Lecture 3: Traditional Causes of Health and Disease/ Health Anthropology PDF

COMMED EVALS 3 Lecture 3: TRADITIONAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND DISEASE/ HEALTH ANTHROPOLOGY INTRODUCTION HEADS UP: This topic is lengthy and full of terminologies. Table of Conten...

COMMED EVALS 3 Lecture 3: TRADITIONAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND DISEASE/ HEALTH ANTHROPOLOGY INTRODUCTION HEADS UP: This topic is lengthy and full of terminologies. Table of Contents: PAIN: 1. Why study Filipino Traditional Medicine? o DIFFERENT CONTEXT (saan sumasakit) 2. Illness and Health  Sakit ng ulo: headache 3. Health and Kalusugan 4. FILIPINO TRADITIONAL MEDICINE DEFINITION OF  Sakit ng tiyan: stomach ache HEALTH AND WELLNESS o DIFFERENT QUALITIES (paano sumasakit) a. THEORY OF MACROCOSM AND MICROCOSM  Hapdi: stinging UNIVERSE AND HUMANKIND  Kirot: sharp, recurrent b. THEORY OF NATURE ELEMENTS  NOT PURELY BIOMEDICAL c. THEORY OF BODY HUMOURS  HEIRARCHICAL 5. CAUSES OF ILLNESSES IN FILIPINO 6. DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS IN FILIPINO TRADITIONAL Mahina: weak MEDICINE 7. THERAPIES IN FILIPINO TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 8. PREVENTION IN FILIPINO TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 9. DIFFERENT FAITH HEALERS Matamlay: lethargic 10. DIVINERS AND PROCEDURES 11. TYPES OF HILOT IN THE COMMUNITY 12. SAMPLE QUESTIONS May sakit: is ill (unable to perform physical tasks) A. WHY STUDY FILIPINO MEDICINE?  HEALTH: capacity to exercise the functions of life  Cultural competency of Filipino Physicians, o STATE: Malusog (healthy) Nurses, Dentists, and other Health o FUNCTION: Malakas (strong) Professionals  SICKNESS: impotence (lack of strength /  W.H.O. Recommendation to integrate power) in and of the person Traditional Medicine in Medical and Health Sciences Education and Primary Health Care C. HEALTH AND KALUSUGAN (1978)  "KALUSUGAN"  World Health Assembly resolutions to  Health integrate Traditional Medicine in their health  LUSOG: full development, care systems progressiveness  Philippine Government Policies o The opposite of 'malusog' is  Philippine Institute of Traditional and 'mapayat' and not 'may sakit' Alternative Health Care (PITAHC, (illness) Republic Act 8433, 1997)  Di bali kahit payat, huwag lang  Patients inquiring for complementary and masakitin (Never mind if alternative medicine. you're thin, as long as you're B. ILLNESS AND HEALTH not sickly)  "SAKIT" o Payat: did not attain the full  ILLNESS vs. DISEASE potential of physical development; DISEASE ILLNESS not malusog but not ill Organic Causes Sometimes inorganic o Mataba: obesity but not Biomedical Not purely considered as a sign of health; biomedical being fat doesn't automatically Bodies become sick Person becomes ill mean they're sick Doctor is curer of the Doctor is the healer disease of the sick o Malakas: strong; how they feel in *CURE- natatangal *SICK- terms of healthiness talaga yung sakit nareregenerate lang  together with katawan (strong Medication and Therapy and belief in body): able to function technology the Healer because the body is fully developed in relation to one's need to work o Madaling mapagod: prone to fatigue; sign suggesting possible illness TRANSCRIBERS: JOYCE SALTING 1 of # SUBTRANSHEADS: RJ BELTRAN  COMMED EVALS 3 Lecture 3: TRADITIONAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND DISEASE/ HEALTH ANTHROPOLOGY  Concept of 'pilay' (misalignment of energy channels)  Concept of 'pasma' (musculo-skeletal syndrome due to imbalance of hot and cold)  'Nabalis', 'nabuyagan', 'nabati' (transfer of energy from one person to another)  'Binangungot' (sudden nocturnal death syndrome)  'Nakulam'/ 'nabarang' (transfer of negative energies from one person to the other)  'Nagayuma' (increase of sexual