਸਰਫ਼ ਿਵਅਕਤੀ ਦੇ ਿਨ ਜੀ ਿਵਕਾਸ ਲਈ ਹੀ ਨਹ ਸਗ ਸਮਾਜ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਿਜਕ ਕਦਰ ਕੀਮਤ ਦੇ ਿਵਕਾਸ ਲਈ ਵੀ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹਨ। ਪੋਫੈਸਰ ਲਾਸਕੀ ਨ ਠੀਕ ਿਕਹਾ ਹੈ ਿਕ," ਰਾਜ ਆਪਣੇ ਿਦੱ ਤੇ ਹੋਏ ਅਿਧਕਾਰ ਤ ਪਛਾਿਣਆ ਜ ਦਾ ਹੈ ।" AiDkwrW dw ArQ hY auh shUlqW ijMnW nwl ivAkqI Awpxw srvp`KI ivkws kr skdw hY[ ਅਿਧਕਾਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਪਿਰਭਾਸ਼ਾਵ :- 1. ਵਾਈਲਡ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ," ਅਿਧਕਾਰ ਕੁਝ ਿਵਸ਼ੇਸ਼ ਕੰ ਮ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸੁਤੰਤਰਤਾ ਦੀ ਉਿਚਤ ਮੰ ਗ ਹੈ ।" 2. ਡਾ. ਬੇਨੀ ਪਸਾਦ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ," ਅਿਧਕਾਰ ਉਹ ਸਮਾਿਜਕ ਹਾਲਤ ਹਨ ਿਜਹੜੀਆਂ ਿਵਅਕਤੀ ਦੇ ਿਵਕਾਸ ਲਈ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਅਤੇ ਅਨੁਕੂਲ ਹੋਣ ।" AiDkwrW dw vrgIkrn kudrqI AiDkwr nYiqk AiDkwr kwnUMnI AiDkwr mOilk AiDkwr smwijk AiDkwr AwriQk AiDkwr rwjnIiqk AiDkwr kudrqI AiDkwr :- smwj bnx qo pihlW lok kudrqI AvsQw iv`c rihMdy sn, aus AvsQw iv`c lokW nUM kudrqI AiDkwr vI pRwpq sI[ ies smyN ‘ijs kI lwTI aus kI BYNs’ vwlw inXm lwgU sI[ nYiqk AiDkwr :- mnu`K smwj iv`c rihMdy hoey keI nYiqk inXmW dI pwlxw krdw hY[ ieMnW inXmW ip`Cy isrP ivAkqI dI nYiqkqw hI SkqI huMdI sI[ ijvy:- v`ifAw dI AwigAw dw pwlx krnw, Awpxy mwqw-ipqw dI syvw krnw jW iksy loVvMd dI shwieqw krnI Awid[ mOilk AiDkwr :- lokqMqrI dySW iv`c mnu`K dy srvp`KI ivkws leI kuJ mOilk AiDkwr id`qy jWdy hn[ ieMnW AiDkwrW ip`Cy kwnUMnI SkqI huMdI hY[ BwrqI sMivDwn iv`c nwgirkW nUM AwrtIkl 12 qO 36 q`k mOilk AiDkwr id`qy gey hn[ kwnUMnI AiDkwr :- ieh AiDkwr auh huMdy hn ijMnW nUM rwj v`lo mwxqw pRwpq huMdI hY[ Aqy AdwlqW ieMnW AiDkwrW dI r`iKAW krdIAW hn[ 10 kwnUMnI AiDkwrW nUM iqMn BwgW iv`c vMifAW jWdw hY :- 1. smwijk jW nwgirk AiDkwr 2. AwriQk AiDkwr 3. rwjnIiqk AiDkwr smwijk jW nwgirk AiDkwr 1. jIvn dw AiDkwr 2. pirvwr dw AiDkwr 3. in`jI suMqqrqw dw AiDkwr 4. iv`idAw dw AiDkwr 5. Dwrimk suMqqrqw dw AiDkwr 6. smwnqw dw AiDkwr 7. ivcwr r`Kx dw AiDkwr Aqy pRgt krn dw AiDkwr 8. Cwpy-Kwny dw AiDkwr 9. GuMmx-iPrn dw AiDkwr 10. inAW pRwpq krn dw AiDkwr AwriQk AiDkwr 1. kMm dw AiDkwr 2. auic`q mzdUrI pRwpq krn dw AiDkwr 3. sMpqI dw AiDkwr 4. Awrwm dw AiDkwr 5. AwriQk sur`iKAw dw AiDkwr 6. kMm dy inSicq smyN dw AiDkwr rwjnIiqk AiDkwr 1. vot pwaux dw AiDkwr 2. cox lVn dw AiDkwr 3. srvjnk Ahudy pRwpq krn dw AiDkwr 4. srkwr dI Awlocnw krn dw AiDkwr 5. ivdySW iv`c sur`iKAW dw AiDkwr 6. pRwrQnw p`qr dyx dw AiDkwr nwgirk Awpxy AiDkwrW dI r`iKAW ikvyN kr skdy hn ? 1. AiDkwrW nUM sMivDwn iv`c Swiml krky [ 2. suMqqr Aqy inrp`K inAWpwilkw dw hoxw zrUrI hY[ 3. nwgirk hr p`KoN sucyq hoxy cwhIdy hn[ 4. sMivDwink aupcwrW dI ivvsQw hoxI cwhIdI hY[ 5. AiDkwrW dI sur`iKAW leI lokqMqrI SwSn pRxwlI hoxI cwhIdI hY[ AiDkwrW dIAW ivSySqwvW AiDkwr smyN Anuswr bdldy rihMdy hn AiDkwr swirAW leI AiDkwr isrP smwj iv`c hI sMBv hn smwn huMdy hn AiDkwr rwj duAwrw rwj AiDkwrW dI AiDkwr krq`vW nwl lwgU kIqy jWdy hn r`iKAW krdw hY b`Jy huMdy hn 11  krq`v dw ArQ AiDkwrW dy bdly jo swnUM Prz inBwauxy pYdyN hn aunW nUM “krq`v” ikhw jwdW hY[ ieh ie`k qrWH dI izMmyvwrI huMdI hY[ krq`v Sbd nUM AMgryzI iv`c ifaUtI ikhw jwdW hY[ ifaUtI Sbd “fYt” Sbd qo bixAw hY ijs dw ArQ hY – krzw[ jykr swfw smwj swnUM shUlqW pRdwn krdw hY qW swfw smwj bdly iv`c kuJ mMgW vI krdw hY, ijs nUM krq`v ikhw jwdW hY[ BwrqI sMivDwn dI 42vIN soD jo ik 1976 iv`c hoeI sI, aus Anuswr BwrqI nwgirkW nUM 11 ( igAwrW) mOilk krq`v id`qy gey[ kwnUMnI krq`v jW rwj dy pRqI krq`v 1. rwj pRqI vPwdwrI 2. sMivDwn dw snmwn krnw 3 kwnUMnW dI pwlxw krnI 4. srvjnk sMpqI dI r`iKAw krnI 5 vot dI shI vrqo krnI 6. srkwrI AiDkwrIAW nUM sihXog dyxw AiDkwr Aqy krq`v ie`k hI is`ky dy do pwsy huMdy hn[ pM. jvwhr lwl nihrU dy Anuswr, “AsI AiDkwrW dy mukwbly krq`vW qy bhuq G`t zor idMdy hW[ pr jy krq`vW dI AdwiegI TIk qrWH kIqI jwey qW AiDkwr Awpxy Awp hI iml jwxgy[“ vweIlf dy Anuswr,” krq`vW dI dunIAW iv`c hI AiDkwrW dw mh`qv hY[“ 1. AiDkwr Aqy krq`v nwl nwl c`ldy hn :- ieh kQn shI hY ik AiDkwr Aqy krq`vW iv`c bhuq gUVwH sMbMD hY[ ieh ie`ko is`ky dy do pwsy hn[ pr krq`vW dI pwlxw kIqy ibnW AiDkwrW dI Aws nhIN krnI cwhIdI [jy hr ivAkqI Awpxy krq`vW nUM shI qrIky nwl inBwauNdw hY qW AiDkwr aus nUM AwswnI nwl iml jWdy hn[ 2. AiDkwrW dw pRXog smwijk BlweI leI huMdw hY :- AiDkwrW dw mksd smwj dI BlweI vI huMdw hY[ ikauik AiDkwr swnUM smwj vlo imly huMdy hn[ Aqy AsI Awpxw srvp`KI ivkws vI smwj iv`c hI kr 3. skdy hW[ jy ivAkqI nUM vot dw AiDkwr pRwpq hY qW aus dw Prz vI hY ik auh iemwndwr Aqy suc`jy ivAkqI nUM vot pwvy qW jo smwj iv`c skrwqmk qbdIlI ilAWdI jw sky[ 4. myrw AiDkwr dUijAW dw krq`v hY :- jy ivAkqI nUM jIx dw AiDkwr id`qw hoieAw hY qW dUjy ivAkqI dI ieh izMmyvwrI bx jWdI hY ik auh aus ivAkqI dy jIvx dy AiDkwr iv`c koeI rukwvt nw pwey[ jykr swnUM sMpqI bxwaux dw AiDkwr hY qW dUijAw dw Prz hY ik auh swfI sMpqI nw Kohx[ 5. ivAkqI nUM Awpxy AiDkwrW dI suc`jI vrqoN krnI cwhIdI hY :- swnUM Awpxy AiDkwrW dI shI vrqoN krnI cwhIdI hY ijvy jy swnUM srkwr dI Awlocnw dw AiDkwr imilAw hY qW swfw krq`v hY ik Awlocnw dw p`Dr nIvW nw hovy[ jy swnUM dyS iv`c ikqy vI GuMmx dI AwzwdI hY qW swfw Prz vI bxdw hY ik sMbMiDq rwj dy inXm Aqy kwnUMnW nUM mMinAw jwvy[ AiBAws leI kuJ pRSn 1. ividAwrQI ies pwT nUM pVH ky ie`k-ie`k nMbrW vwly 10 pRSn ilKygw 2. AiDkwrW nUM ikMny BwgW iv`c vMifAw igAw hY? 3. kwnUMnI AiDkwr iks nUM kihMdy hn? 4. AiDkwr dI koeI ie`k pirBwSw ilKo? 5. AiDkwrW qo kI Bwv hY ? 6. AiDkwrW dIAW iqMn ivSySqwvW ilKo? 7. AiDkwrW dI r`iKAw ikvy kIqI jw skdI hY? 8. krq`v qo kI Bwv hY? 9. vot dy AiDkwr qo kI Bwv hY? 10. AiDkwrW Aqy krq`vW iv`c do sMbMD ilKo? 11. 12  pwT= 5 kwnUMn dw ArQ Aqy iksmW smwj shI qrIky nwl clwaux leI kuJ inXmW dI loV pYNdI hY[ rwjnIqI SwSqr iv`c ieMnWH inXmW nUM “kwnUMn” ikhw jWdw hY[ ieh kwnUMn rwj vloN bxwey jWdy hn[ ieMnW dI aulMGxw krn vwly nUM inAWpwilkw duAwrw szw id`qI jWdI hY[ kwnUMn nUM AMgryzI iv`c “lwA” (LAW) ikhw jWdw hY[ “lwA” Sbd itaUtwink BwSw dy “lYg” Sbd qoN bixAw hY[ ijs dw ArQ hY inSicq jW siQr[ ies qrWH kwnUMn ie`k Aijhw inXm hY jo inSicq, siQr Aqy ieko ijhw bixAw rhy[ kwnUMn dI pirBwSw :- 1. Awsitn dy Anuswr,“kwnUMn srv-s`qwvwdI dw hukm hY[” 2. swlmMf dy Anuswr,“kwnUMn aunW inXmW dw smUh hY ijs nUM rwj mwnqw idMdw hY[ Aqy inAW ivvsQw dy pRSwSn iv`c lwgU krdw hY[” 3. pwauNf dy Anuswr,“kwnUMn auhnW inXmW dw smUh hY jo jnqw Aqy AdwlqW duAwrw inAW pRSwSn iv`c mwnqw pRwpq hn Aqy lwgU kIqy jWdy hn[” kwnUMn dIAW ivSySqwvW :- 1. kwnUMn smwj dy sDwrx inXm hn[ ieh smwj dy swry ivAkqIAW aupr smwn rUp nwl lwgU huMdy hn[ Aqy swry nwgirk ieMnWH kwnUMnW nUM mMnx dy pwbMD hoxgy[ 2. kwnMUn dw inrmwx rwj duAwrw kIqw jWdw hY[ smwj iv`c pRcilq rsmW, irvwjW Anuswr kwnUMnW dw inrmwx kIqw jWdw hY[ ivDwnpwilkw ieMnW kwnUMnW nUM bxwaudI hY, purwxy kwnUMnW iv`c qbdIlI krdI hY[ kwrjpwilkw ieMnW nUM lwgU krn dw kMm krdI hY[ 3. kwnUMnW ip`Cy rwj dI SkqI huMdI hY[ ies dI pwlxw sKqI nwl krvweI jWdI hY[ ies leI inAWpwilkw inrp`Kqw nwl AwpxI BUimkw inBwauNdI hY[ 4. kwnUMnW dw mùK audyS smwijk loVW nUM pUrw