Pharmacy Orientation (PT101) PDF

PHARMACY ORIENTATION Presented by: (PT101) Michael M. Farag, PhD 1 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Week Topic Intr...

PHARMACY ORIENTATION Presented by: (PT101) Michael M. Farag, PhD 1 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Week Topic Introduction, code of ethics. concepts of pharmacy One profession and education, the pharmacy career opportunities Pharmaceutical organization, the drug approval Two Assessment Methods Total processes and information resources in pharmacy Three The prescription (parts) Four The prescription (types) Midterm Exam 40% Five The prescription (handling) Six Different rules for calculation of dose Final Exam 45% Definitions of different dosage forms Attendance 5% Seven Novel pharmaceutical dosage forms (self study) Eight Definitions of different dosage forms Participation 5% assignment Advantages and disadvantages and routes of Class work 5% quizzes Nine administration of different dosage forms Advantages and disadvantages and routes of Ten administration of different dosage forms (cont.) Incompatibilities types ,examples and corrections Eleven Twelve Incompatibilities types ,examples and corrections 2  INTRODUCTION, DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY 3 TO BE FAMILIAR WITH ALL ASPECTS OF PHARMACY PROFESSION 4 PHARMACY The art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision of drug-related information to the public Involves  the interpretation of prescription orders;  the compounding, labelling, and dispensing of drugs and devices;  drug product selection and drug utilization reviews;  patient monitoring and intervention; and  the provision of cognitive services related to use of medications and devices 5 PHARMACY Every store or shop licensed by authority where drugs, controlled substances, poisons, medicines or chemicals are stored, possessed, dispensed, sold, displayed for sale, or where prescriptions are compounded or dispensed Outpatient hospital, community, nuclear, institutional and internet pharmacies 6 PHARMACIST One who is educated and licensed to dispense drugs and to provide drug information The expert on medication Graduate from an accredited School of Pharmacy 7 PHARMACEUTICAL CARE The term holds that the important role of the pharmacist is "the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life." No one can imagine how many words of wisdom from pharmacists to patients each day may have prevented unnecessary visits to doctors' offices and gratified countless recipients with precious, professional health counseling 8 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA  Plant sources Parts of plants e.g., castor oil (laxative) Animal sources Insulin and heparin NATURE AND Mineral sources SOURCES OF Magnesium sulphate and iodine Microorganisms DRUGS fungi and bacteria isolated from soil are important sources of antibiotics e.g., penicillin Synthetic drugs Produced in the laboratory by synthetic chemist e.g., aspirin, sulphonamide, barbiturate Biotechnology (Recombinant DNA) Preparation of many complex chemical structure drugs e.g., Human insulin, Vaccines, Antibiotics, Interferon 9 CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS Prescription-Only drugs  Drugs prescribed by the physician and dispensed through a prescription OTC drugs  Drugs which the patient can have without prescription i.e., according to his choice or according to the pharmacist advice; such drugs may be referred to as over the counter drugs (OTC drugs) 10  DRUG VS MEDICINE A substance or material, other than food, intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, alleviation, treatment or prevention of disease in humans or other animals, intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of humans or other animals The “drug” is the active material or the substance having a pharmacological or therapeutic activity The “medicine” is a drug on a pharmacy store shelf after being mixed with excipients (inactive materials), formulated, packed and labeled Drugs processed on large scale by pharmaceutical manufacturers are known as "pharmaceutical products", when again dispensed to the patient they are referred to as medicines 11 OTHER TERMS Drug Product  A dosage form containing one or more active ingredients along with other substances included during the manufacturing process Excipient  anything other than the drug substance in the dosage form Strength  the concentration of the drug in a dosage form Dose  the amount of the drug which is taken each time Dose regimen  the frequency of use of the drug 12  PLACEBO A fake treatment that in some cases can produce a very real response A substance with no known medical effects, such as sterile water or a sugar, starch or talc pill Prescribed for the psychological benefit to the patient rather than for any physiological effect Originated when physicians discovered that giving sugar pills to patients could have surprisingly good results The doctor knows the patient wants treatment, so he gives the patient a pill containing no medication In some cases, it relieves the symptoms thanks to the placebo effect 13 PLACEBO Today, the use of a placebo would be considered dishonest and unethical Commonly used in blind clinical studies that test the effectiveness of new medicines  One group is given the medicine or treatment being tested, and the other group is not  Participants are not aware of which group they are belonging to Double blind trials  Eliminates Bias 14 QUALITY CONTROL Physical or chemical tests used to ensure the required specification of a raw material or a dosage form Specifications are those given by pharmacopoeia or those of the factory 15 STABILITY OF A PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT The ability of its formulation, in a specific container closure system, to remain within the defined physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological specifications till the end of the stated dating, under defined storage conditions 16 EXPIRATION DATE The date (placed on the container) through which the product is expected to remain within specifications under appropriate storage conditions It is the time at which 90% of the material remains 17 STORAGE Storage describes the safe keeping of:  Starting materials  Packaging materials  Drug products Storage conditions are the conditions specified for storing the product:  Temperature  Humidity  Container  Light 18 TEMPERATURE FOR STORING THE PRODUCT Cold place Less than 8°C Refrigerator between 2°C & 8°C Deep Freezer Less than -10°C Cool place between 8°C & 15°C Warm place between 30°C & 40°C RT between 15°C & 30°C 19 DRUG NOMENCLATURE Empirical formula, as C15H12N2O2 for phenytoin Chemical name, which is usually a lengthy name as: sodium 