attraction/energy) D. FILIPINO TRADITIONAL MEDICINE DEFINITION  'Nasapian' (spirit possession) OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS  'Nanuno' (person who disturbed nature 1. THEORY OF MACROCOSM AND MICROCOSM spirits/ nature guardians) UNIVERSE AND HUMANKIND  'Nagalit ang mga ninuno' (a person who  Balance of synergy and harmony violated the norms of ancestors/ ancestral o Between humankind and universe spririts) o Between humankind and nature  'Nabinat'/ 'nabughat' (a person who has just o Between and amongst people undergone severe psycho-emotional physical o Within his body, mind and spirit stress and immediately goes back to normal  Ang kalusugan at kaginhawaan ay ang daily activities thus provoking a return to his mabuting kaugnayan ng sangkatauhan previous pathological state) sa kalawakan, ng sangkatauhan sa  Effects of seasons, habitat, diet, way of life, kalikasan, ng tao sa kapwa niya, sa days of the week kanyang sariling katawan, kaisipan, kalooban at kaluluwa. F. DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS IN FILIPINO TRADITIONAL o (health and wellness is the state of MEDICINE  Pulse diagnosis ('pamulso') harmony, balance and synergy  Use of external diagnostic tools: 'tawas', eggs between humankind and the bottles, banana leaves (dahon ng saging) universe, between humankind  Use of 'hilot' (palpation with massage) and nature, between and among  Laying of the hands humankind and within the human  Reading of aura body, mind and soul.)  When this 'harmony' is broken and not G. THERAPIES IN FILIPINO TRADITIONAL MEDICINE mended, disease death and destruction will occur 'Oslob' (kulob)  steam inhalation from 2. THEORY OF NATURE ELEMENTS infusion of air-dried  Fire (kalikasan ng apoy) aromatic medicinal  Earth (kalikasan ng lupa) herbs and plants  Use of tent made of  Water (kalikasan ng tubig) cotton  Air (kalikasan ng hangin) Bathing Practices ('The  Mixture of air-dried  All should be interrelated; harmony and Paligo') tropical and indigenous balance aromatic leaves and 3. THEORY OF BODY HUMOURS flowers with medicinal  Init (hot) and lamig (cold) / Yin and properties made into yang in Chinese medicine hot/cold or earth-wind- fire-water balancing  Basa (wet) and tuyo (dry) rinsing bath ('binat'  Balance within the human body and the regulator herbal rinse) environment 'Hilot'  Filipino traditional  Dominance in one will lead to a disease massage state (pasma/pilay)  eclectic mix of massages 4. BELIEF IN NATURE SPIRITS/GUARDIANS OF from 7 major ethno- linguistic cultural areas NATURE AND SPIRIT ANCESTORS of the Philippines  brings joyful yet serene E. CAUSES OF ILLNESSES IN FILIPINO total body experience  Concept of 'hangin' (wind)- whether present  uses strips of warm in food, environment and within the body banana leaves applied  Concept of 'bara' (energy block) to different parts of the body TRANSCRIBERS: JOYCE SALTING 2 of # SUBTRANSHEADS: RJ BELTRAN  COMMED EVALS 3 Lecture 3: TRADITIONAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND DISEASE/ HEALTH ANTHROPOLOGY and pasted directly to 'The Tapik Kawayan'  1 cm thick, 5cm long the wound (prayer may bamboo sticks to tap also be whispered ('tapik') certain body (‘bulong’) onto the areas with biomagnetic applied material and energy blocks or wound) predominance of cold 'Candot'  Treatment for dizziness humours  From Pampanga area  releases the energy  Drawing up and block to allow free flow pinching of the neck to achieve balance skin and flesh with the 'Kisig Galing'  use of biomagnetic index and middle energy healing of fingers flexed at the naturally gifted Filipino proximal Traditional Healers interphalangeal joints  use of hands as outlet of  Causes bruising and positive biomagnetic small areas of energy from their own ecchymoses personal biomagnetic (discoloration) around energy