Patient Care Management for Technologist PDF

PATIENT CARE MANAGEMENT FOR TECHNOLOGIST Prepared by : Aldrin Lopez, RRT, MSRT  PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOR Morals and Ethics Moral principles that govern one’s course of action. Systematic reflection on morality. Principles of right and wrong.  ETHICS refe...

PATIENT CARE MANAGEMENT FOR TECHNOLOGIST Prepared by : Aldrin Lopez, RRT, MSRT  PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOR Morals and Ethics Moral principles that govern one’s course of action. Systematic reflection on morality. Principles of right and wrong.  ETHICS refer to rules provided by an external source, e.g., codes of conduct in workplaces or principles in religions. MORALS refer to an individual's own principles regarding right and wrong.  SET OF ETHICS PRINCIPLE HAS BEEN DERIVED FROM PHILOSOPHIES Utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue  UTILITARIANISM Aka : consequentialism Base on the result of the action advocates that action are morally correct or right when the large number of person is benefited by the decision made. DEONTOLOGY Greek word meaning “ duty” therefore you judge action by deciding it is an obligation. Since the health care provide the duty “ do not harm “ Deontology and utilitarianism are more or less opposite , the more critically injured patients would get the highest priority.  VIRTUE New philosophical belief Wisdom rather than emotional and intellectual solving With virtue of each individual. How the family and friends of the victims would be affected by the triage decision would be the deciding factor in who gets first treatment.  ETHICAL PRINCIPLES A) Autonomy: Refers to the right of all persons to make rational decisions free from external pressures B) Beneficience: Refers to the fact that all acts must be meant to attain a good result or to be beneficial. “ prevent harm “  C) Confidentiality: Refers to the concept of privacy D) Double Effect: Refers to the fact that some actions may produce both a good and a bad effect.  FOUR CRITERIA FOR DOUBLE EFFECT TO BECOME PERMISSIBLE : a) The act is good or morally neutral. b) The intent is good, not evil, although a bad result may be foreseen. c) The good effect is not achieved by means of evil effects. d) The good effect must be more important than the evil effect, or at least there is favorable balance between good over bad.  E) FIDELITY: Refers to the duty to fulfill one’s commitments and applies to keeping promises both stated and implied. F) JUSTICE: Refers to all persons being treated equally or receiving equal benefits according to need. G) NONMALEFICENCE: Refers to the duty to abstain from inflicting harm and also the duty to prevent harm  H) PATERNALISM: Refers to the attitude that sometimes prompts health care workers to make decisions regarding a person’s care without consulting the person affected. I) SANCTITY OF LIFE: Refers to the belief that life is the highest good and nobody has the right to judge that another person’s quality of life is so poor that his or her life is not of value and should be terminated.  J) VERACITY: Refers to honesty in all aspects of one’s professional life. K) RESPECT FOR PROPERTY: Refers to keeping the patients’ belongings safe and taking care not to intentionally damage or waste equipment or supplies with which one works.  PATIENT RIGHTS a. High quality hospital care. b. clean and safe environment c. Involvement in your care d. Protection of your privacy. e. Preparing you and your family for when you leave the hospital. f. Help with your bill and filing insurance claims.  GOOD SAMARITAN LAWS These laws were enacted to protect persons who give medical aid to persons in emergency situations from civil or criminal liability for their actions or omissions under these circumstances.  INFORMED CONSENT A consent is a contract wherein the patient voluntarily gives permission to someone to perform a procedure or service. Informed consent is required for the following procedures: a) Invasive procedures such as a surgical incision, a biopsy, a cystoscopy, or paracentesis b) Procedures requiring sedation and/or anesthesia c) A nonsurgical procedure such as an arteriography that may carry risk to the patient d) Procedures that involve radiation  SEVERAL LEVELS OF INFORMED CONSENT: 1) SIMPLE CONSENT matter of obtaining a patient’s permission to perform a procedure without knowledge of that procedure. a) EXPRESS CONSENT : occurs when the patient does not stop the procedure from taking place by allowing the procedure to occur. b) Implied Consent occurs in emergency situations when it is not possible to obtain consent from the patient his or her parents, or a legal representative.  2) INADEQUATE CONSENT Aka : ignorant consent occurs when the patient has not been informed adequately to make a responsible decision.  CRITERIA FOR VALID INFORMED CONSENT a) Voluntary Consent Valid consent must be freely given, without coercion. b) Incompetent Patient Legal definition: individual who is NOT autonomous and cannot give or withhold consent (e.g., individuals who are mentally retarded, mentally ill, or comatose).  