Matter And Its Properties PDF

MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES Word Search Activity: Find me, Guess me. Word Search Activity: Find me, Guess me. Motivation Activity: Push the plunger!  Motivation Activity: Push the plunger! What will happen if the plunger will be pushed down the syringe?  Motivat...

MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES Word Search Activity: Find me, Guess me. Word Search Activity: Find me, Guess me. Motivation Activity: Push the plunger!  Motivation Activity: Push the plunger! What will happen if the plunger will be pushed down the syringe?  Motivation Activity: Push the plunger! Why is it easier to compress the entrapped air than the wood block?  Motivation Activity: Push the plunger! A solid is made up of particles which are compact, so that it is no longer possible to push these particles closer to each other.  Motivation Activity: Push the plunger! A solid is made up of particles A gas is made up of particles that which are compact, so that it is no are far apart from each other, longer possible to push these which can be pushed closer particles closer to each other. towards each other; THE STATES OF MATTER  THE STATES OF MATTER SOLID How separated are the particles in LIQUID each state of matter? GAS  THE STATES OF MATTER SOLID How free are the particles to LIQUID move in each state of matter? GAS  THE STATES OF MATTER SOLID Solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. Has fixed shape and volume. Liquid takes shape of LIQUID container. Forms horizontal surface. Has fixed volume. GAS Gas takes both the shape and volume of its container. Expands to fill container. A plasma is a gaseous state of matter that contains appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles  Physical and Chemical Properties Physical and Chemical Properties A physical property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. Physical and Chemical Properties A physical change is a change in the state or properties of matter without any accompanying change in the chemical identities of the substances contained in the matter. Physical changes are observed when wax melts, when sugar dissolves in coffee, and when steam condenses into liquid water. Other examples of physical changes include magnetizing and demagnetizing metals (as is done with common antitheft security tags) and grinding solids into powders (which can sometimes yield noticeable changes in color). In each of these examples, there is a change in the physical state, form, or properties of the substance, but no change in its chemical composition Physical and Chemical Properties FIGURE 1.18 (a) Wax undergoes a physical change when solid wax is heated and forms liquid wax. (b) Steam condensing inside a cooking pot is a physical change, as water vapor is changed into liquid water. (credit a: modification of work by “95jb14”/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: modification of work by “mjneuby”/Flickr) Physical and Chemical Properties The change of one type of matter into another type (or the inability to change) is a chemical property. Examples of chemical properties include flammability, toxicity, acidity, and many other types of reactivity. Iron, for example, combines with oxygen in the presence of water to form rust; chromium does not oxidize (Figure 1.19). Nitroglycerin is very dangerous because it explodes easily; neon poses almost no hazard because it is very unreactive. Physical and Chemical Properties FIGURE 1.19 (a) One of the chemical properties of iron is that it rusts; (b) one of the chemical properties of chromium is that it does not. (credit a: modification of work by Tony Hisgett; credit b: modification of work by “Atoma”/Wikimedia Commons) Physical and Chemical Properties A chemical change always produces one or more types of matter that differ from the matter present before the change. The formation of rust is a chemical change because rust is a different kind of matter than the iron, oxygen, and water present before the rust formed. The explosion of nitroglycerin is a chemical change because the gases produced are very different kinds of matter from the original substance. Other examples of chemical changes include reactions that are performed in a lab (such as copper reacting with nitric acid), all forms of combustion (burning), and food being cooked, digested, or rotting (Figure 1.20)  Physical and Chemical Properties FIGURE 1.20 (a) Copper and nitric acid undergo a chemical change to form copper nitrate and brown, gaseousnitrogen dioxide. (b) During the combustion of a match, cellulose in the match and oxygen from the air undergo achemical change to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. (c) Cooking red meat causes a number of chemicalchanges, including the oxidation of iron in myoglobin that results in the familiar red-to-brown color change. (d) Abanana turning brown is a chemical change as new, darker (and less tasty) substances form. (credit b: modificationof work by Jeff Turner; credit c: modification of work by Gloria Cabada-Leman; credit d: modification of work byRoberto Verzo)  Extensive and Intensive Property Extensive and Intensive Property Properties of matter fall into one of two categories. If the property depends on the amount of matter present, it is an extensive property. The mass and volume of a substance are examples of extensive properties; for instance, a gallon of milk has a larger mass than a cup of milk. The value of an extensive property is directly