and the positive lower neck energy from the 'Kudlit'  Treatment for dog, environment to the animal and other person in disease ‘venomous’ bites  'Kisig': biomagnetic  Application of blade enegy cuts (30-100) in areas  'Galing': heal adjacent to the bite  heal parts that have  Requires follow-up states of imbalance and visits: in 1 week, 1 disharmony month, 6 months, 1 'Unang Lana'  Filipino Virgin Coconut year Oil 'Lunas'  Derived from a single-  fresh (90 day old) flesh horned animal or horn of coconuts, cold of a female deer pressed to extract first  From Bicol area coconut oil (Unang  Shaved fragment of the Lana) horn is applied directly  CHARACTERISTIC/ USES: to the wound  distinct sweet smell  Material will  for total body rub, adhere to the hair tonic, massage wound in the liniment, facial mask presence of or even jigger drink ‘kamandag’ 'Bintusa'  massage therapy (poison)  USES:  Will fall after a few  musculoligamentous hours when poison complaints is no longer  back pain and present muscle strain   tremors attributed 'Luop'  From rural Quezon area to too much bad air  A diagnostic procedure (masamang hangin)  Mud ball is placed on a 'Bulong/ Orasyon'  in Latin or pig-Latin fire built on a plate. As  for countering evil mud turns into ember, spirits it is doused with water  preventing physical and smoke is directed harm toward the stomach  USES:  USES:  Headaches  Common  Hiccups gastrointestinal  Burns complains:  Sprains abdominal,  Back pain flatulence (kabag) 'Tapal'  Utilizes prayer (either or diarrhea written or whispered) brought about by  Piece of common the inhalation of material which a prayer ‘allmuong’ has been written (unpleasant (‘orasyon’) is applied sulfuric smell of TRANSCRIBERS: JOYCE SALTING 3 of # SUBTRANSHEADS: RJ BELTRAN  COMMED EVALS 3 Lecture 3: TRADITIONAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND DISEASE/ HEALTH ANTHROPOLOGY the early rain on  USES: dry earth)  Febrile conditions 'Magasawang Gamot'  Amoxicillin (250 mg)  Child’s incessant and paracetamol (500 (nonstop) crying or mg) failure to thrive  Rural folk in Quezon area  Other traditional medicine:  Single dose for a variety  'laway' (use of saliva) of illnesses and  Psychic Reading complaints:  Flu-like syndrome  Psychic Surgery  Colds  Herbal Medicine  Febrile (showing  Animal Medicine symptoms of fever)  Mineral Medicine gastrointestinal  'Bentosa' (cupping) diarrhea disorders  Food/ animal offerings 'Lukaw'  Rural circumcision  Circumcision  Prayers and 'oracion' (‘pagtutuli’): pre- adolescent or H. PREVENTION IN FILIPINO TRADITIONAL adolescent rite of MEDICINE passage  'Anting-anting´ (amulet)  Performed on Holy  'Habak’ (amulet; tied around the waist Saturday (Sabado de or wrist) Gloria)  Use of garlic ('bawang')  Group of young boys  Use of coconut oil ('lana') (all unaccompanied)  Prayers and offerings  Preceded by a few hours of bathing in the  Doing good to one another river.  Cold water lessens I. DIFFERENT FAITH HEALERS amount of bleeding A. ALBULARYO  After bathing, they  General practitioner chew a handful of  Knowledgeable in most folkloric bayabas leaves modalities (well versed in medicinal 'Suob'  Ritual of postpartum herbs) care  Primary dispenser of health care  Performed 2-3 weeks  Usually a history of a healer in the family- after childbirth  9-10 indigenous herbal line ingredients are  They have a ‘calling’ collected and placed in o Power or ability bestowed by a big wok-like ware; at supernatural being (often the the center is an Holy Spirit) indigenous rock  Skills are based on hand-me-down (batong-buhay) for the mother to sit on practices and lore (long periods of  OTHER USE: To drive apprenticeship with family elder or local away evil spirits and healer) negative physical  MODALITIES: influences  Prayers, bulong, orasyon, use of 'Tawas'  Used