C) INFORMED SUBJECT Informed consent should be in writing. It should contain the following: a) Explanation of procedure and its risks b) Description of benefits and alternatives c) An offer to answer questions about the procedure d) Instructions that the patient may withdraw consent e) A statement informing the patient if the protocol differs from customary procedure  D) Patient Able to Comprehend Information must be written and delivered in language understandable to the patient. Questions must be answered to facilitate comprehension if material is confusing.  RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGISTS 1.) To promote health 2.) To prevent illness 3.) To restore health 4.) To alleviate suffering  PRIMARY SOURCE OF LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Philippine constitution 2. Statutory law 3. Regular and judgement of administrative bureaus 4. Court decisions  CONSTITUIONAL LAW State the principle and provisions for establishment of specific law Example: such as the power to tax and spend for the welfare of the population. STATUTORY LAW / LEGISLATURE Refers to laws enacted by congressional state, or local legislative. Responsible for enacting laws Congress body Example: exclusive authority to amend the budget or budgets  JUDICIARY SYSTEM Responsible for reconciling controversies and conflicts Interpret the law COURT DECISION involve the interpretation of statutes and various regulation in decision involving individuals  COMMON LAW Body of law and accumulated decision Example: rule that a judge made ADMINISTRATIVE LAW executive power of the president Made by the executive law of government Example : manufacturing, the environment, taxation, broadcasting, immigration  TWO BASIC KINDS OF LAW 1. PUBLIC LAW Law in which the government is directly involved Regulate the relationship between individual and government Example: crime, murder. 2. PRIVATE LAW Regulates the relationship among people Examples: relating contracts, ownership of properties & practice of Radiologic Technology  LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS Criminal law deals offenses against the state or against society at large. Ex : crime FELONY serious crime punishable by imprisonment. MISDEMEANOR Less significant crime punishable by fine or imprisonment less than a year  CIVIL LAW Deals with the rights and duties of individuals with respect to one another. Seek damage rather than punishment satisfied by court-ordered payment to the injured party by the defendant. In TORT A civil wrong committed by one individual against the person or property of another. PLANTIFF Person or government bringing a lawsuit against another. A person who sues another person or accuses another person of a crime in a court of law Defendant party being sued.  TORTS Intentional Misconduct Ex : assault, battery, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy, libel, and slander (defamation) a) FALSE IMPRISONMENT Unjustifiable detention of a person against his or her will. b) INVASION OF PRIVACY result when confidentiality has not been maintained or when the patient's body has been improperly and unnecessarily exposed or touched. a) LIBEL written information b) SLANDER Oral or verbal communication c) Assault Threatening or threat of touching in an injurious d) Battery Cary out the threat defined as unlawful touching of a person,  UNINTENTIONAL MISCONDUCT Negligence and malpractice NEGLIGENCE refers to the neglect or omission of reasonable care or caution MALPRACTICE Aka : Professional negligence An act of negligence in the context of such a relationship is defined  FOR NEGLIGENT TORT LIABILITY, FOUR ELEMENTS MUST BE PRESENT Duty (what should have been done) Breach (deviation from duty) Injury sustained Cause (as a result of breach)  MALPRACTICE PREVENTION ; 7 C’s 1) Competence. Knowing and adhering to professional standards 2) Compliance. The compliance by health professionals with policies and procedures in the medical office , avoid patient injuries and allegation. 3) Charting. objectively can be the best defense against a malpractice claim. 4) Communication. Improve health care and patient communication to avoid malpractice 5) Confidentiality. Protecting the confidentiality of medical information 6) Courtesy. courteous attitude and demeanor can improve patient rapport and lessen the likelihood of lawsuits. 7) Carefulness. Personal injuries can occur unexpectedly on the premises and may lead to lawsuits.  Four elements to claim malpractice : 1) The defendant (person or institution being sued) had a duty to provide reasonable care to the patient. 2) The patient sustained some loss or injury. 