Skin and Soft Tissue Disease PDF

Module 2: Musculoskeletal  Skin and Soft Tissue Disease By: Dr. Sama Naziyah Shaban The First & The Only Franchise in Iraq  Specific Learning Ob...

Module 2: Musculoskeletal  Skin and Soft Tissue Disease By: Dr. Sama Naziyah Shaban The First & The Only Franchise in Iraq  Specific Learning Objectives a. Discuss the causes of dermatitis, urticaria, eczema and psoriasis. b. Discuss the pathogenesis of dermatitis, urticaria, eczema and psoriasis. c. Discuss the morphological changes of dermatitis, urticaria, eczema and psoriasis. d. Discuss the clinical features of dermatitis, urticaria, eczema and psoriasis. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 3  Dermatitis Derma means skin - itis means inflammation General term for conditions that cause inflammation of the skin. Alergic Examples include atopic dermatitis (eczema), contact dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff). It describes several skin irritations and rashes caused by genetics, an overactive immune system, infections, allergies, irritants and more. Common symptoms include dry skin, redness and itchiness. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 4  Urticaria Urticaria (ur-tih-KAR-e-uh) also called Hives Skin reaction that causes itchy welts Chronic hives are welts that last for more than 6 weeks and return often over months / years. Welts often start as itchy patches that turn into swollen welts that vary in size. These welts appear and fade randomly as the reaction runs its course. Very uncomfortable and interfere with sleep and daily activities. Antihistamines provide relief. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 5 The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 6  Eczema ØAlso known as atopic dermatitis, eczema is an inflammatory skin condition that might have an immune component. ØThis condition often occurs together with primary immunodeficiency diseases and has also been associated with allergies and asthma. ØIt typically develops in childhood and may resolve with age. ØIt affects 20% of children, but only 1% - 3% of adults The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 7  Psoriasis ØPsoriasis is an autoimmune condition with a genetic component which causes the skin cells to grow at an abnormal speed. ØResults in the build-up of scaly, red skin lesions which may burn or itch. ØIt typically develops between the ages of 15 – 25 Y.O Øaffects more than 125 million people worldwide. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 8 The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 9  Causes and Pathogenesis The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 10  Dermatitis 1. Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Caused by contact with allergens such as metals (e.g., nickel), plants (e.g., poison ivy), cosmetics, or medications. 2. Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Caused by exposure to irritants like soaps, detergents, solvents, or chemicals. 3. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema): Often associated with a genetic predisposition and triggered by environmental factors like allergens, dry skin, irritants, or stress. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 11  Urticaria (Hives) 1. Allergic Reaction: Triggered by exposure to allergens such as certain foods (e.g., nuts, shellfish), medications (e.g., antibiotics, NSAIDs), insect stings, or environmental factors (e.g., pollen, pet dander). 2. Non-Allergic Reaction: Can be caused by physical stimuli like pressure (dermatographism), cold (cold urticaria), heat (cholinergic urticaria), or sun exposure (solar urticaria). 3. Autoimmune Disorders: Rarely, chronic urticaria may be associated with autoimmune conditions like lupus or thyroid disorders. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 12  Urticaria caused by Non-Allergic Reaction - pressure (dermatographism) The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 13  Eczema 1. Atopic Dermatitis: Associated with genetic factors and a hypersensitive immune response to environmental triggers like allergens, irritants, microbial agents, or climate changes. 2. Contact Dermatitis: Similar to allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, eczema can result from exposure to allergens or irritants in the environment. 3. Nummular Dermatitis: Characterized by coin-shaped patches of eczema, often triggered by dry skin, environmental factors, or stress. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 14  Nummular Dermatitis – coin-shaped patches of eczema on the skin The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 15  Psoriasis 1. Genetic Predisposition: Family history of psoriasis increases the risk of developing the condition. 2. Immune Dysfunction: T-cells and cytokines play a crucial role in the pathogenesis, leading to hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and inflammation. 3. Triggers: Factors like trauma to the skin, infections (e.g., streptococcal throat infections), stress, medications (e.g., lithium, beta-blockers), or environmental factors can trigger psoriasis flare-ups. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 16  Clinical and Morphological Features The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 17  Dermatitis 1. Pruritus: Itching is a hallmark symptom of dermatitis. 2. Erythema: Redness and inflammation of the skin. 3. Blisters: Fluid-filled lesions in acute cases. 4. Scaling: Dry, flaky skin in chronic cases. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 18  Contact dermatitis: irritation / inflammation after coming in contact with a substance that triggers an allergic reaction Dermatitis The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 19 The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 20  Urticaria 1. Hives: Raised, itchy welts that come and go. 2. Pruritus: Intense itching, often associated with hives. 3. Angioedema: Swelling of deeper skin layers, particularly around the eyes, lips, and throat. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 21  Urticaria Hives Angioedema The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 22  Eczema 1. Pruritus: Severe itching, often gets worse at night. 2. Erythema: Redness and inflammation of the skin. 3. Skin lesions vary depending on the stage and type of eczema. 4. Thickening and hyperpigmentation of the skin due to chronic scratching. Flexor surfaces: Bend and fold, around the joints and creases in the skin The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 23 The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 24  Psoriasis 1. Plaque / Patches of thick, red skin with silvery-white scales that itch / burn, elbows, knees, scalp, trunk, palms, and soles of the feet. 2. Pruritus: Itching may be present but is usually less severe compared to eczema. 3. Dry, cracked skin that itches or bleeds. 4. Nail Changes / Thick, ridged, pitted nails 5. Joint Symptoms: Psoriatic arthritis may occur in some cases, presenting with joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. 6. Poor sleep quality. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 25  Plaque- thick, red skin silvery-white scales. Nail Changes- Thick, ridged, pitted nails 26 The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq  Thank you The First & The Only Franchise in Iraq