alongside with herbal medicinal plants ‘bulong’  DIAGNOSIS: pulse taking  Used as to cross (sign of the cross)  Diagnostic rituals (tawas and luop) and the forehead and treatment modalities (tapal, lunas, other ailing parts of bulong, orasyon) are affected by the the body while belief in creatures and to the maladies prayers are being they cause (na-nuno, na-dwende- na- whispered lamang-lupa) (‘bulong’)  Evolved from alum-  God or spirits guiding them in their based to a diagnostic healing practices ritual utilizing non-  CONSULTATION SCHED: alum materials such as  Daily eggs, pieces of paper,  Only on Tuesdays and Fridays cigarette rolling paper,  Days of the week coinciding with fresh-water shells, candles, etc. feast of Sto. Nino and Feast of Black TRANSCRIBERS: JOYCE SALTING 4 of # SUBTRANSHEADS: RJ BELTRAN  COMMED EVALS 3 Lecture 3: TRADITIONAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND DISEASE/ HEALTH ANTHROPOLOGY Nazarene (when their healing powers D. MEDICO are at ‘optimum’  Merging folkloric therapies with B. HILOT mainstream medicine  In rural areas, refers both midwife  Incorporates allopathic treatment (magpapaanak) and chiropractic modalities into practice practitioner (manghihilot, masahe)  Acupuncture  Practitioner of the craft of ‘chiropractic’  Injection modalities manipulation and massage for the  Prescription pharmaceuticals diagnosis and treatment of  Has a period of understudy or musculoligamentous and musculoskeletal assistantship with a traditional healer for ailments traditional elements that is eventually  a specialization merged with the alternative  But in rural areas, many albularyos  Pharmaceuticals (antibiotics and have familiarity in the use of this analgesics; even steroids) are utilized modality  They prescribe indiscriminately and  No formal education or training (through dispense without usual warnings and hand-me-down education) precautions  Attributes to the ‘healing effect of God’  Use of prescription-type medicines  Through His guidance, they are able advised or written by alternative healers to manipulate spiritual and energy without full knowledge of pharmacology channels, hoping to expel evil spirits, has been increasing that may have invaded the patient’s  Drug stores or ‘boticas’ in provincial etheric space which caused the areas dispense prescription type physical ailment pharmaceuticals written or advised  ‘Panghihila’: determine the presence/ by the albularyo site of malady (illness) (‘sala’: pulled muscle or strain) J. DIVINERS AND PROCEDURES  Services are free-of-charge (similar to albularyo)  DIVINER  Set fees might lessen the hilot’s  Does not treat unless the need is healing powers/ abilities emergent  Voluntary donations are usually given  Refers the treatment to the appropriate and accepted: 10-100 pesos or in specialist kind – cigarettes, snacks, etc.  Most healers, if the cause of the illness is C. MAGPAANAK unclear (pulse-taking fails) would readily utilize a  Referred to as ‘hilot’ (confused with ritual/ indigenous diagnostic procedure (luop, chiropractic manghihilot) hila, tawas)  Calling comes from family-line of hilots  SPECIALISTS:  Spiritual calling (message from a A. MANGHIHILA supernatural being) grants the hilot  Panghihila is a diagnostic procedure needed power and skills used by manghihilot  Training from a trained practitioner  Paraphernalia varies: (relative, friend or neighbor)  Plain strips of paper  Has more than a basic knowledge in  Strips of cigarette cellophane herbal medicinal plants (used for prenatal covers needs and postnatal care)  Mirrors  Prenatal care starts at fifth month  Strips of banana leaves  Follow-up every 2 weeks  Paraphernalia may be smoothened  Any perceived problem is referred with coconut oil empowered with early on bulong  IN IMPOVERISHED COMMUNITIES:  STEPS: deliveries