3) The defendant is the party responsible for the loss. 4) The loss is attributable to negligence or improper practice  TYPES OF NEGLIGENCE a) GROSS NEGLIGENCE Higher degree of negligence negligence refers to negligent acts that involve "reckless disregard for life or limb. b) CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE an act of negligence in which the behavior of the injured party contributed to the injury c) CORPORATE NEGLIGE The hospital as an entity is negligence  The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur “The thing speaks for it self “ Obvious negligence The doctrine of respondeat superior “ let the master answers “ The doctrine of the "borrowed servant,”  DOCTRINE OF RES JUDICATA A thing or matter settled by justice DOCTRINE OF STARE DECISIS Refers to a matter settled by precedent REASONABLY PRUDENT PERSON DOCTRINE How a professional who has similar education, training, and experience would perform the act  ❖KEY REVIEW POINTS ❖Torts: Violations of civil law; personal injury law ❖Intentional misconduct: Assault (patient is apprehensive about being injured) ❖Intentional misconduct: Battery (unlawful touching or touching without consent); may also include radiographing the wrong patient or wrong body part or performing radiography against a patient’s will ❖Intentional misconduct: False imprisonment (unjustified restraint of a person) ❖Intentional misconduct: Invasion of privacy (violation of confidentiality of information; unnecessary or improper exposure or touching of the patient’s body)  ❖KEY REVIEW POINTS ❖Intentional misconduct: Libel (written information that results in defamation of character or loss of reputation) ❖Intentional misconduct: Slander (orally spreading false information that results in defamation of character or loss of reputation) ❖Unintentional misconduct: Negligence (neglect or omission of reasonable care) ❖Unintentional misconduct: Based on doctrine of the reasonably prudent person ❖Reasonably prudent person doctrine: How a reasonable person with similar education and experience would perform under similar circumstances ❖Gross negligence: Acts that demonstrate reckless disregard for life or limb  ❖KEY REVIEW POINTS ❖Four conditions needed to establish malpractice: (1) Establishment of standard of care; (2) demonstration that standard of care was violated by the radiographer; (3) demonstration that loss or injury was caused by radiographer who is being sued; (4) demonstration that loss or injury actually occurred and is a result of the negligence ❖Respondeat superior (“Let the master answer”): Legal doctrine stating that an employer is held liable for an employee’s negligent act ❖Res ipsa loquitur (“The thing speaks for itself”): Legal doctrine stating that cause of the negligence is obvious (e.g., forceps left inside a patient during surgery) ❖Charting: Entering clear statements regarding the patient’s condition, reaction to contrast agents, and amount of contrast material injected ❖Radiographic images: Legal documents; must include patient identification, anatomic markings (including left and right markers), and date of exposure  Arm and leg restraints applied without either the patient's permission or a physician's order could result in charges of: A. false imprisonment. B. negligence. C. invasion of privacy. D. battery  Standards of correct behavior by professional groups are called: A. morals. B. codes of ethics. C. torts. D. regulations  The radiographer who mistakenly administers an incorrect drug to a patient may be guilty of a a. Tort b. Negligence c. Crime d. Battery  As a radiographer, you refuse to work with a patient because you do not care for persons of the patient’s religion. You are guilty of violating a. The law b. The ethics of your profession c. You own moral values d. Both a and b  What describes torts? a. Violations of criminal law b. Considered part of personal injury law c. Provide for compensation for injury d. Violations of civil law that are part of personal injury law and provide for compensation for injury  Which of the following may be considered as an example of battery? a. Violating HIPAA b. Radiographing the wrong patient or body part c. Verbally abusing a patient d. Criticizing a physician’s order in front of a patient  Assault means: a. Threatening the patient or causing the patient to be apprehensive b. Striking the patient c. Touching the patient without consent d. Performing radiography against the patient’s will  Which of the following is an example of invasion of privacy? a. Radiographing the wrong patient b. Unjustified restraint of patient c. Improperly exposing the patient’s body d. Radiographing the wrong body part  Unintentional misconduct is also called: a. Negligence b. An accident c. Libel d. Slander  The concept of the reasonably prudent person is interpreted as: a. How a reasonable jury member would perform the act b. How a professional who has similar education, training, and experience would perform the act c. How a prudent attorney would interpret the act d. How a reasonable and prudent judge would rule on the act  Respondeat superior means: a. “The thing speaks for itself ” b. A radiographer has no need to carry malpractice insurance c. The reasonable and prudent person should make the decision d. “Let the master answer”  Gross negligence is: a. A case that includes the injured person as a contributing party to the injury b. Loss of life or limb c. An act that shows reckless disregard for life or limb d. Found in criminal cases only  A case involving obvious negligence would be defined by the doctrine of: a. Respondeat superior b. Slander c. Libel d. Res ipsa loquitur