krnw hY[ ijs nwl nwgirkW dw srvp`KI ivkws ho sky[ smwj iv`c smyN Aqy hwlqW Anuswr kwPI qbdIlI AwauNdI hY[ Aqy kwnUMn smwj dI gqISIlqw nwl hI cldy hn[ kwnUMn dy somy (sroq) 1. rIqI – irvwz 2. Drm 3. AdwlqI PYsly 4. ivigAwink it`pxIAW 5. inAW bu`DI 6. ivDwn mMfl rIqI-irvwz :- ieh kwnUMn bxwaux dw sB qo purwxw somw hY[ purwxy smy iv`c smwj ieMnWH guMJldwr jW auliJAW hoieAw nhI sI[ rIqI irvwzW Anuswr swry kMm kIqy jWdy sn[ ieMnW dI pwlxw kwnUMnW Anuswr hI kIqI jWdI sI[ ieMnW rIqI irvwzW nUM lok SrDw nwl mMndy sn[ holI holI ieh irvwz kwnUMn dw rUp Dwrn krn l`g pey[ A`j vI ieMglYNf dw pRc`ilq kwnUMn Aqy Bwrq iv`c musilm kwnUMn lokW dy rIqI irvwzW dw sMgRih hn[ 13  Drm :- purwxy smyN iv`c Drm auqy lokW dw Atu`t ivSvwS sI[ Drm smwijk inXmW jW kwnUMnW nUM GVdw sI [ aus smy rwjy nUM eISvrI SkqI smiJAw jWdw sI [ puroihq Aqy rwjy Drm dy Anuswr lokW nwl inAW krdy sn[ ieMnW kwnMUnW dI aulMGxw krnI pwp smiJAw jWdw sI[ A`j vI ihMdUAW leI mnUMsimRqI, muslmwnW leI kurwn, Aqy bweIbl kwnUMn dy mh`qvpUrn somy hn[ AdwlqI PYsly :- gYtl dy Anuswr,” rwj dw jnm kwnUMn dy rUp iv`c nhIN blik rIqI irvwzW dI ivAwiKAw krn Aqy aunW nUM lwgU krn dy rUp iv`c hoieAw[” AwDuink Xu`g iv`c j`jW duAwrw kIqy AdwlqI PYsly kwnUMn dy mu`K somy hn[ j`jW swhmxy kuJ msly keI vwr Aijhy Aw jWdy hn ijMnW sMbMDI kwnUMn AspS`t jW klIAr nhI huMdy AijhI siQqI iv`c j`j kwnUMn dI ivAwiKAw, ivsQwr Aqy soD krdy hn[ ivigAwink it`pxIAW:- AdwlqI PYsly Aqy ivigAwink it`pxIAW iv`c bhuq G`t AMqr huMdw hY[ AdwlqI PYsilAW dw sMbMD ivSyS mukd`imAW nwl hY[ jdo ik kwnUMnI it`pxI dw sMbMD kwnUMn dy isDWq nwl huMdw hY[ kwnUMn aupr it`pxI krn vwlw kwnUMn iv`c rih geIAW kmIAW dw pqw lgwauNdw hY [ Aqy aus kwnUMn iv`c soD krn dw qrIkw d`sdw hY[ inAW bu`DI :- keI vwr j`jW swhmxy Aijhy muk`dmy AwauNdy hn[ ijMnWH iv`c j`jW nUM AwpxI bu`DI Aqy inrp`K idRStIkox dI vrqoN krdy hn[ keI vwr bdldy smyN Anuswr keI kwnUMn TIk nhI bYTdy[ ies leI j`jW ny AwpxI bu`DI, qzrby Aqy inrp`Kqw Anuswr PYslw krnw huMdw hY Aqy purwxy kwnUMnW iv`c soD krnI huMdI hY[ AiDAwdyS:-jdo sMsd dw SYSn nw cl irhw hovy Aqy dyS nUM iksy kwnUMn dI loV hovy qW kyNdr iv`c rwStrpqI Aqy rwj iv`c rwjpwl AiDAwdyS jwrI kr skdw hY[ kwnUMnW dw vrgIkrx jW iksmW v`K- v`K rwjnIqI SwsqrW dy ivdvwnW ny v`K-v`K pRkwr dIAW kwnUMn dIAW iksmW d`sIAW hn[ jo rwStrI Aqy AMqr- rwStrI p`Dr dIAW hn[ pRo: mYkweIvr ny rwjnIiqk kwnUMnW dw vrgIkrx ies qrWH kIqw hY :- rwjnIiqk kwnUMn rwStrI kwnUMn AMqr-rwStrI kwnUMn sMivDwink kwnUMn swDwrx kwnUMn srvjnk kwnUMn ivAkqIgq kwnUMn pRSwsink kwnUMn ivDwnk kwnUMn 1. rwStrI kwnUMn :- ieh auh kwnUMn huMdy hn ijMnW dw sMbMD rwj iv`c invws krn vwly ivAkqIAW leI bxwey gey huMdy hn[ ieh kwnUMn sMbMiDq rwj dI h`d q`k hI sIimq rihMdy hn[ ieh ivAkqIAW dy jIvx nUM inXimq Aqy squMilq bxweI r`Kdy hn[ 2. AMqr-rwStrI kwnUMn :- ieh auh inXm huMdy hn jo v`K-v`K dySW dy AwpsI ivvhwr nUM inSicq krdy hn[ ieMnWH dw Kyqr bhuq hI ivSwl Aqy srvivAwpk huMdw hY[ ienWH kwnUMnW nUM isrP iSStwcwr dy nwqy kwnUMn ikhw jWdw hY ikauNik ieMnW dI aulMGxw krn qy szw dyx leI koeI srvauc SkqI nhI huMdI [ 3. sMivDwink kwnUMn :- ieh dyS dw buinAwdI kwnUMn huMdw hY[ ies nwl hI srkwr dy kMmW nUM inSicq kIqw jWdw hY[ ieh ilKqI jW AilKqI dovyN qrWH dw ho skdw hY[ AilKqI sMivDwink kwnUMn izAwdwqr lokW dy rIqI irvwzW , pMRprwvW Aqy pRQwvW qy AwDwirq huMdw hY[ ilKqI sMivDwink kwnUMn kTor jW lckIly ho skdy hn[ieMnW iv`c soD krn leI ivSyS pRikRAw ApxwauxI pYNdI hY[ 4. swDwrx kwnUMn :- ieMnW kwnUMnW dy Anuswr dyS dI srkwr nwgirkW dy Awcrx nUM kMtrol krdI hY[ ieh kwnUMn ivDwn mMfl duAwrw bxwey jWdy hn[ Aqy kwrjpwilkw duAwrw lwgU kIqy jWdy hn[ 14 5. srvjnk kwnUMn :- ieh kwnUMn ivAkqI Aqy rwj dy AwpsI sMbMDW nUM inrDwirq krdy hn[ ieh kwnUMn nwgirkW nUM d`sdw hY ik corI, h`iqAw, DoKybwzI Awid AprwD hn[ ienW nUM rokx leI srvjnk kwnUMn bxwey jWdy hn[ 6. ivAkqIgq kwnUMn :- ieh kwnUMn nwgirkW dy AwpsI sMbMDW nUM inrDwirq krdy hn[ iek ivAkqI nUM dUjy ivAkqI nwl iks qrWH dw ivvhwr krnw cwhIdw hY ? ivAwh Aqy qlwk sMbMDI, sMpqI KrIdx Aqy vycx sMbMDI, krzy sMbMDI Aqy auqrwidkwr dy kwnUMn ivAkqIgq kwnUMn khy jWdy hn[ 7. pRSwsink kwnUMn :- ieMnWH kwnUMnW dw sbMD pRSwsn nwl huMdw hY[ ieh auh kwnUMn huMdy hn ijMnWH dy ADIn srkwrI krmcwrIAW dIAW izMmyvwrIAW Aqy auhnW dw nwgirkW pRqI ivvhwr inSicq kIqw jWdw hY[ jykr srkwrI krmcwrI koeI gYr-kwnUMnI kMm krdy hn[ qW aunWH qy Kws iksm dy kwnUMn lwgU huMdy hn, ijMnW nUM “pRSwsink kwnUMn” ikhw jWdw hY[ Aqy aunW qy Kws AdwlqW iv`c muk`dmy clwey jWdy hn[ ijMnWH nUM “ pRSwSkI AdwlqW ” ikhw jWdw hY[ 8. ivDwnk kwnUMn :- ieh kwnUMn rwj dy ivDwn mMflW duAwrw bxwey jWdy hn[ies leI ieMnW nUM “sMsdI kwnUMn” vI ikhw jWdw hY[ Bwrq Aqy ieMglYNf iv`c sMsd Aqy AmrIkw iv`c kWgrs kwnUMnW dw inrmwx krdI hY[ A`j hr dyS dw mu`K mksd lokW dI BlweI krnw hY[ dyS dIAW smwijk, rwjnIiqk, AwriQk Aqy hor s`misAwvW dw h`l krnw hY[ ies leI ivDwn-mMfl keI qrWH dy kwnUMn pws krdI hY[ AiDAwdyS :- jdo sMsd dw SYsn nw cl irhw hovy, Aqy dyS nUM iksy kwnUMn dI loV hovy Aijhy hwlqW dw swmhxw krn leI kwrjpwilkw AiDAwdyS jwrI kr skdI hY[ ieh ie`k qrWH nwl AsQweI kwnUMn huMdy hn[ ieMnW nUM kwnUMn bxwauxw jW AsvIkwr krnw sMsd dy h`Q iv`c huMdw hY[ BwrqI sMivDwn Anuswr kyNdr iv`c rwStrpqI Aqy rwjW iv`c rwjpwl AiDAwdyS jwrI kr skdy hn[ AiBAws leI pRSn 1. kwnUMn dw SbdI ArQ kI hY ? ivAkqIgq kwnUMn iks nUM kihMdy hn? 2. swlmMf Anuswr kwnUMn dI kI pirBwSw hY? 3. kwnUMn dIAW koeI do ivSySqwvW d`so ? 4. kwnUMn dy mu`K koeI cwr soimAW bwry not ilKo ? 5. rwStrI Aqy AMqr-rwStrI kwnUMnW iv`c kI AMqr hY? 6. pRSwsink kwnUMn ikMnW leI bxwey jWdy hn? 7. “AiDAwdyS” qo kI Bwv hY? 8. Bwrq iv`c kwnUMn kox bxwaudw hY? 9. 2020 iv`c ikhVy nvy kwnUMn bxy hn? aunWH bwry Awpxy AiDAwpk dI md`d lY ky ilKo? 15  pwT= 6 suqMqrqw- ArQ,iksmW Aqy aupwA BUimkw mnu`K suqMqrqw pRwpqI leI SUru qo sMGrS krdw irhw hY[ suMqqrqw lokqMqr dy cwr QMmW iv`co ie`k mzbUq QMm hY[ ies dI pRwpqI leI pqw nhI ikMny lokW ny AwpxIAW jwnW vwrIAW hoxgIAW[ 1776 iv`c “ AmrIkw dI suqMqrqw dI GoSxw” iv`c ieh mh`qvpUrn GoSxw kIqI geI “AsIN ies s`cweI nUM pUrn qOr qy svIkwr krdy hW ik sB mnu`K smwn bxwey gey hn[ “iesy qrWH hI 1789 dI PrWs dI kRWqI ip`Co PrWs dI rwStrI AsYNblI ny mnu`KI AiDkwrW sMbMDI GoSxw kIqI[ ijs Anuswr “mnu`K suqMqr Aqy smwn pYdw huMdy hn Aqy auh AiDkwrW dy sMbMD iv`c sdw suqMqr Aqy smwn rihMdy hn[” Bwrq dI pRsqwvnw iv`c vI “suqMqrqw, smwnqw Aqy BrwqrI Bwv nUM mu`K AwdrS GoiSq kIqw igAw hY[ suqMqrqw Sbd dw ArQ :- suqMqrqw Sbd nUM AMgRyzI iv`c “ilbrtI” (Liberty) ikhw jWdw hY[ “ilbrtI” Sbd lYitn BwSw dy “ilbr” Sbd qo inkilAw hY[ ijs dw ArQ hY “iksy vI bMDn dw nw hoxw[“ suqMqrqw dy do pihlU hn 1. nkwrwqmk jW nw-p`KI pihlU (Negative aspect) 2. skwrwqmk jW hW-p`KI pihlU (Positive aspect) 2. nkwrqmk pihlU :- nkwrwqmk pihlU dw ieh ArQ hY ik ivAkqI nUM AwpxI mrzI nwl hr kMm krn dI Cot id`qI jwvy[ ie`k siBA Aqy sMgiTq smwj iv`c ivAkqI nUM AwpxI mnmrzI krn dI AwzwdI nhI id`qI jw skdI[ ikauNik ies nwl smwj iv`c “ijs dI lwTI aus kI BYNs ” vwlw isstm bx jweygw[ smwj iv`c rihMdy hoey mnu`K nUM