(1) Introduction to History and PH Studies (1).pdf

history??? ― Alvin Toffler History is like tsismis. It is filtered and dagdag na rin, so hindi natin alam what is the real history. Naro'n na yung idea, pero may mga bias talaga. As long as we are here at may kaniya-kaniyang opinion, I respect everyone's opinion" Ella Cruz on what she learned fro...

history??? ― Alvin Toffler History is like tsismis. It is filtered and dagdag na rin, so hindi natin alam what is the real history. Naro'n na yung idea, pero may mga bias talaga. As long as we are here at may kaniya-kaniyang opinion, I respect everyone's opinion" Ella Cruz on what she learned from "Maid in Malacañang" July 2, 2022 Introduction to History Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Learning Objectives: ▪ To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline. ▪ To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives. ▪ To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences and sources. ▪ To appreciate the importance of history in the social and national life of the Philippines. History Has always been known as the study of the past. Derived from the Greek work “historia” which means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation.” The study of the past: the events that happened in the past, and the causes of such events.  BISAYA ka·agi Mga panghitabo ug saysay kaniadto nga adunay bili. Historiography the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject. an analysis of the interpretations of a specific topic written by past historians or authors.  History has played various roles in the past. 1. To unite a nation. 2. To legitimize regimes. 3. Forge a sense of collective identity.  Why study history? I II III Learn about the past and Develop a sense of Understand human society understand the present. nationalism. and social relationships. IV V VI To appreciate the heritage To broaden To acquire background for and identity. perspectives. critical thinking. Positivism A school of thought that emerged between the eighteenth and nineteenth century. This thought requires empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a particular knowledge is true. It entails an objective means of arriving at a conclusion. ▪ In the discipline of history, the mantra “no document no history” stems from this very same truth, where historian were required to show written primary documents in order to write a particular historical narrative. Positivist historians are also expected to be objective and impartial not just in their arguments but also on their conduct of historical research. Postcolonialism A school of thought that emerged in the early twentieth century when formerly colonized nations grappled with the idea of creating their identities and understanding their societies against the shadows of their colonial past. Postcolonial history looks at two things in writing history: 1. to tell the history of their nation that will highlight their identity free from that of colonial discourse and knowledge 2. to criticize the methods, effects, and idea of colonialism. It is therefore a reaction and an alternative to the colonial history that colonial powered created and taught to their subjects. History is always intended for a certain group of audience. is it possible to come up with an absolute historical truth? is history an objective discipline? is it still worthwhile to study history? Facts cannot speak for themselves. Historical methodology Comprise of certain techniques and rules that historian follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing history. Certain rules apply in cases of conflicting accounts in different sources, and on how to properly treat eyewitness accounts and oral sources as valid historical evidence. The Annales School of History A school of history born in France that challenged the cannons of history. This school of thought did away with the common historical subjects that were almost always related to the conduct of states and monarchs. Historians in this school studies other subjects in historical manner. They are concerned with social history and studied longer historical periods. History from below was pioneered by these scholars. Annales scholars studied the history of peasantry, the history of medicine, or even the history of environment. The scholars in this school advocated that the people ad classes who were not reflected in the history of the society in the grand manner be provided with space in the records of mankind.  Historical Sources Primary sources are those sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied. Secondary sources are those sources, which were produced by an author who used primary sources to produce material. These are historical sources which studies a certain historical subject. Examples of Primary Sources ▪ Letters ▪ Photographs ▪ statistical and survey ▪ Diaries ▪ Videos data ▪ Memoirs ▪ Films ▪ Legal documents ▪ Autobiographies ▪ Artworks ▪ Cases ▪ Speeches ▪ Music ▪ Hearings ▪ oral histories ▪ Literature ▪ Laws ▪ Personal narratives ▪ Scientific data and ▪ Archeological artifacts ▪ interviews reports ▪ Maps ▪ Correspondence ▪ Scholarly journal articles ▪ Historical documents (research based) Examples of Secondary Sources ▪ Article analyzing the novel ▪ Exhibition catalog explaining the painting ▪ Biography of the historical figure ▪ Textbook summarizing the philosopher’s ideas ▪ Documentary about the historical event ▪ Newspaper article about the new policy ▪ Blog post interpreting the results of the poll ▪ Literature review that cites the study External and Internal Criticisms External Criticism is the practice of verifying authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for the evidence. Examples of the things that will be examined when conducting external criticism of a document include the quality of the paper, the type of the ink, and the language and words used in the material, among others. Internal Criticism is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production. It looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it, its intended purpose, among others. Hari Ruki, OMG Author 1786 “If there will be kastila, forda go na tayo sa ating paglusob sa kalaban!” Andres Bonifacio said. “Shudi abas!” General Emilio Aguinaldo replied. Gregorio del Pilar added, “If favor kayo, sumigaw nang ‘Eyyy’ ang may want ” Philippine Historiography  “History can be used to include and exclude” - Ambeth Ocampo  To appreciate history, we must transcend memorizing and begin learning.  Pantayong Pananaw highlights the importance of facilitating an internal conversation and discourse among Filipinos about our own history, using the language that is understood by everyone. challenges the Western-centric perspective that has often shaped historical narratives in the Philippines. It seeks to rectify the historical biases and exclusions by giving voice and agency to indigenous peoples in the retelling of their own histories.  Bipartite View of Philippine History This refers to the biased vision of colonialist to their colony to justify the perpetuation of the colonial status quo. PRECOLONIALISM COLONIALISM DILIM LIWANAG (DARKNESS) (LIGHT) Darkness metaphorically pertains to backwardness, while light means civilization. In the context of Spanish colonialism, it advances the idea that the Philippines had no civilization (Kadiliman) before the advent of colonialism. But when the Spaniards conquered the archipelago, civilization (Liwanag) came afterward.  Tripartite View of Philippine History This refers to the idea of colonial subjects against their colonizers to deny the nobility of colonialism. PRECOLONIALISM POSTCOLONIALISM COLONIALISM (Early Philippines) (Liberation) LIWANAG DILIM LIWANAG (LIGHT) (DARKNESS) (LIGHT) The approach centers on how 300 years of Spanish rule in the Philippines ruined the advanced civilization of early Filipinos and the possibility of returning to the glorious years when colonialism was eliminated. Conclusion History still has a lot of remaining tasks to do. History does not claim to render absolute and exact judgement. History can never be complete. The task is to organize the past that is being created so that it can offer lessons for nations, societies, and civilizations. It is our job to seek for the meaning of recovering the past to let the people see the continuing relevance of provenance, memory, remembering, and historical understanding for both the present and the future.