are performed by friends,  Coconut oil is also gently neighbors, or relatives who have gained massaged over the affected area experience, confidence and basic  Material is lightly placed on the expertise in umbilical cord care (although surface of the area and pulled uncertified) some distance, lifted and  Should have basic knowledge of replaced again on the adjoining postpartum care, massage, and the area use of medicinal herbs for the ritual  If strip of material sticks to the of suob surface resisting the pull, this TRANSCRIBERS: JOYCE SALTING 5 of # SUBTRANSHEADS: RJ BELTRAN  COMMED EVALS 3 Lecture 3: TRADITIONAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND DISEASE/ HEALTH ANTHROPOLOGY area is assumed to be the area  Identify the kind of albularyo (faith healer) or of affliction (usually a pulled diviner being referred to the items below: muscle or strain ‘sala’) A. Mangtatawas  Therapeutic massage is then B. Magpapaanak performed (Bintusa is an C. Medico alternative) D. Mangluluop B. MANGTATAWAS E. Manghihila  Tawas  popular diagnostic ritual 1. Merges folkloric therapies with mainstream  performed by alternative healers medicine; prescribes drugs. that serves in providing clues as 2. Uses a strip of material to diagnose; if the to the nature and cause of the strip of material sticks to the surface, resisting illness the pull, this area is assumed to be an area of  Pagtawas affliction (usually pulled muscle or sprain)  Derived its name from its chemical nature o Alum, an astringent, crystalline double sulfate ANSWERS w/ Explanations of aluminum and  FILIPINO TERMS potassium 1. C. Malusog ang Katawan o Was then used exclusively REASON: Able bodied 2. D. None of the above in diagnostic ritual REASON: Does not talk about ‘health’ but  Today, tawas refers to a the opposite diagnostic ritual/ procedure, 3. C. Malusog ang Katawan utilizing a variety of materials: REASON: Able bodied; physical candles, eggs, mirrors, plain 4. B. Matipuno ang Katawan paper, cigarette rolling paper REASON: Focus on “he likes to maintain his and alum masculine body.” Emotional, mental and physical aspects are involved. K. TYPES OF HILOT IN THE COMMUNITY  KINDS OF FATH HEALERS 1. C.  Comadrona (‘Magpapa-anak): expert in post- 2. E. natal care  Acupressurist: aligns nerves and balances TIPS: electrical energy 1. Review Past E’s to give idea on how the exam  Reflexologist: drains excess energy questions may look like. An example is the questions  Herbalist: uses herbal in healing presented above.  Hands-on therapy in the Philippines is a 2. Familiarize with Filipino Terminologies used like: tradition as old as its first inhabitants on the Comadrona, Suob, etc. because there’s no other way islands to shorten this reviewer and still retain sufficient and efficient information. Huhuhu! 3. The topic is easy BUT lengthy and nakakalunod sa terms. So reserve ample time to study for commed. SAMPLE QUESTIONS FROM PPT Don’t alay pls. :))))  Match the Filipino term to the concept of Health 4. Pray! Because there’s only so much we can do but being exemplified below: there’s someone we can always hold on to who A. Mabuti ang Katawan surpasses all wisdom.  B. Matipuno ang Katawan C. Malusog ang Katawan D. None of the above If you need wisdom, ask our generous 1. I saw him walking in the mall last week. He God, and he will give it to you. He will not was discharged from the hospital a month rebuke you for asking. ago. 2. I gained weight last year because of too much carbohydrates. -James 1:5 NLT- 3. Gloria Diaz won Miss Universe contest in 1969. Her figure was so perfect. 4. Cesar does regular exercise. He likes to maintain his masculine body. TRANSCRIBERS: JOYCE SALTING 6 of # SUBTRANSHEADS: RJ BELTRAN BIOETHICS: LECTURE # -- TOPIC TITLE TRANSCRIBERS: JOYCE SALTING 7 of # SUBTRANSHEADS: RJ BELTRAN