auhI kMm krn dI suqMqrqw huMdI hY ijs nwl dUsry mnu`KW dI suqMqrqw nUM koeI nukswn nw phuMcy [ pRis`D ivdvwn A`pwdurwey dw m`q hY “ ieh kQn ik swry mnu`K iek smwn hn ausy qrWH hI glq hY ijs qrWH ieh kihxw ik swrI DrqI smql hY[” 3. skwrwqmk pihlU :- skwrwqmk pihlU dw ArQ hY ik hr ivAkqI nUM ivkws leI smwn moky pRdwn kIqy jwx[ pr ies dw ArQ ieh nhI hY ik ie`k mzdUr Aqy fwktr nUM brwbr smiJAw jwvy[ ies dw ArQ ieh hY ik hr ivAkqI nUM aus dI Xogqw Anuswr ivkws krn leI smwn moky id`qy jwx[ smwn kMm leI smwn mzdUrI dI ivvsQw kIqI jwvy[ suqMqrqw dIAW pirBwSwvW :- sIly dy Anuswr, “ suqMqrqw AqI Swsn dw ault hY[” jI.fI.AYc.kol dy Anuswr,” ibnW iksy bwhrI rukwvtW dy Awpxy ivAkqIqv nUM pRgt krn dw nwm suqMqrqw hY[” suqMqrqw dIAW iksmW rwjnIiqk suqMqrqw :- ies qo Bwv hY ik jdo ivAkqI rwjnIqI nwl sMbMiDq kMmW iv`c Bwg lYNdw hY[ ijvy vot pwauxI, coxW iv`c ih`sw lYxw, srkwr dI Awlocnw krnI, rwjnIiqk pwrtIAW, sMG Aqy gru`p bxwaux dw AiDkwr Awid[ Dwrimk suqMqrqw :- ies qo Bwv hY ik hr ivAkqI AwpxI mrzI nwl koeI vI Drm Apxw skdw hY jW aus nUM C`f skdw hY[ ivAkqI Drm aupr iksy iksm dI pwbMDI nUM psMd nhI krdw[ BwrqI sMivDwn iv`c vI Dwrimk suqMqrqw dw AiDkwr id`qw igAw hY[ AwriQk suqMqrqw :- AwriQk suqMqrqw qo Bwv hY ivAkqI nMU rozI rotI kmwaux leI auic`q moky pRdwn krnw hY[ ivAkqI nUM kMm krn dw AiDkwr id`qw igAw hY[ ijs nwl auh AwpxIAW m`uFlIAW loVWH dI pUrqI kr skdw hovy[ AwriQk suqMqrqw dw Bwv AmIr Aqy grIb iv`ckwr Pwslw G`t krnw hY[ ies dw audyS Ku`lw mukwblw nhI hY[ 16  kudrqI suqMqrqw :- kudrqI suqMqrqw qo Bwv hY ik ivAkqI nUM ibnW iksy rok tok dy kuJ vI krn dI pUrI Ku`l hY[ AijhI suqMqrqw aus vkq smwj iv`c pweI jWdI sI jdo ivAkqI kudrqI AvsQw iv`c rihMdw sI[ pr A`j dy siBA smwj iv`c ies suqMqrqw nUM svIkwr nhI kIqw jw skdw[ ikauik rwj iv`c suqMqrqw kuJ inSicq rokW nwl hI mwxI jw skdI hY[ rwStrI suqMqrqw :- rwStrI suqMqrqw qo Bwv rwj dw hr pRkwr dy AMdrUnI Aqy bwhrI kMtrol qo mukq hoxw hY[ rwStrI suqMqrqw ADIn rwStr dy lokW nUM AwpxI ivdyS nIqI , AwriQk Aqy smwijk ivvsQw nUM bxwey r`Kx leI pUrI Ku`l huMdI hY[ Aqy koeI hor dyS aus dy AMdrUnI mwmilAW iv`c dKl AMdwzI nhI kr skdw [ nYiqk suqMqrqw :- ies qo Bwv nYiqk suqMqrqw qo Bwv AijhIAW siQqIAW hn jo ivAkqI nUM bu`DImwn ivAkqI bxwaudIAW hn[ Aqy ivAkqI nUM cMgy-bury, s`c-JUT, Drm Aqy ADrm iv`c AMqr kIqy jwx dy Xog bxwaudI hY[ suqMqrqw dI r`iKAw dy aupwA :- hryk dyS Awpxy Awpxy qrIky nwl lokW dI suqMqrqw dI r`iKAw krdy hn[ ies iv`c lokW dw jwgrUk hoxw Aqy lokW Aqy srkwr iv`ckwr sihXog hoxw vI jrUrI hY[ ies qo ielwvw hor qrIikAW nwl vI suqMqrqw nUM sur`iKAq riKAw jw skdw hY[ 1. lokqMqrI Swsn pRxwlI :- lokqMqr lokW dI AwpxI srkwr huMdI hY[Swsk lokW dy Awpxy cuxy hoey huMdy hn[ies leI srkwr kdy vI koeI Aijhw kwnUMn nhI bxwauNdI jo lokW dI suqMqrqw dy ivru`D hovy[ jnqw vI srkwr qy Awpxw ivSvws bxw ky r`KdI hY[ 2. moilk AiDkwr :- suqMqrqw dI r`iKAw leI ieh vI bhuq zrUrI hY ik hr dyS Awpxy sMivDwn iv`c moilk AiDkwrW dI ivvsQw kry[ jykr srkwr jW koeI nwgirk moilk AiDkwrW jW suqMqrqw qy hmlw kry qW ivAkqI Adwlq dI Srn lY skdw hovy[ Bwrq ,PrWs, AmrIkw iv`c moilk AiDkwrW dI r`iKAw leI Aijhy auprwly kIqy gey hn[ 3. suqMqr inAWpwilkw :- suqMqrqw dI r`iKAw leI inrp`K Aqy iemwndwr inAWpwilkw dw hoxw jrUrI hY[ inAWpwilkw aupr ivDwnpwilkw jW kwrjpwilkw dw dbwA nhI hoxw cwhIdw[ j`jW nUM vI Awpxy Ahudy dI pUrI sur` iKAw imlxI cwhIdI hY[ qW jo auh inrp`K ho ky Awpxw kMm kr skx[ 4. SkqIAW dw ivkydrIkrx :- lokW dI sur`iKAw XkInI bxwaux leI srkwr dIAW SkqIAW dI vMf hoxI jrUrI hY[ srkwr dy iqMnW AMgW nUM ( ivDwnpwilkw, kwrjpwilkw Aqy inAWpwilkw ) ie`k dUjy dy kMmW iv`c dKl AMdwzI nhI krnI cwhIdI[ jy kwrjpwilkw Aqy ivDwnpwilkw dIAW SkqIAW ie`k hI ivAkqI jW ivAkqIAW kol hoxgIAw qW auh A`iqAwcwrI Aqy glq kwnUMn bxw skdy hn[ 5. kwnUMn dw Swsn :- kwnUMn dy Swsn qo Bwv hY ik kwnUMn swirAW leI brwbr hn[ hr ivAkqI kwnUMn dI nzr iv`c smwn mMinAw jweygw cwhy auh iksy vI Drm,jwq,nsl jW rMg dw hovy[kwnUMn swirAW leI ie`ko ijhw hI hovygw[ iksy ivAkqI nwl koeI ivqkrw nhI kIqw jweygw[ AiBAws leI kuJ pRSn 1. suqMqrqw dy SbdI kI hn? 2. sIly dy Anuswr suqMqrqw dI kI pirBwSw hY? 3. suqMqrqw dy ikMny rUp hn? 4. swkwrqmk suqMqrqw qo kI Bwv hY? 5. BwrqI sMivDwn iv`c ikhVI ikhVI suqMqrqw bwry d`isAw hoieAw hY? 6. suqMqrqw dI r`iKAw dy koeI do aupwA d`so? 7. inrp`K Aqy suqMqr inAW pwilkw ikvy ivAkqI dI suqMqrqw dI r`iKAw krdI hY? 17  pwT=7 smwnqw (ArQ Aqy iksmW) BUimkw smwnqw lokqMqr dw buinAwdI isDWq hY[ suqMqrqw Aqy smwnqw donoN hI smwijk inAW leI jrUrI hn[ smwnqw leI sdIAW qo keI lokW ny hkUmqW ivru`D sMGrS kIqy hn[Awpxy smwnqw dy AiDkwr leI bhuq qsIhy J`ly hoxgy[ qW jw ky A`j dunIAW dy sMivDwnW ny Awpxy nwgirkW nUM suqMqrqw Aqy smwnqw dy AiDkwr id`qy hn[ AmrIkw dI suqMqrqw dI GoSxw ieh svIkwr krdI hY ik swry ivAkqI smwn hn[ pr ies qrWH dI smwnqw nw qW kudrq ny pYdw kIqI hY Aqy nw hI mnu`KW ny[ iek mW dy jMmy b`cy vI smwn nhI huMdy[ aunW iv`c vI bhuq AMqr huMdy hn[ smwnqw dw ArQ :- smwnqw qo Bwv ieh iblkul nhI hY ik swirAW dI brwbr Awmdn hovy, swry mnu`KW nwl ie`ko ijhw ivvhwr nhI kIqw jw skdw[ ikauNik swry mnu`K ie`k smwn nhI huMdy, koeI bu`DImwx jW nlwiek huMdw hY[ koeI imhnqI jW kmcor huMdw hY[ koeI iemwndwr jW byeImwn huMdw hY[ ies leI swirAW nwl ieko ijhw ivvhwr nhI kIqw jw skdw[ Asl iv`c smwnqw dw ArQ rwj iv`c rihx vwly swry ivAkqIAW nUM ieko ijhw smJxw hY[ smwj iv`c pwey jWdy hr qrW dy ivqkry nUM Kqm krnw hy[ hr pRkwr dy ivSyS AiDkwrW nUM Kqm krnw hY[ swry ivAkqIAW nUM Awpxw srvp`KI ivkws krn leI Xog Aqy smwn Avsr dyxy[ smwnqw dIAW iksmW 1. kudrqI smwnqw :- ies qo Bwv hY ik kudrq ny swirAW nUM brwbr pYdw kIqw hY[ijvy swrI dunIAW iv`c AmIr grIb dy srIr dI bxqr ieko ijhI hY[(Bwv donW dIAW do A`KW,l`qW,bwhvW, h`sx Aqy rox dI BwSw ie`k hY[ipAwr Aqy nPrq sMbMDI koeI Asmwnqw nhI hY[ pr iPr vI kudrq ny vI mnu`KW iv`c kwPI iBMnqwvW pweIAW hn[ ijvy swirAW iv`c brwbr bu`DI dI vMf nhI kIqI[ hryk iv`c Al`g iksm dI Xogqw hY[ 2. rwjnIiqk smwnqw :- rwjnIiqk smwnqw qo Bwv hY ik swry nwgirkW nUM brwbr rwjnIiqk AiDkwr imlxy cwhIdy hn[ swirAW nUM coxW lVn, vot pwaux, srkwrI pdvI pRwpq krnI, srkwr dI Alocnw krn dw AiDkwr imlxw cwhIdw hY[ 3. AwriQk smwnqw :- AwriQk smwnqw qo Bwv hY AmIr Aqy grIb iv`c Pwslw G`t hoxw cwhIdw hY[ dyS dw pYsw kuJ ku lokW dy h`QW iv`c ie`kTw nw ho jwey[ AmIr lok grIb lokW dw SoSx nw kr skx[ smwj iv`c rihMdy swry ivAkqIAW dIAW muFlIAW loVW pUrIAW hoxIAW cwhIdIAW hn[ rotI, k`pVw Aqy mkwn swirAW kol hoxy cwhIdy hn[ 4. smwijk smwnqw :- smwijk smwnqw qo Bwv hY ik smwj iv`c rihx vwly swry ivAkqI smwn hn[ Drm, jwqI, nsl,rMg jW smwijk ruqby dy AwDwr qy iksy nwl koeI ivqkrw nhI kIqw jwxw cwhIdw [ smwj iv`c swirAW nUM brwbr kwnUMnI AiDkwr imlxy cwhIdy hn[ AwriQk smwnqw qoN ibnW rwjnIiqk suuqMqrqw inrwrQk hY AwriQk smwnqw qoN Bwv hY AmIr Aqy grIb iv`c Pwslw G`t hovy[ lokW dIAW mu`FlIAW loVW pUrIAW hoxIAW cwhIdIAW hn[ rwjnIiqk suqMqrqw qo Bwv hY ik ivAkqI AwpxI mrzI nwl Awpxy vot dy AiDkwr dI vrqoN kr skdw hY[ ivAkqI nUM sMivDwn vlo jo rwjnIiqk AiDkwr imly hn, aunW dw shI aupXog kr skdw hY[ 1. grIb ivAkqI leI vot dy AiDkwr dw koeI mh`qv nhI rih jWdw[ 2. grIb ivAkqI coxW nhI lV skdw[ 3. vot dy AiDkwr dI glq vrqo hox dI sMBwvnw bxI rihMdI hY[ 4. pRYs auqy AmIrW dw kMtrol rihMdw hY[ 5. rwjnIiqk pwrtIAW AmIrW dy h`QW iv`c kTpuqlIAW bx jWdIAW hn[ 18 kuJ pRSn h`l kro :- 1. smwnqw qo kI Bwv hY ? Aqy ieh ikMny pRkwr dI huMdI hY? 2. skrwqmk smwnqw qo qusI kI smJdy ho ? 