proportional to the amount of matter in question. Extensive and Intensive Property If the property of a sample of matter does not depend on the amount of matter present, it is an intensive property. Temperature is an example of an intensive property. If the gallon and cup of milk are each at 20 °C (room temperature), when they are combined, the temperature remains at 20 °C. As another example, consider the distinct but related properties of heat and temperature. Extensive and Intensive Property A drop of hot cooking oil spattered on your arm causes brief, minor discomfort, whereas a pot of hot oil yields severe burns. Both the drop and the pot of oil are at the same temperature (an intensive property), but the pot clearly contains much more heat (extensive property). INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY: FILL IN THE BOX Classification Activity: What am I (Chemical Property or Physical Property) a. Melting of ice b. Evaporation of water c. Rusting d. Digestion Classification Activity: Tell me if what am I (Intensive Property or Extensive Property) a. Boiling Point b. Weight c. Volume d. Density ANSWERS INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY: FILL IN THE BOX Extensive Intensive Physical Properties Chemical Properties Properties Properties Classification Activity: What am I (Chemical Property or Physical Property) a. Melting of ice - Physical Property b. Evaporation of water - Physical Property c. Rusting - Chemical Property d. Digestion - Chemical Property Classification Activity: Tell me if what am I (Intensive Property or Extensive Property) a. Boiling Point - Intensive property b. Weight - Extensive property c. Volume - Extensive property d. Density - Intensive property Classifying Matter Pure Substance A pure substance has a constant composition. All specimens of a pure substance have exactly the same makeup and properties. Pure substances may be divided into two classes: elements and compounds. Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes are called elements. Ex. Fe, Ag, Au, S, O, and Cu. Pure substances that are comprised of two or more elements are called compounds. Compounds may be broken down by chemical changes to yield either elements or other compounds, or both. Mercury(II) oxide, an orange, crystalline solid, can be broken down by heat into the elements mercury and oxygen (Figure 1.9). FIGURE 1.9 (a) The compound mercury(II) oxide, (b) when heated, (c) decomposes into silvery droplets of liquid mercury and invisible oxygen gas. Mixture A mixture is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation (you will learn more about this later). A mixture with a composition that varies from point to point is called a heterogeneous mixture. Italian dressing is an example of a heterogeneous mixture (Figure 1.10). A homogeneous mixture, also called a solution, exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout. An example of a solution is a sports drink, consisting of water, sugar, coloring, flavoring, and electrolytes mixed together uniformly (Figure 1.10). FIGURE 1.10 (a) Oil and vinegar salad dressing is a heterogeneous mixture because its composition is not uniform throughout. (b) A commercial sports drink is a homogeneous mixture because its composition is uniform throughout. (credit a “left”: modification of work by John Mayer; credit a “right”: modification of work by Umberto Salvagnin; credit b “left: modification of work by Jeff Bedford Separation Methods FILTRATION Filtration: to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering membrane, like paper or cloth DISTILLATION Distillation: to separate two liquids in a homogeneous mixture. - Is a process of separating liquids from solution. - The separation technique is based on the differences of the boiling point of the substances in the mixture. - It is where a mixture is heated. - The substance with the lowest boiling point boils into vapor and condenses to liquid. It is collected as distilled water. MAGNETIC SEPARATION Magnetic separation: to separate a magnetic solid from a heterogeneous mixture - Separating metals from non-metals. - Used of magnets is also utilized in industries, especially in junkyards. They remove metal from other materials using a big magnet. DECANTATION Decantation: to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture based on gravity. - Separating a less dense substance from a denser one. - Mixture is left undisturbed. - When the components are separated, the less-dense substance could be removed by scooping using a spoon or it can be removed by scooping using spoon or it can be removed by slowly pouring out. Example: oil in water and fats that float in sinigang could be removed by decantation or scooping. SUBLIMATION Sublimation: to separate a volatile solid from a non-volatile solid. - conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its becoming liquid. CHROMATOGRAPHY - It is used in hospitals to detect the level of alcohol in the bloodstream. - Used in environmental agencies to detect the level of pollutants in the water supply. - A technique that separates the components of mixtures that are based on the ability of each component to be drawn across the surface of another material. - It is good in separating dissolved substances that have different color, such as ink and plant dyes. PHYSICAL MANIPULATION - Is a technique used in separating the solid components of a heterogeneous mixture. - The components of the mixture should be big enough to be seen and picked up by hands or forceps.