5,5- diphenyl-2, 4-imidazolidinedione  It is named according to its chemical structure following IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) rules Code numbers before the assignment of a non -proprietary name Generic (official, non-proprietary) name when approved: Phenytoin  used in the Pharmacopoeia and is called official name Brand (proprietary or trademark or trade) name: Dilantin 20  BRAND AND GENERIC NAMES When a drug is under patent protection, the company markets it under its brand name Other companies that file for approval to market the off-patent drug must use the same generic name but create their own brand name As a result, the same generic drug may be sold under either the generic name or one of many brand names Generic and brand names must be unique to prevent one drug from being mistaken for another when drugs are prescribed, and prescriptions are dispensed The medical authorities must agree to every proposed brand name 21  BRAND VS GENERIC The term generic, when applied to such items as foods and household products, is used to describe a less expensive, sometimes less effective or lower-quality imitated version of a brand-name product However, most generic drugs, although less expensive than the comparable brand-name drug, are as effective and of the same quality as the brand-name drug 22  NAME CHOICE Be short and distinctive in sound and spelling and not easily confused with existing names Indicate the general pharmacologic or therapeutic class into which the substance falls Embody the syllable or syllables characteristic of a related group of compounds e.g., Lopressor lowers blood pressure, Glucotrol controls high blood sugar (glucose) levels, Disflatyl relieves flatulence, etc. 23  “All health care organizations, professional groups, and private and public purchasers should adopt a clear purpose to continually reduce the burden of illness, injury, and disability, and to improve the health and functioning GENERAL MISSION FOR HEALTH of the public.” CARE 24 The Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry (1998) AIMS OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM QUALITY 25 EFFECTIVE 26 SAFE 27 PATIENT-CENTERED 28 TIMELY 29 EQUITABLE 30 INTEGRATED 31 EFFICIENT 32 PHARMACIST ROLE IN THE SOCIETY Pharmacy does not lie just in dispensing medication but in the provision of relevant drug information and drug therapy recommendation to the people in the society No longer a fixed and rigid profession but has been continuously changing and redefining its meaning and significance and that’s why the bond between a pharmacist and society is becoming stronger day by day and acquiring new dimensions 33 RATIONALE BEHIND INFLUENTIAL ROLE OF PHARMACISTS Direction towards Pharmaceutical Care to Patients  In traditional pharmacy practice, pharmacists focused on ensuring that the proper medication, as ordered by the prescriber, was delivered to the patient  Physicians were the health care professionals who held ultimate responsibility for monitoring the progress of a patient  In the current concept of “pharmaceutical care”, this responsibility is shared between the prescriber and the pharmacist Continuing professional development  A pharmacist must maintain his competence and effectiveness by keeping up to date with changes in pharmacy practice and with relevant knowledge and technology 34 RATIONALE BEHIND INFLUENTIAL ROLE OF PHARMACISTS Adherence to Pharmaceutical Code of Ethics  Sticking to the ethical rules has helped a lot to establish the pharmacy profession as a noble one in the society. Authentic Source of Pharmaceutical Information Adopting New Concepts  The changing global scenario has prompted the pharmacists to adopt new concepts for the welfare of the society  Such concepts include Retail pharmacist, Academic pharmacist, Nuclear pharmacist, Pharmaceutical journalist etc. 35  CONSUMERISM VERSUS PATERNALISM Paternalism is "the belief that the health care professional knew best“ It was accepted as standard practice by most health care professionals and their patients The medical rights of patients were not as widely recognized as other rights (food, shelter, voting...) 36 CONSUMERISM VERSUS PATERNALISM Today, patients have become true consumers of medical care Patients have a right to be informed and ask for their consent For a health care professional to do otherwise would not only be unprofessional and unethical, but also illegal Health professionals who fail to meet the demands of medical consumers for care will quickly find themselves without customers and, sometimes, with legal problems 37 PATIENT’S RIGHTS 1. Pharmacists will employ their knowledge and experience in caring for them 2. Pharmacists will respond to their wishes about their treatment 3. Choose their own physician, pharmacy, and hospital 4. Give their approval, through the process of informed consent, prior to the initiation of care 5. Choose from multiple options of treatment when they exist 6. Treatment is both safe and effective within given parameters 38 PHARMACEUTICAL SYMBOLS The serpent of Epidaurus on the staff (rod) of Aesculapius 39 PHARMACEUTICAL SYMBOLS The bowl of Hygeia with the serpent of Epidaurus 40 PHARMACEUTICAL SYMBOLS The Caduceus (Satff of Hermes) 41 PHARMACEUTICAL SYMBOLS Rx Universally accepted as an abbreviation of “recipe” (Latin for ‘take thou’) Has been suggested that it is the astronomical sign of the planet Jupiter or Evolved from the Eye of Horus, an ancient Egyptian symbol associated with healing powers 42  DRUG PATENTS Patent allow firms to be the only company to market the drug in the country issuing the patent During the life of the patent, the patented drug will have no direct market competition This allows the pharmaceutical company to charge higher prices for the product so that it can recover the cost of developing the drug 43  DRUG PATENTS After the patent has expired, other companies may market the drug under its generic name or under another brand name The price of the patented drug usually decreases when a patent expires because of competition from other companies that begin marketing a generic version of the drug 44  DRUG PATENTS The cost of developing a generic version of a drug for market is significantly less than the cost of developing the patented drug, since many of the studies required for first regulatory approval of a drug are not required for marketing approval for subsequent generic versions Essentially, the only requirement is to demonstrate that the new version is biologically equivalent to the already approved drug Bioequivalent drug products have the same rate and extent of absorption and produce the same blood concentration of drug when the two drugs are given in the same dose and in the same dosage form. 45 QUESTIONS? 46