3. “AwriQk smwnqw qo ibnW rwjnIiqk smwnqw ie`k DoKw hY [” ivcwr kro[ aupr id`qI AYktIivtI ividAwrQI Awpxy AiDAwpk nwl iml ky h`l krngy[ 19  pwT=8 inAW (JUSTICE) sdIAW qo mnu`K inAW dI qlwS iv`c Btkdw irhw hY[ Dwrimk lok aus nUM r`b iv`c ivSvwS r`Kx leI kihMdy rhy, sbr dw pwT pVwaux leI smJwaux l`gy[ Awm ivAkqI vI ieMnW g`lW iv`c hW imlwaux l`gy[ kuJ jwgrUk lokW ny inAW pRwpq krn leI mojUdw pRSwsn iKlwP bgwvqW kIqIAW[ smwj dIAW kdrW kImqW Anuswr inAW dI Dwrnw bdldI rihMdI hY[ smswj iv`c rihMdy lok v`K- v`K vrgW iv`c vMfy huMdy hn[ ienW dy iv`c AwpsI ih`q tkrWaudy rihMdy hn[ ies leI inAW dI Dwrnw spS`t hoxI cwhIdI hY[ ………………………………………… inAW dw ArQ :- inAW Sbd nUM AMgryzI iv`c “jsits” kihMdy hn[ ieh Sbd lYitn BwSw dy Sbd “js” qNo inkilAw hY[ ijs dw ArQ hY bMnxw jW joVxw [ inAW dI pirBwSw :- plYto dy Anuswr , “inAW ie`k sdgux hY[ ies dw sDwrn ArQ Awpxy inSicq krq`vW dw auic`q pwlx krnw hY Aqy dUijAW dy kMmW iv`c dKl nw dyxw hY[” rwbrt sI t`kr dy Anuswr, “ inAW dw ArQ do jW do qo vDyry JgVy vwly gru`pW jW isDwqW ivckwr auic`q sMquiln kwiem krnw hY[” s`c qo ibnW inAW dI kwnUMn klpnw nhI swhmxy sB kIqI jw smwn hn skdI ivAkqIAW buinAwdI ivckwr inAW dy buinAwdI q`q loVW dI koeI pUrqI hoxI BydBwv nhI cwhIdI hYy hoxw cwhIdw AiDkwrW dI ivAkqI dI ivvsQw hoxI Xogqw iv`c cwhIdI hY[ ivSvwS 20  inAW dIAW iksmW inAW dw kwnUMnI p`K  kwnUMn bxwauNdy smy smwijk kdrW kImqW, rsmo-irvwj, nYiqkqw Awid ivcwrW nUM iDAwn iv`c r`iKAw jWdw hY[  inAW kwnUMn Anuswr kIqw jwxw cwhIdw hY[ kwnUMn swhmxy swry smwn huMdy hn[  suqMqr Aqy inrp`K inAWpwilkw dI ivvsQw hoxI cwhIdI hY[  jo lok kwnUMn dI aulGMxw krdy hn, aunW nUM kwnUMnW dy Anuswr hI szw imlxI cwhIdI hY[  inAW pRxwlI ssqI Aqy Xog hoxI cwhIdI hY[ inAW dw rwjnIiqk p`K  ibnW iksy BydBwv dy hryk nUM vot pwaux dw AiDkwr hoxw cwhIdw hY[  kuJ SrqW pUrIAW krdy hoey nwgirkW nuM coxW lVx dw pUrw AiDkwr hY[  hr nwgirk nUM srkwr dI Awlocnw krn dw AiDkwr hY[  ivSyS XogqwvW pUrIAW krdy hoey srvjnk Ahudy pRwpq krn dw AiDkwr hY[  rwjnIiqk dlW dw inrmwx krn dw AiDkwr hY[  G`t igxqI vwilAW dI r`iKAW krnI[ inAW dw smwijk p`K  ivSyS AiDkwrW dI smwpqI nwl smwj iv`c brwbrI ilAwauNdI jw skdI hY[  hr iksm dy BydBwv nUM Kqm krnw[ qW jo lokW dw srvp`KI ivkws ho sky[  vihmW BrmW Aqy smwijk burweIAW dw Kwqmw krnw[  jwqI pRQw dw Kwqmw krn leI kTor kwnUMnW dI ivvsQw kIqI jwxI cwhIdI hY[  smwj iv`c rihx vwly lokW nUM smwijk sur`iKAW jrUr imlxI cwhIdI hY[ ijvy :- bzurgW, AMghIxW, ibmwr Aqy kmzor lokW leI smwijk inAW ivvsQw hoxI cwhIdI hY[ inAW dw AwriQk p`K  hr ivAkqI nUM AwpxI Xogqw Anuswr kMm krn dw AiDkwr hY[ ijs nwl auh AwpxIAW ijMdgI dIAW muFlIAW loVW pUrIAW kr skdw hovy[  AmIr Aqy grIb iv`c Pwslw G`t hoxw cwhIdw hY[ smwn kMm leI smwn vyqn hoxw cwhIdw hY[  pYsy dI inAWpUrx vMf hoxI cwhIdI hY[ qW jo AwriQk smwnqw bxI rhy[  AmIrW duAwrw grIbW dw AwriQk SoSx nhI hoxw cwhIdw[ AiBAws leI kuJ pRSn 1. inAW dy SbdI ArQ d`so ? 2. inAW dIAW cwr ivSySqwvW d`so ? 3. inAW dy v`K v`K rUp ikhVy hn? 4. inAW dw AwriQk p`K kI hY? 5. inAW dy rwjnIiqk p`K qo qusIN kI smJdy ho? 21  pwT=9 rwj dw ArQ, ivSySqwvW rwj iek AijhI sMgiTq sMsQw hY ijs iv`c rih ky mnu`K Awpxw srvp`KI ivkws kr skdw hY[ rwj iv`c rihMdw hr ivAkqI rwj dy inXm Aqy hukm mMnx dy pwbMD hn[ jykr rwj nw hovy qW smwj iv`c Arwjkqw PYl jweygI[ SkqISwlI lok kmzorW nUM Kqm kr dyxgy[ rwj dw ArQ:- rwj Sbd nUM AMgryzI iv`c “styt” ikhw jWdw hY[ styt Sbd lyitn (jW lwqInI) BwSw dy Sbd “styts” qo inkilAw hY[ “styts” dw ArQ hY “dUijAw dy mukwbly au`cw p`Dr” AwDuink rUp iv`c rwj ( State ) Sbd dI sB qo pihlW vrqo ietlI dy pRis`D ivdvwn mYkwievlI duAwrw 1523 iv`c pRkwiSq AwpxI pRis`D ikqwb “dw ipRMs” ( The Prince ) iv`c kIqI geI [ rwj dIAW pirBwSwvW :- 1. ArsqU dy Anuswr, “rwj pirvwrW Aqy ipMfW dw auh sMgTn hY, ijsdw audyS ie`k pUrx Aqy Awqm-inrBr jIvn dI pRwpqI krnw hY[” 2. vufro-ivlsn, “ie`k inSicq BU-Bwg qy SWqIpUrx jIvn leI sMgiTq jnqw nUM rwj AwKdy hn[” 3. lwskI dy Anuswr , “rwj ie`k ivSyS pRdyS iv`c rihx vwlw smwj hY, jo smwj Aqy prjw iv`c vMifAw hoieAw hY[ Aqy Awpxy Kyqr iv`c Awaux vwlIAw swrIAW sm`isAwvW au`qy pRBuq`v r`Kdw hY[ srkwr Kyqr rwj dy jrUrI q`q AwbwdI pRBus`qw aupr d`sy Anuswr hr rwj dy cwr jrUrI q`q hn[ jy ie`k q`q nw hovy qW rwj “rwj” nhI bx skdw[ srkwr ieh rwj dw rwjnIiqk q`q hY[ srkwr ie`k Aijhw sMgTn hY[ jo rwj dy lokW dIAW ie`CwvW pUrIAW krdw hY[ srkwr dw rUp koeI vI ho skdw hY[ ijvy sMsdI, pRDwngI, sMGwqmk jW iekwqmk Awid[ hr srkwr dy iqMn mu`K AMg huMdy hn – kwrjpwilkw, ivDwnpwilkw Aqy inAWpwilkw [ srkwr lokW dI BlweI leI kMm krdI hY[ Kyqr ieh rwj dw Boiqk q`q hY[ iksy vI rwj leI inSicq BU-Kyqr dw hoxw jrUrI hY[ GuMmdy iPrdy lok rwj nhI bxw skdy[ iksy rwj dw Kyqr ikMnw hoxw cwhIdw hY ? ieh sp`St nhI hY[ AmrIkw vrgy rwj dw Kyqr 30 l`K vrgmIl hY[ Bwrq dw 13 l`K vrgmIl hY[ monwko dyS dw Kyqr isrP 50 vrgmIl hY[ rwj dy Kyqr iv`c isrP DrqI hI nhI sgoN hvweI mMfl Aqy kuJ iklomItr (Bwv 3 mIl, 6 mIl jW 12 mIl Awid) smuMdrI q`t vI rwj iv`c Swiml huMdy hn[ 22  AwbwdI ieh rwj dw mh`qvpUrx mnu`KI q`q hY[ vsoN qo ibnW rwj dI klpnw nhI kIqI jw skdI[ pr iek rwj leI ikMnI AwbwdI hoxI cwhIdI hY? ies bwry shI nhI d`isAw igAw[ ijvy cIn dI AwbwdI 135 kroV hY[ Bwrq dI AwbwdI 125 kroV hY[ AmrIkw dI jn-sMiKAw 28 kroV hY[ sB qo G`t AwbwdI vwly Sihr monwko dI 30 hzwr Aqy snmYrIno dI 25 hzwr dy lgB`g AwbwdI hY[ rwj leI koeI AwbwdI dI sImw inSicq nhI kIqI geI[ pr iksy vI rwj dI AwbwdI nw qW ieMnI G`t hovy ik lok Awpxw ivkws hI nw kr skx[ Aqy nw hI ieMnI v`D hovy ik lokW nUM AwriQk s`misAwvW dw swhmxw krnw pvy[ pRBus`qw pRBus`qw nUM AMgRyzI iv`c Sovereignty ikhw jWdw hY[ ieh sbd lwqInI Sbd ‘suprnys’ ( Superanus) qo ilAw igAw hY[ ijs dw ArQ hY “srvau`c- s`qw” ies SkqI dy pRXog duAwrw rwj Awpxy hukm dI pwlxw krvwauNdw hY[ 1947 qo pihlW Bwrq kol pRBus`qw nhI sI iesy leI Bwrq rwj nhI sI AKvwauNdw[ AwzwdI qo bwAd pRBus`qw imlx qy Bwrq rwj bixAw[ pRBus`qw dy do rUp hn :- 1. AMdrUnI pRBus`qw 2. bwhrlI pRBus`qw AMdrUnI pRBus`qw qo Bwv hY rwj dIAW h`dW dy AMdr rihx vwly hr ivAkqI , sMsQw aupr rwj dw hr AwdyS lwgU hovygw[ jy koeI rwj dy id`qy hukm dI pwlxw nhI krdw aus nUM szw vI id`qI jw skdI hY[ bwhrlI pRBus`qw qo Bwv hY ik rwj bwhrI qor qy pUrx Awzwd hY[ rwj AwpxI mrzI nwl dUjy dySW nwl sMDIAW Aqy smJoqy kr skdw hY[ koeI dUjw dyS rwj dy kMmW iv`c dKl AMdwzI nhI kr skdw[ srkwr Aqy rwj iv`c AMqr Awm bol-cwl iv`c keI lok ‘rwj’ Aqy ‘srkwr’ iv`c AMqr nhI krdy[ PrWs dw rwjw lUies XIV kihMdw sI ik “mYN hI rwj hW” Bwv dyS dIAW swrIAW SkqIAW myry kol hn[ 17vIN sdI iv`c ieMglYNf dy pRis`D ivdvwn jwn lwk ny pihlI vwr rwj Aqy srkwr iv`c AMqr kIqw srkwr dw ArQ :-srkwr rwj dw mh`qvpUrn q`q hY[ srkwr kwnUMn bxwauNdI hY, lwguU krdI hY Aqy kwnUMnW nUM qoVn vwilAW nUM szw idMdI hY[ srkwr dy iqMn AMg huMdy hn- kwrjpwilkw, ivDwnpwilkw Aqy inAW pwilkw[ iesy qrWH srkwr dIAW keI iksmW vI hn: lokqMqr,qwnwSwh, sMsdI, pRDwngI Awid[ rwj dw ArQ:- rwj nUM AMgRyzI iv`c ‘styt’ ikhw jWdw hY[ rwj ie`k srvauc, pRBus`qw sMpMn sMgTn hY[ ijs dw drjw bwkI swry sMgTnW nwlo au`cw mMinAW jWdw hY[ AMqr 1. rwj kol pRBus`qw hY pr srkwr kol nhIN hY :- pRBus`qw ie`k Aijhw q`q hY jo rwj nUM srvSkqI sMpMn bxwauNdw hY[ srkwr AwpxIAW SkqIAW dI vrqoN rwj dI ie`Cw Anuswr krdI hY[ rwj ieMnW SkqIAW nUM vDw Gtw skdw hY[ 2.rwj sQweI hY pr srkwr AsQweI hY:- rwj sQweI huMdw hY[ pr srkwr lokW duAwrw, kWRqIAW duAwrw bdldI rihMdI hY[ smNy Aqy siQqI Anuswr srkwr iv`c pirvrqn Awaudy rihMdy hn[ Bwrq iv`c 1952 qo lY ky 1977 q`k kWgrs dI srkwr sI bwAd iv`c jnqw pwrtI, bI.jy.pI., AYn.fI. ey., XU.pI.ey Awid srkwrW bxIAW hn[ 3. rwj dI mYNbriSp lwzmI hY pr srkwr dI svY-ie`Cq huMdI hY:- hryk ivAkqI jnm smyN hI iksy rwj dw mYNbr bx jWdw hY[ rwj dI mYNbriSp koeI ivAkqI nhI C`f skdw[ pr srkwr dw mYNbr bxnw ivAkqI leI jrUrI nhI huMdw[ iksy ivAkqI nUM srkwr dI nokrI krn leI mzbUr nhI kIqw jw skdw[ 23 4. lok srkwr dI ivroDqw kr skdy hn pr rwj dI nhI :- srkwr ny lokW leI kilAwxkwrI nIqIAW bxwauxIAW huMdIAW hn[ jykr srkwr Awpxy ies mksd iv`c sPl nw hovy qW lok srkwr dw ivroD kr skdy hn[ srkwr vI lokW nUM Awpxy ivru`D nhI krnw cwhuMdI[ pr lok rwj dw ivroD nhI kr skdy ikauNkI rwj kol swrIAW SkqIAW huMdIAW hn[ ivAkqI Aqy srkwr rwj dy ADIn huMdy hn[ 5. rwj dy q`q huMdy hn, pr srkwr dIAW iksmW huMdIAW hn :- rwj dy jrUrI cwr q`q huMdy hn (srkwr, Kyqr, AwbwdI Aqy pRBus`qw) iek vI q`q nw hovy qW rwj nhI bx skdw[ auNj hI srkwr dIAW v`K-v`K iksmW huMdIAW ijvy sMsdI, pRDwngI, qwnwSwhI jW lokqMqrI srkwr[ AiBAws leI kuJ pRSn 1. rwj dw SbdI ArQ kI hY? rwj dIAW do pirBwSwvW ilKo? 2. “d ipRMs” ikqwb iks dI ilKI hoeI hY? rwj dy cwr q`qW dw vrxn kro? 3. sB qo pihlW rwj Sbd dw pRXog iks ny kIqw sI? rwj Aqy srkwr iv`c cwr AMqr d`so? 24  pwT=10 srkwr dy rUp (lokqMqr Aqy qwnwSwhI) sdIAW qo srkwr dy ikMny rUp v`K-v`K dySW iv`c pRcilq rhy hn[ pr ijs srkwr ny vrqmwn Xu`g iv`c AwpxI Kws jgwH bxweI hY, auh hY lokqMqr[ ijMnW dySW iv`c lokqMqr nhI hY auh ies dI pRwpqI leI Xqn kr rhy hn[Aqy jo lokqMqrI dyS hn auh lokqMqr nUM bcwaux leI pUrI qrWH sucyq hn[ A`j lok Swsn dy kMmW iv`c pRq`K jW ApRq`K qrIky nwl Bwg lYNdy hn[ Bwrq dunIAW dw sB qo v`fw lokqMqrI dyS hY lokqMqr dw ArQ :- lokqMqr nUM AMgRyzI iv`c “fYmokRysI” ikhw jWdw hY[ fYmokRysI Sbd XUnwnI BwSw dy do Sbd “ifmos” Aqy “kRytos” qo iml ky bixAw hY[ ifmos qo Bwv lok Aqy kyRtos qo Bwv SkqI jW Swsn hY[ies qrW lokqMqr dw ArQ “lokW dw Swsn” hY[ lokqMqr dIAW pirBwSwvW :- 1. pRo. sIly dy Anuswr, “ lokqMqr AijhI srkwr hY ijs iv`c hr ivAkqI dw ih`sw huMdw hY[” 2. Abrwihm ilMkn dy Anuswr, “ lokqMqr lokW dI, lokW leI Aqy lokW duAwrw cuxI srkwr hY[” 3. pRo. fwiesI dy Anuswr,“ pRjwqMqr auh Swsn pRxwlI hY ijs iv`c SwSk vrg iv`c kOm dw ie`k v`fw ih`sw hovy[” lokqMqr dIAW ivSySqwvW 1. smwnqw Aqy suqMqrqw lokqMqr dy do mzbUq QMHm hn[ ieMnW qo ibnW sPl lokqMqr dI klpnw nhI kIqI jw skdI[ lokqMqr dw AwDwr smwijk ,kwnUMnI Aqy rwjnIiqk smwnqw hY[ lokW nwl iksy iksm dw Byd-Bwv nhI kIqw jw skdw[ auvy hI ivAkqI nUM srkwr bxwaux, Awlocnw krn dI suqMqrqw id`qI geI hY[ 2. lokqMqrI srkwr iv`c bwlg-vot AiDkwr dI ivvsQw kIqI geI hY[ ibnW iksy Byd-Bwv dy lokW nUM vot pwaux dw AiDkwr id`qw igAw hY[ 3. moilk AiDkwrW dI ivvsQw lokqMqrI SwSn pRxwlI iv`c kIqI jWdI hY[ lokW nUM rwjnIiqk, smwijk, pRY`s dI suqMqrqw Aqy AwriQk AiDkwr id`qy jWdy hn[ 4. lokqMqr iv`c iksy ivSyS ivAkqI jW sMsQw dw Swsn nhI huMdw sgoN ‘kwnUMn dw Swsn’ huMdw hY[ swry dyS dw Swsn kwnUMn Anuswr clwieAw jWdw hY[ kwnUMn qoVn qy szw vI imldI hY[ 5. lokqMqr iv`c ivroD dw siqkwr kIqw jWdw hY[ Bwrq iv`c ivroDI dl dy nyqw nUM kYibnt mMqrI dw drjw id`qw igAw hY[ nwgirkW nUM srkwr dI Awlocnw krn dw AiDkwr hY[ lokqMqr dy gux 1. lokqMqr dw mu`K mMqv lokW dI BlweI krnw huMdw hY[ 2. lokW nUM rwjnIiqk is`iKAw imldI hY[ 3. iksy iksm dy ivdroh jW kRWqI dI sMBwvnw nhI rihMdI[ 4. srkwr lokW pRqI ijMmyvwrI dI Bwvnw r`KdI hY[ 5. lokqMqr iv`c srkwr dy pRqIinDI Awm lok votW rwhI cuxdy hn[ 6. srkwr lokW dI ie`Cw Anuswr clweI jWdI hY[ jy srkwr lokW nUM Xog SwSn pRbMD nw dy sky qW lok AglIAW coxW iv`c aus srkwr nUM vot nhI pwauNdy[ 7. lokW iv`c dyS BgqI dI Bwvnw dw ivkws huMdw hY[ 8. ivroDI dlW nUM mh`qqw id`qI jWdI hY[ 9. lokW nUM srkwr dI Awlocnw krn dw pUrw AiDkwr huMdw hY[ 10. lokW dy AiDkwr Aqy suqMqrqwvW sur`iKAq rihMdIAW hn[ 25  lokqMqr dy AOgux 1. lokqMqr dw sB qo v`fw Aogux ik ies Swsn pRxwlI iv`c idmwg dI igxqI nhI sgo isrW dI igxqI kIqI jWdI hY[ Bwv guxW nwlo igxqI qy jor id`qw jWdw hY[ 2. AXog ivAkqI dI srkwr cuxy jwx dI sMBwvnw bxI rihMdI hY[ 3. ieh SwSn pRxwlI bhuq hI KrcIlI Swsn pRxwlI hY[ 4. bhuqy votr coxW iv`c idlcspI nhI lYNdy[ ies leI auh Awpxy vot dy AiDkwr dI vrqoN vI nhI krdy[ 5. ies AmIrW dI srkwr huMdI hY[ AmIr ivAkqI hI coxW iv`c pwxI dI qrWH pYsw lgwauNdy hn[ Aqy srkwr bxn qy AmIrW dy ih`qW dw iKAwl r`iKAw jWdw hY[rwjnIiqk dlW qy pRYs auqy AmIrW dw kMtrol huMdw hY[ 6. rwjnIqI hux dyS BgqI nhI sgo ie`k pySw bx geI hY[ 7. coxW dy idnW iv`c lokW dw nYiqk p`Dr bhuq nIvW igr jWdw hY[ votrW nwl keI qrWH dy JUTy vwAdy kIqy jWdy hn[ 8. dyS iv`c iBRStwcwr PYldw hY[ nyqw lok hr glq FMg nwl pYsw bxwaux dw Xqn krdy hn[ hr v`fI m`CI CotI m`CI nUM Kwx dI koiSS krdI hY[ AmIr jW rwjnyqw lokW dIAW BwvnwvW nwl Kyfdy hn[ ies leI Awm lok ies iBRSt vwqwvrn qo pry rihx dI koiSS krdy hn[ 9. lokqMqrI srkwr sMkt smy Fu`kvIN srkwr nhI huMdI[ keI vwr PYsly jldI nhI ley jWdy ijs nwl dyS dw nukswn vI ho jWdw hY[ 10. lokqMqr iv`c rwjnIiqk dlW dw kwPI bolbwlw huMdw hY[ keI vwr ieh dl glq pRcwr nwl lokW nUM guMmrwh krdy hn[ in`jI ih`qW leI dyS dy ih`q kurbwn kr idMdy hn[ieh Awm lokW nUM Drm,jwq, rMg, nsl dy AwDwr qy vMf idMdy hn[ lokqMqr nUM sPl ikvy bxwieAw jw skdw hY? 1. vDIAw ividAk pRxwlI nwl lokqMqr nUM mzbUq bxwieAw jw skdw hY[ ikaukI AnpV ivAkqI dyS dI rwjnIqI nUM nhI smJ skdw[ 2. nwgirkW nUM Awpxy AiDkwrW Aqy krq`vW bwry pUrI jwxkwrI hoxI cwhIdI hY[ qW jo aunW nUM koeI mUrK nw bxw sky[ 3. AwriQk smwnqw qo Bwv AmIr Aqy grIb iv`c Pwslw G`t hovy[ so AwriQk smwnqw qo ibnW sPl lokqMqr dI klpnw nhI kIqI jw skdI[ koeI ivAkqI pYsy dy lwlc iv`c Aw ky AwpxI vot nw vycy[ 4. sQwnk svY Swsn dI ivvsQw mzbUq hoxI cwhIdI hY[ ikauik ieh lokqMqr dIAW pwTSwlw huMdIAW hn[nwgirkW nUM svY Swsn dI tRyinMg imldI hY[ lokW nUM sQwnk p`Dr dI rwjnIqI smJ AwaudI hY 5. suqMqr Aqy inrp`K pRYs lokqMqr dw coQw QMmH smiJAw jWdw hY[ pRYs nUM lokqMqr dw pihrydwr vI mMinAw jWdw hY[ lokW nUM rwStrI Aqy AMqr-rwStrI dI rwjnIqI smJ AwaudI hY[ lokqMqr dIAW iksmW pRq`K lokqMqr ApRq`K lokqMqr 26  pRq`K lokqMqr qo Bwv hY jdo jnqw pRq`K qrIky nwl Swsn dy kMmW iv`c Bwg lYNdI hY[ ieh lokqMqr dw sB qo purwxw rUp hY[ lok Awpxy pRqIinDI Awp cuxdy hn[ ieh pRQw XUnwn iv`c bhuq hrmn ipAwrI sI[ ikauik rwjW dw KyqrPl Aqy AwbwdI QoVI huMdI sI[ Bwrq iv`c srpMc, pRDwn mMqrI Aqy mu`K mMqrI pRq`K cox duAwrw cuxy jWdy hn[ ApRq`K lokqMqr qo Bwv hY jdo jnqw dy cuxy hoey pRqIinDI A`gy jw ky srkwr bxwaudy hn[ jnqw Swsn iv`c is`Dw Bwg nhI lYNdI[ ikauik AwDuink rwjW dy KyqrPl Aqy AwbwdI bhuq izAwdw hn[ Bwrq iv`c ApRq`K qrIky nwl rwStrpqI, aup- rwStrpqI Aqy rwj sBw dy mYNbr cuxy jWdy hn[ Bwrq iv`c lokqMqr dw kI Biv`K hY ? Bwrq dunIAW dw sB qo v`fw lokqMqrI dyS hY[ Bwrq iv`c lokqMqr sQwipq hoey qkrIbn 70 swl ho cly hn[ sMivDwn Anuswr dyS dw Swsn lokW Anuswr bwlg vot dy AwDwr qy clwieAw jWdw hY[kwnUMn dI nzr iv`c swry brwbr smJy jWdy hn[ AiDkwrW dI r`iKAw leI inrp`K Aqy suqMqr inAWpwilkw dI ivvsQw kIqI geI hY[ SkqIAW dw ivkyNdrIkrn kIqw igAw hY[ sQwnk p`Dr qy ipMfW iv`c pMcwieqI rwj pRxwlI Aqy SihrW iv`c ngrpwilkw, ngr-ingm isstm SUru kIqw hY[ hux q`kBwrq iv`c 17 lok sBw (2019) coxW ho cu`kIAw hn[ Aqy lgB`g 67% lokW ny ieMnW coxW iv`c ih`sw ilAw[ mhwn AwgUAW ny BwrqI lokqMqr nUM mzbUq krn iv`c Xogdwn id`qw[ pr Ajy vI BwrqI lokqMqr nUM pUrI qrWH sPl nhI mMinAW jw skdw[ AwriQk Asmwnqw krky grIb lok AwpxI kImqI vot vyc idMdy hn[ Ajy vI Drm, jwqI, nsl, rMg ilMg qy AwDwirq rwjnIqI huMdI hY[ lok Awpxy AiDkwrW pRqI Ajy vI Avysly hn[ AsIN Aws krdy hW ik Bwrq iv`c lokqMqr dy rsqy iv`c Awaux vwlIAW rukwvtW jldI Kqm hoxgIAW[ is`iKAw Aqy igAwn dy pRswr nwl BwrqI lokqMqr dw Biv`K jrUr vDIAw hovygw qwnwSwhI dw ArQ ArQ :- qwnwSwhI qo Bwv jdoN dyS dIAW swrIAW SkqIAW ie`k ivAkqI kol hox[ Aqy auh AwpxI ie`Cw Anuswr dyS dw Swsn clwey[ lokW nUM Swsn iv`c Bwg lYx dw, srkwr dI Alocnw krn dw, jW srkwr nUM htwaux dw h`k nhI huMdw[ Aijhy ivAkqI nUM Swsn dI SkqI ivrsy iv`c nhIN imlI huMdI sgoN aus ny qwkq nwl pRwpq kIqI huMdI hY[ pirBwSw :- inaumYn dy Anuswr, “qwnwSwhI qo Bwv ie`k ivAkqI jW kuJ ivAkqIAW dy smUh duAwrw kIqw jwx vwlw Swsn ,jo Awpxy Awp nUM hMkwrI bxwauNdy hn[AwpxI SkqI dw ibnW iksy rok dy pRXog krdy hn[ im. Porf dy Anuswr, “ qwnwSwhI rwj dy muKI vloN gYr-kwnUMnI SkqI pRwpq krnw huMdw hY[“ qwnwSwhI dIAW ivSySqwvW 1. qwnwSwhI srkwr iv`c iksy iksm dy ivroD nUM sihx nhI kIqw jWdw[ jy koeI srkwr dw ivroD krdw hY qW aus nUM zbrdsqI kucl id`qw jWdw hY[ ivroDI dl vI nhI huMdy[ 2. pRYs, mIfIAw tI.vI Aqy ryfIau nUM s`c bolx Aqy s`c idKwaux dI AwzwdI nhI huMdI[ aus auqy srkwr dw pUrw kMtrol huMdw hY[ qwnwSwh isrP Awpxw guxgwn krvwauNdw hY[ 3. qwnwSwh srkwr dw kwrjkwl inSicq nhI huMdw[ auh AwpxI SkqI nwl jdo q`k mrzI Awpxy Ahudy qy bixAw rihMdw hY[ 4. qwnwSwh kol bhuq izAwdw SkqIAW huMdIAW hn[ auh AwpxIAW SkqIAW dI vrqo sMbMDI iksy swhmxy izMmyvwr nhI huMdw[ AwpxI mrzI nwl Swsn clwaudw hY[ 5. krq`vW Aqy AnuswSn aupr zor id`qw jWdw hY[ lokW dy AiDkwrW dI prvwh nhI kIqI jWdI[ jdo mrzI ieMnWH nUM Kqm kIqw jw skdw hY[ qwnwSwhI dy gux 1. qwnwSwhI srkwr ie`k mzbUq Aqy siQr srkwr huMdI hY[ swrIAW SkqIAW ie`k ivAkqI kol hox krky Swsn dw kMm siQrqw nwl cldw hY[ PYsly jldI ley jWdy hn[ 2. sMktkwl iv`c ieh sB qo mzbUq srkwr bx jWdI hY[ ikauik Aijhy smyN bVI PurqI nwl kuJ PYsly lYxy huMdy hn[ jo ik qwnwSwh lY skdw hY[ 3. ie`k ivAkqI dw Swsn hox krky ieh srkwr bhuq G`t KrcIlI huMdI hY[ coxW aupr Krcw nhI huMdw[ Swsn clwaux leI izAwdw krmcwrI nhI huMdy[ pYsy dI brbwdI nhI huMdI[ 27 4. qwnwSwhI srkwr iv`c vDyry AwriQk ivkws huMdw hY[ qwnwSwh dyS nUM hr Kyqr iv`c Awqm-inrBr bxwaux dw Xqn krdw hY[ AwriQk ivkws leI rsmI kwrvweIAW G`t huMdIAW hn[ 5. qwnwSwh srkwr keI smwijk burweIAW nUM Kqm krn iv`c kwmXwb hoeI hY[ kTor szwvW hox krky lok iBRStwcwr, imlwvt, cor bzwrI Aqy glq kMm nhI krdy[ qwnwSwhI dy Aogux 1. ieh pRxwlI qwnwSwhI isDWqW dy ivru`D hY[ ieh Swsn SkqI qy ADwirq hY[ ies iv`c lokW dy AiDkwrW Aqy suqMqrqW dw koeI siqkwr nhI kIqw jWdw[ lokW nUM srkwr dy glq kMmw dI Alocnw krn dw h`k vI nhI huMdw[ 2. qwnwSwh AwpxI SkqI dw duraupXog krdw hY[ ikauik auh jnqw pRqI jvwbdyh nhIN huMdw[ qwnwSwh dy audyS hI lokW leI kwnUMn huMdy hn[ 3. ieh Swsn pRxwlI AMqr-rwStrI sMGrSw nUM jnm idMdI hY[ auh lokW nUM Xu`D Aqy hmilAW v`l lY ky jWdw hY[ qwnwSwh Awpxy rwj dy ivsQwr leI Awly duAwly dy rwjW nUM Awpxy ADIn krn dI koiSS krdw hY[ 4. AijhI srkwr iv`c hmySW ivdroh dI sMBwvnw bxI rihMdI hY[ ieh srkwr SkqI qy ADwirq hox krky iksy smyN vI kmzor pY skdI hY[ 5. Lok AijhI srkwr iv`c rucI lYxw bMd kr idMdy hn[ ikauik aunW nUM iksy g`l iv`c mh`qv nhI id`qw jwdW ies leI auh srkwr dy pRqI audwsIn ho jWdy hn[ lokqMqr Aqy qwnwSwh iv`c AMqr 1. lokqMqr iv`c jnqw AwpxI mrzI dI srkwr bxwaudI hY[ pr qwnwSwh iv`c SkqI dy AwDwr qy srkwr bxweI jWdI hY[ 2. lokqMqr iv`c lokW dy AiDkwrW Aqy suqMqrqw dw Kws iKAwl r`iKAW jWdw hY[ qwnwSwh iv`c ivAkqI dI koeI prvwh nhIN kIqI jWdI[ ivAkqIAW nUM isrP krq`vW dy pwlx qy zor id`qw jWdw hY[ 3. lokqMqr iv`c ivAkqI srkwr dI Alocnw kr skdy hn[ lok-m`q dw siqkwr kIqw jWdw hY[ pr qwnwSwhI srkwr iv`c Aijhw iblkul nhI huMdw[ lokW vlo jy srkwr dw ivroD hovy qW aus nUM SkqI nwl kucl id`qw jWdw hY[ 4. lokqMqr iv`c srkwr dw kwrjkwl inSicq huMdw hY[ smyN Anuswr coxW huMdIAW hn[bhumq dy AwDwr qy srkwr bxdI hY[ pr qwnwSwh dw kwrjkwl inSicq nhIN huMdw[ auh AwpxI mrzI q`k Ahudy qy itikAw rihMdw hY[ 5. lokqMqr iv`c ivAkqI nUM audyS Aqy rwj nUM swDn mMndw hY[ pr qwnwSwh ies dy ault ivAkqI nUM swDn Aqy rwj nUM audyS mMndw hY[ dunIAW dy kuJ mShUr qwnwSwh:- AYfolP ihltr nypolIAn bonwpwrt s`dwm hUsYn ikMm joNg An AiBAws leI pRSn 1. lokqMqr dw ArQ Aqy ies dy Cy gux Aqy Cy Aogux ilKo[ 2. qwnwSwhI dw ArQ Aqy iqMn doS d`so? 3. lokqMqr Aqy qwnwSwhI iv`c pMj AMqr ilKo 28  pwT= 11 srkwr dy rUp (sMsdI Aqy pRDwngI) A`jk`l sMsdI Swsn pRxwlI swry sMswr iv`c bhuq hrmnipAwrI hY[ ieh pRxwlI ieMglYNf dI dyx hY[ jdo inMrkuS rwijAW ny jnqw dw izAwdw Sosx krnw SurU kIqw qW lokW ny aunW ivru`D bgwvq krky rwijAW dIAW SkqIAW Kqm kr id`qIAW[ rwjw rwj dw pRDwn qW irhw pr aus dIAW SkqIAW mMqrI-mMfl nUM dy id`qIAW geIAW[ srkwr dy iqMn mu`K AMg hn - ivDwnpwilkw, kwrjpwilkw, Aqy inAWpwilkw[ ieMnW dy AwpsI sMbMDW dy AwDwr qy sMsdI Aqy pRDwngI srkwrW bxdIAW hn[ jdoN kwrjpwilkw Aqy ivDwnpwilkw iv`c bhuq gUVwH sMbMD hovy, aus nUM sMsdI srkwr ikhw jWdw hY sMsdI srkwr nUM hor keI nwvW nwl bulwieAw jWdw hY[ ijvyN ‘izMmyvwr srkwr’ ‘mMqrI mMfl srkwr’ ‘jvwbdyh srkwr’[ A`j Bwrq, knYfw, AstRylIAw, inaUzIlYNf, ieMglYNf dySW iv`c sMsdI Sswn pRxwlI hY[ sMsdI srkwr dIAW pirBwSwvW 5. gYtl dy Anuswr, “mMqrI mMfl auh srkwr hY ijs iv`c AslI kwrjpwilkw Bwv pRDwn mMqrI Aqy mMqrI mMfl Awpxy kMmW leI kwnUMnI rUp iv`c ivDwn mMfl dy swhmxy jvwbdyh huMdw hY[” 6. pRo: fwiesI dy Anuswr, “mMqrI mMfl (sMsdI) pRxwlI dI auh srkwr hY ijhVI kwrjkwrI Aqy ivDwnkwrI SkqI dw sumyl qy ADwirq hY[ Aqy nwl hI iehnW dohW ivckwr ieksur sbMDMW dy bxy rihx auqy ADwirq hY[” 7. sI. AYP. stroNg, “ies kwrjpRxwlI dw swrMS ieh hY ik AMiqm ivSlySx iv`c mMqrI mMfl sMsd dI ie`k kmytI hY[” sMsdI srkwr dIAW ivSySqwvW 1. sMsdI srkwr iv`c nW-mwqr kwrjpwilkw dyS dw mu`KI huMdw hY[ swry dyS dw Swsn aus dy nwm qy clwieAW jWdw hY[ pr auh AwpxI mrzI nwl SkqIAW ieMnW SkqIAW dI vrqoN nhI kr skdw[ ies leI aus nUM mMqrI mMfl dI slwh lYxI pYNdI hY[ Bwrq dI nW-mwqr kwrjpwilkw rwStrpqI hY[ 2. ivDwnpwilkw Aqy kwrjpwilkw iv`c gUVwH sMbMD huMdw hY[ sMsdI srkwr iv`c mMqrI mMfl dy mYNbr sMsd dy iksy ie`k sdn iv`co ley jWdy hn[ Aqy auh sMsd swhmxy ijMmyvwr vI huMdy hn[ ivDwnpwilkw dy mYNbr mMqrIAW kolo aunW dy ivBwgW sMbMDI pRSn vI pu`C skdy hn[ Aqy mMqrI mMfl dy glq kMmW dI Awlocnw krdy hn[ 3. kwrjpwilkw dI imAwd inSicq nhI huMdI[ smyN qo pihlW vI ivDwnpwilkw duAwrw kwrjpwilkw nUM Ahudy qo htwieAw jw skdw hY[ 4. sMsdI Swsn pRxwlI dI mh`qqw ies g`l iv`c vI hY ik mMqrI Awpxw Ahudw lYx smy srkwrI Byd gupq r`Kx dI shuM cukdy hn[ jy koeI mMqrI ies shuM dI aulMGxw krdw hY qW aus ivru`D kwrvweI kIqI jw skdI hY[ 5. mMqrI mMfl dI smUihk izMmyvwrI dy nwl nwl ivAkqIgq izMmyvwrI vI huMdI hY[ mMqrIAW kol koeI nw koeI ivBwg huMdw hY[aus ivBwg dI ivAkqIgq izMmyvwrI aus mMqrI dI huMdI hY[ jykr sMsd iv`c iksy ivBwg dy mMqrI kolo pRSn pu`Cy jwx Aqy auh ivroDI iDr nUM sMquSt nw kr sky qW pRDwn mMqrI aus mMqrI kolo iqAwgp`qr lY skdw hY[ iesy qrWH kwrjpwilkw smUihk qor qy vI ivDwnpwilkw pRqI izMmyvwr huMdI hY[ mMqrI mMfl dw PYslw swry mYbrW dw PYslw huMdw hY[ 6. sMsdI pRxwlI dI srkwr iv`c swrw mMqrI mMfl pRDwn mMqrI dI AgvweI iv`c kMm krdw hY[ pRDwn mMqrI mMqrIAW nUM ivBwg vMfdw hY[ aunW dIAW mIitMgW bulwaudW hY, mMqrIAW dy kMmW qy ingrwnI r`Kdw hY[ mMqrI mMfl dy PYsilAW nUM lwgU krdw hY[ sMsdI srkwr dy gux 1. sMsdI srkwr nUM izMmyvwr srkwr vI ikhw jWdw hY[ kwrjpwilkw Awpxy hr kMm leI ivDwn pwilkw Aqy lokW pRqI izMmyvwr huMdI hY[ ivDwnpwilkw dy mYNbr kwrjpwilkw nUM pRSnW duAwrw Aqy kMm rokU pRsqwvW duAwrw Awpxy kMtrol iv`c r`Kdy hn[ 2. sMsdI srkwr iv`c mjbUq ivroDI dl srkwr dIAW glq nIqIAW dI Alocnw krdw hY[ Aqy srkwr dIAW kmzorIAW nUM lokW swhmxy r`Kdw hY[ ijs nwl srkwr izMmyvwr bxI rihMdI hY[ mzbUq ivroDI dl nwl mzbUq lokqMqr bxdw hY[ 29  3. sMsdI srkwr izAdw lokqMqrI huMdI hY[ pRqIinDI lokW duAwrw cuxy jWdy hn ies leI mMqrI jnqw pRqI juAwbdyh huMdy hn[ 4. sMsdI srkwr nwl lokW nUM rwjnIiqk is`iKAw imldI hY[ rwjnIiqk dlW qo ibnW lokqMqr sPl nhI ho skdw[ rwjnIiqk dl srkwr Aqy lokW iv`c kVI dw kMm krdy hn[ hryk dl lokm`q nUM Awpxy p`K iv`c krn dw Xqn krdw hY[ sMktkwl smyN AFuu`kvIN srkwr nOkrSwhI dw vDyry pRBwv bhudlI srkwr dy bury pRBwv sMsdI srkwr dy Aogux mMqrI mMfl dI qwnwSwhI AsiQr srkwr rwStrI ih`qW nUM Axif`T krnw 1 sMkt kwl smy AFu`kvIN srkwr :- sMsdI srkwr iv`c PYsly lYxy bhuq muSikl huMdy hn[ PYsly lYx l`igAw bhuq lMbIAW bihsW huMdIAW hn[ ijs kwrn bhuq smW nSt huMdw hY[ Aqy ieh srkwr sMktkwl dw pRBwvSwlI qrIky nwl swmhxw nhIN kr skdI[ 2 nOkrSwhI dw vDyry pRBwv :- sMsdI pRxwlI iv`c nOkrSwhI dw bhuq pRBwv rihMdw hY[ nOkrSwhI ijs nUM ‘srkwrI krmcwrI’ vI ikhw jWdw hY[ mMqrIAW dy ivBwgW iv`c Aksr qbdIlIAW huMdIAW rihMdIAW hn[ ies leI srkwrI krmcwrI Awpxy kMmW iv`c inpuMn hox krky swry ivBwgW dw kMm AMdrUnI qOr qy sMBwldy hn[ ies leI pRSwsn iv`c nOkrSwhI dw bolbwlw izAwdw huMdw hY[ 3 rwjnIiqk dlW dw vDyry pRBwv :- sMsdI srkwr rwjnIiqk dlW qo ibnW nhIN cl skdI[ ieh dl lokW nUM keI gu`tW iv`c vMf idMdy hn[ mukwbly dI rwjnIqI dyS dI eykqw nUM nSt kr idMdI hY[ coxW ij`qx leI keI dl nYiqk p`Dr qo vI hyTW if`g jWdy hn[ 4 mMqrI mMfl dI qwnwSwhI :- ijs dl nUM coxW iv`c bhumq pRwpq huMdw hY[ ausy dl dI srkwr bxdI hY[ pwrtI dy pRBwvSwlI nyqw jo vI nIqIAW bxwauNdy hn, bwkI mYNbr aus dw smrQn krdy hn[ ies qrWH mMqrIAW dI mnmwnI cldI hY Aqy auh qwnwSwh dI qrWH kMm krdy hn[ 5 srkwr dI AsiQrqw :- sMsdI srkwr iv`c mMqrIAW dw kwrjkwl inSicq nhI huMdw[mzbUq ivroDI dl srkwr dIAW nIqIAW lokW nUM d`sdy rihMdy hn Aqy srkwr nUM bdlx dI koiSS krdy rihMdy hn[ AsiQr srkwr dyS dy ivkws iv`c rukwvt huMdI hY[ 6 rwStrI ih`qW nUM A`KoN auhly krnw :- rwjnIiqk dl AwpxI srkwr bxwaux leI keI vwr GtIAW rwjnIqI auqy Aw jWdy hn[ lokW nwl JUTy vwAdy krky aunWH nUM mUrK bxwauNdy hn[keI dl rwStrI ih`qW nwlo Awpxy ih`qW nUM ijAwdw AihmIAq idMdy hn[ pRDwngI srkwr:- AijhI srkwr ijs iv`c kwrjpwilkw Aqy ivDwnpwilkw ivckwr koeI sMbMD nw hovy, aus nUM pRDwngI srkwr ikhw jWdw hY[ AmrIkw pihlw dyS hY ijs ny pRDwngI srkwr ApxweI sI [ pRDwngI srkwr dIAW pirBwSwvW fw. gwrnr dy Anuswr, “pRDwngI srkwr AijhI srkwr hY ijs iv`c kwrjpwilkw sMivDwnk idRStI qo Awpxy kwrjkwl Aqy kwPI h`d q`k AwpxIAW nIqIAW qy kMmW dy leI ivDwnpwilkw qo suqMqr huMdI hY[” 30  fI. fI. vrnI dy Anuswr, “ies pRxwlI iv`c pRDwngI Sbd ies leI cuixAw hY ik ies iv`c srkwr dy muKI Aqy rwj dy mu`KI dw Ahudw ie`k hI rwStrpqI kol huMdw hY[” pRDwngI srkwr dIAW ivSySqwvW 1. pRDwngI srkwr iv`c kwrjpwilkw dI inSicq imAwd huMdI hY[ smyN qo pihlW rwj dy pRDwn nUM Ahudy qo nhI htwieAw jw skdw[ AmrIkw iv`c rwStrpqI dw kwrjkwl cwr swl inSicq huMdw hY[ 2. ies srkwr iv`c kwrjpwilkw Aqy ivDwnpwilkw iv`c koeI sMbMD nhI huMdw[ ieh ivDI SkqIAW dI vMf dy AwDwr qy bxweI geI hY[ ies leI srkwr dy iqMnW AMgW nUM v`K krn dw Xqn kIqw igAw hY[ kwrjpwilkw dw pRDwn ivDwnpwilkw nUM BMg nhI kr skdw[ 3. dyS dw pRDwn hI AslI kwrjpwilkw huMdw hY[ AwpxIAW swrIAW SkqIAW dI vrqoN auh AwpxI mrzI Anuswr krdw hY[ auh iksy mMqrI mMfl dI slwh dw pwbMD nhI huMdw[ 4. pRDwngI srkwr iv`c rwjnIiqk iekrUpqw dI jrUrq nhIN huMdI[ ieh jrUrI nhI huMdw ik swry mMqrI ie`ko pwrtI iv`co hI ley jwx[ 5. pRDwngI srkwr iv`c kwrjpwilkw ivDwnpwilkw pRqI izMmyvwr nhIN huMdI[ rwStrpqI Aqy aus dy mMqrI Awpxy kMmW Aqy nIqIAW leI ivDwnpwilkw pRqI izMmyvwr nhIN huMdy[ 6. ies srkwr iv`c rwStrpqI j`dI nhI huMdw nw hI aus nUM nwmzd kIqw huMdw hY, sgoN aus nUM lokWM vloN pRq`K jW ApRq`K qrIky nwl cuixAw jWdw hY[ pRDwngI srkwr dy gux 1. pRDwngI srkwr siQr hox krky AwpxIAW izMmyvwrIAW inSicMq ho ky inBwauNdw hY[ ikauNik ies srkwr nUM inSicq smy qo pihlW BMg nhI kIqw jw skdw[ 2. SkqIAW dI vMf hox krky srkwr dw koeI vI AMg inrMkuS nhIN bx skdw[ srkwr dy iqMno AMg Awpxy Awpxy AiDkwr Kyqr iv`c rih ky kMm krdy hn[ 3. pRDwngI srkwr sMkt dy smyN bhuq mzbUq rihMdI hY[ swrIAW SkqIAW dyS dy mu`KI kol hox krky srkwr PYsly AwswnI nwl lY skdI hY[ Aqy ieMnW PYsilAW nUM lwgU krvwaux leI aus nUM iksy ivDwnpwilkw qo pRvwngI nhI lYxI pYNdI [ 4. ijs dyS iv`c rwjnIiqk dl izAwdw hox auQy pRDwngI srkwr vDyry Fu`kvIN rihMdI hY[ ikauNik kwrjpwilkw inSicq smyN leI cuxI jWdI hY[ies leI srkwr siQr rih ky kMm kr skdI hY[ 5. pRDwngI srkwr Xog ivAkqIAW dI srkwr huMdI hY[ kwrjpwilkw dw mu`KI Awpxy mMqrIAW dI inXukqI krn iv`c suqMqr huMdw hY[ auh swry dyS iv`co iksy vI Xog ivAkqI nUM mMqrI dI pdvI qy inXukq kr skdw hY[ pRDwngI srkwr dy Aogux 1. pRDwngI srkwr dw mu`K doS ieh hY ik ieh smyN Anuswr bdldI nhIN[ inSicq kwrj kwl hox krky srkwr nUM cwhuMdy hoey vI nhIN bdilAW jw skdw[ ijs krky lok inrwS ho jWdy hn[ Aqy rwjnIqI pRqI Avysly ho jWdy hn[ 2. ies Swsn pRxwlI iv`c vDIAW kwnUMnW dw inrmwx nhI ho skdw[ ikauNik cMgy kwnUMn qW hI bx skdy hn jdoN kwrjpwilkw Aqy ivDwnpwilkw iv`c vDIAW sMbMD hoxgy[ pr pRDwngI srkwr iv`c AijhI Gwt rVkdI hY[ 3. ies srkwr iv`c rwStrpqI dw kwrjkwl inSicq hox krky kwrjpwilkw inrukMS bx jWdI hY[ SwSn dIAW swrIAW SkqIAW aus dy h`QW iv`c hox krky auh iksy dI slwh lYxI psMd nhIN krdw hY[ 31 4. pRDwngI srkwr iv`c SkqIAW dI vMf dw isDWq shI nhI[ ikauNik srkwr dy AMgW dw Awps iv`c koeI sMbMD nhI huMdw[ ies leI nw qW vDIAW kwnUMn bxdy hn nw hI lwgU kIqy jWdy hn[ SkqIAW dI vMf nwl vDIAW Swsn nhI bx skdw[ 5. ies srkwr iv`c lokW nUM rwjnIiqk is`iKAw nhI imldI[ ikauNik mMqrIAW kolo nw qW koeI pRSn pu`Cy jWdy hn, nw hI ivDwnpwilkw duAwrw srkwr dIAW nIqIAW dI Awlocnw kIqI jWdI hY[ies leI lok rwjnIqI iv`c G`t idlcspI lYNdy hn[ 6. AijhI srkwr ivdySI nIqI iv`c kmzor swibq huMdI hY[ rwStrpqI mzbUqI nwl ivdySI nIqI dw inrmwx nhI kr skdw[ dUjy dySW nwl sMDIAW krn leI ivDwnpwilkw dI mnjUrI lYxI pYNdI hY[keI vwr ivDwnpwilkw pRvwngI nhI idMdI[ ijs krky kwrjpwilkw ieMnWH sMDIAW nUM AmlI rUp nhI dy skdI[ sMsdI srkwr Aqy pRDwngI srkwr iv`c AMqr sMsdI srkwr dw kwrjkwl AinSicq huMdw hY pr pRDwngI srkwr dw kwrjkwl inSicq huMdw hY kwrjpwilkw Aqy ivDwnpwilkw dy sMbMDW iv`c AMqr dyS dy mu`KI dI siQqI sMbMDI AMqr srkwr dy suBwA sMbMDI AMqr SkqIAW dI vMf sMbMDI AMqr sMsdI Aqy pRDwngI pRxwlI iv`c ikhVI sB qo vDIAw hY ? ie`k hI Swsn pRxwlI hryk dyS leI lwhyvMd nhIN ho skdI[ hr dyS dIAW AwpxIAW AwriQk, smwijk, rwjnIiqk s`misAwvW huMdIAW hn[ ies leI v`K-v`K dySW leI ie`ko ijhIAW Swsn pRxwlIAW shI nhIN ho skdIAW[ pr ieh s`cweI hY ik pRDwngI srkwr dy mukwbly sMsdI srkwr Awpxy guxW krky kwPI dySW iv`c pRcil`q hoeI hY[ ikauNik……… 1. sMsdI Swsn pRxwlI kwrjpwilkw nUM ivDwnpwilkw pRqI au`qrdweI bxwauNdI hY[ 2. sMsdI srkwr nUM iksy vI smyN bdilAw jw skdw hY[ 3. sMsdI srkwr inMrukS nhI bx skdI[ 4. sMsdI srkwr jnqw pRqI jvwbdyh huMdI hY[ 5. sMsdI srkwr iv`c kwrjpwilkw Aqy ivDwnpwilkw iv`c gUVyH sMbMD huMdy hn[ AiBAws leI pRSn :- 1. sMsdI srkwr dw ArQ d`so Aqy ies dIAW cwr ivSySqwvW d`so? 2. pRDwngI srkwr dw ArQ d`so Aqy ies dy iqMn gux Aqy iqMn Aogux d`so? 3. sMsdI Aqy pRDwngI srkwr iv`c cwr AMqr d`so? 4. sMsdI srkwr vwly Aqy pRDwngI srkwr vwly iqMn dySW dy nwm d`so? 32  srkwr dy rUp (iekwqmk Aqy sMGwqmk) vrqmwn smyN srkwrW dw sMgTn iekwqmk Aqy sMGwqmk AwDwr qy kIqw jWdw hY[ A`jk`l rwj KyqrPl Aqy vsoN p`KoN ieMny ivSwl ho gey hn ik Swsn nUM TIk FMg nwl clwaux leI rwjW nUM keI BwgW iv`c vMifAw igAw hY, ijMnWH nUM pRWq vI ikhw jWdw hY[ jdoN dyS dIAW swrIAW SkqIAW sMivDwn Anuswr kyvl ie`k kyNdr srkwr kol hox Aqy rwj srkwrW kyNdr dy AwdyS Anuswr kMm krn qW aus nUM “iekwqmk srkwr” kihMdy hn[ ieMglYNf, ietlI, jwpwn Aqy PrWs Awid dySW iv`c iekwqmk srkwr hn[ AmrIkw, Bwrq, knYfw, AwstRylIAw, sivtzrlYNf Awid dySW iv`c sMGwqmk srkwrW hn[ c iekwqmk srkwr dIAW pirBwSwvW pRo: fwiesI dy Anuswr, “iekwqmk srkwr iv`c kyNdrI SkqI hI srvau`c ivDwnkI SkqI dI suBwvk qOr qy vrqo krdI hY[” pRo: Pwienr dy Anuswr, “iekwqmk srkwr iv`c swrIAW SkqIAW kyNdr kol huMdIAW hn, ijs dI ie`Cw Aqy AiDkwrI kwnUMnI p`K qo swry KyqrW iv`c srv SkqImwn huMdy hn[” iekwqmk srkwr dIAW ivSySqwvW 1. swry dyS leI ie`k hI srkwr kMm krdI hY[ swry rwj leI ie`k hI ivDwnpwilkw, kwrjpwilkw Aqy inAWpwilkw kMm krdI hY[ 2. swry dyS iv`c nwgirkW nUM “iekihrI nwgirkqw” id`qI jWdI hY[ 3. iekwqmk pRxwlI vwly dySW iv`c ilKqI jW AilKqI sMivDwn dI ivvsQw huMdI hY[ 4. iekwqmk dySW iv`c sMivDwn kTor jW lckIlw iksy qrWH dw vI ho skdw hY[ 5. kyNdrI srkwr srvau`c Aqy SkqISwlI huMdI hY[ iekwqmk srkwr dy gux iekwqmk srkwr iv`c swrIAW SkqIAW ie`k kyNdr kol hox krky srkwr mzbUq rihMdI hY[ srkwr AwpxI ie`Cw nwl kwnUMn bxwauNdI hY Aqy lwgU krdI hY[ 1. iekwqmk srkwr Coty dySW leI bhuq vDIAw Aqy Fu`kvIN srkwr hY[ 2. ies srkwr iv`c kyNdr kol swrIAW SkqIAW hox krky izMmyvwrI inSicq krnI soKI hY[ 3. iekwqmk srkwr iv`c srkwr dw Krcw bhuq G`t huMdw hY[ikauik rwjW dy v`Kry mMqrI-mMfl nhI huMdy[ swry dyS leI iek kwrjpwilkw,ivDwnpwilkw Aqy inAWpwilkw huMdI hY[ 4. smyN Aqy hwlwqW Anuswr sMivDwn iv`c qbdIlI kIqI jw skdI hY[ 5. ieh SwSn pRxwlI sMkt dy smyN bhuq aupXogI hY[ kyNdrI srkwr jldI PYsly krdI hY[ 33  iekwqmk srkwr dy Aogux 1. iekwqmk srkwr iv`c swrIAW SkqIAW kyNdr kol hox krky keI vwr srkwr inrukMS bx jWdI hY[ikauNik srkwr AwpxI mn mrzI nwl SkqIAW dI vrqoN krnI SurU kr idMdI hYY[ 2. ieh pRxwlI v`fy dySW leI iblkul vI Fu`kvIN nhI hY[ rwjW dIAW AwpxIAW s`misAwvW Aqy loVW huMdIAW hn[ kyNdr srkwr nUM ienWH bwry pUrI jwxkwrI nhI huMdI[ 3. iekwqmk srkwr iv`c nOkrSwhI dw pRBwv loV qo v`D huMdw hY[ pRdySW dw Swsn pRbMD clwaux leI kyNdrI srkwr duAwrw srkwrI krmcwrI inXukq kIqy jWdy hn[ pr ieh lokW duAwrw cuxy gey pRqIinDI nhIN huMdy ies leI ieh jnqw swhmxy iksy g`l leI izMmyvwr nhIN huMdy[ 4. ies Swsn pRxwlI iv`c lokW nUM rwjnIiqk is`iKAw nhI imldI[ iekihrI srkwr huMdI hY[ lokW nUM rwj pRbMD iv`c ih`sw lYx dw bhuq G`t mokw imldw hY[ 5. keI Awlock iekwqmk srkwr nUM AlokqMqrI mMndy hn[ ikauNik lokqMqr iv`c SkqIAW dI vMf huMdI hY[ Aqy v`D qo v`D lokW nUM rwj pRbMD iv`c ih`sw lYx dI iezwzq huMdI hY[ pr iekwqmk srkwr iv`c Aijhw iblkul vI nhIN huMdw[ jdoN dyS dIAW SkqIAW sMivDwn Anuswr rwjW Aqy kyNdr iv`ckwr vMfIAW hox, rwjW nUM AwpxI mrzI nwl Swsn clwaux dI Ku`ul hovy AijhI srkwr nUM “sMGwqmk srkwr” kihMdy hn[ AmrIkw, Bwrq, knYfw, AwstRylIAw, sivtzrlYNf Awid dySW iv`c sMGwqmk srkwrW hn[ sMGwqmk srkwr dw jnm :- AMgRyzI BwSw dw ‘PYfrySn’(Federation) Sbd lwqInI BwSw dy Sbd ‘PoeIfs’ (Foedus) qoN bixAw hY[ ijs dw ArQ sMDI jW smJoqw hY[ sMGwqmk srkwr iv`c kyNdr Aqy rwjW ivckwr ie`k smJoqw jW sMDI hI huMdI hY[ ijs dw vrxn sMivDwn iv`c kIqw huMdw hY[ sB qoN pihlW sMGwqmk pRxwlI dI sQwpnw 4 mwrc , 1789 nUM sMXukq rwj AmrIkw (United States Of Amrica) iv`c kIqI geI[ sMGwqmk srkwr dIAW pirBwSw 1. hYimltn dy Anuswr, “ sMGwqmk srkwr rwjW dw ie`k Aijhw smUh hY jo ie`k nvyN rwj nUM hoNd iv`c ilAWdw hY[” 2. ky. sI. vIAr dy Anuswr, “ sMGwqmk sMivDwn iv`c srkwr dIAW SkqIAW smu`cy dyS dI srkwr Aqy dyS dy v`K v`K BwgW dIAW srkwrW iv`c ies qrWH vMfIAW huMdIAW hn ik hryk srkwr Awpxy Kyqr iv`c kwnUMnI p`Ko suqMqr huMdI hY[” sMGwqmk srkwr dIAW ivSySqwvW 1. sMGwqmk srkwr iv`c sMivDwn ilKqI Aqy kTor huMdw hY[ ies nwl kyNdr Aqy rwjW dIAW srkwrW iv`c pYdw hox vwly ivvwdW nUM AwswnI nwl h`l kIqw jw skdw hY[ sMivDwn kTor huMdw hY[ ies iv`c soD krn leI ivSyS bhumq dI loV pYNdI hY[ 2. ies srkwr iv`c kyNdr Aqy rwjW iv`c iviSAW dI vMf kIqI geI hY[rwStrI mh`qqw vwly ivSy kyNdr kol sQwnk mh`qqw vwly rwjW kol Aqy sWJI mh`qqw vwly kyNdr Aqy rwjW dovW kol huMdy hn[ ieMnWH iviSAW dI vMf sMivDwn duAwrw kIqI jWdI hY[ 3. ies srkwr iv`c nwgirkw nUM “dohrI nwgirkqw” pRwpq huMdI hY[ ies qo Bwv ivAkqI ij`Qy rihMdw hY pihlW aus rwj dw nwgirk smiJAW jWdw hY[ iPr ijs dyS iv`c rihMdw hY[ ies qrWH ivAkqI nUM dohrI nwgirkqw imlI huMdI hY[ 34 4. sMGwqmk srkwr iv`c inAWpwilkw dI srvau`cqw huMdI hY[inAWpwilkw sMivDwn dI r`iKAw krdI hY, sMivDwn dI ivAiKAw krdI hY, kyNdr Aqy rwjW ivckwr pYdw hox vwly ivvwdW nUM h`l krdI hY[ Bwrq Aqy AmrIkw iv`c inAWpwilkw nUM srvauc mMinAW jWdw hY[ 5. sMGwqmk srkwr iv`c dohry sMivDwn dI ivvsQw kIqI geI hY[ hr rwj dw Awpxw sMivDwn huMdw hY[ Aqy swry dyS dw v`Krw ie`k sMivDwn huMdw hY[ 6. sMGwqmk sMivDwn iv`c do sdnI ivDwn-mMfl huMdw hY[ hyTly sdn iv`c lokW nUM pRqIinDqw id`qI jWdI hY[ auprlw sdn rwjW dI pRqIinDqw krdw [ sMGwqmk srkwr dy gux kyNdr qwnwSwh nhI vDIAW rwj pRbMD v`fy dySW leI lwhyvMd bx skdw