1. Introduction.pdf

2024-09-03 Human Anatomy and Physiology I Fall 2024 Dr. Hem Sharma 1 Introduction Name Dr. Hem Sharma Hobby Gardening, travelling...

2024-09-03 Human Anatomy and Physiology I Fall 2024 Dr. Hem Sharma 1 Introduction Name Dr. Hem Sharma Hobby Gardening, travelling Favourite pet animal/s Fish, birds 2 1  2024-09-03 Course overview 3 Office hours M, W, F, 2:00 to 4:00 PM (available by appointment) 3-11 Brodie Science Building e-mail: [email protected] While contacting: Please include subject, your name, student ID#, registered course 4 2  2024-09-03 Course outline 5 Please follow 6 3  2024-09-03 Please follow 7 Important dates/deadlines  September 30: No classes, UNIVERSITY CLOSED for National Day for Truth and Reconciliation  October 14: No classes, UNIVERSITY CLOSED for Thanksgiving Day  November 11-15: No classes, FALL TERM STUDY BREAK  1st midterm exam: 07 October (in class)  2nd midterm exam: 04 November (in class)  Lab assignments/exams: Follow lab Calander  Final examination: 11 December (TBA) 8 4  2024-09-03 Assessment 9 Assessment Midterm and Final examinations: Select the best option/s True/False questions Fill in the blanks Match the following Illustrations/figures Bonus questions 10 5  2024-09-03 Grading There will be NO ‘rounding up’ in this course and grades will be calculated to the first decimal point Following letter grade system will be used for a final grade 11 Resources ENROLLMENT KEY: Anatomy! TEXTBOOKS OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology Marieb & Smith, Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Fetal Pig 13th Mastering A&P with Pearson eText Access Card key: driscoll01668 TIPS to SUCCEED Attend lectures (read textbook, read lecture materials/notes) Prepare for labs (read manual before labs) Use online resources: Check Moodle regularly, Biodigital Human, YouTube videos Study in groups, anatomy coloring books, flash cards, crash course A&P, podcasts, tutor class ……. 12 6  2024-09-03 Human Anatomy and Physiology I INTRODUCTION 13 Introduction to human body What should you know? Basic anatomical terminologies Directional/regional terms Anatomical position Planes of section Body cavities Abdominal regions Levels of organisation Survival needs Homeostasis Positive/negative feedback Overview of the 11 organ systems 14 7  2024-09-03 Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy: The internal and external structure of body parts and how they relate into one another. “The machinery” Physiology: Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life- sustaining activities. “How the machinery works” 15 Directional terms 16 8  2024-09-03 Regional terms 17 Regional terms 18 9  2024-09-03 Body plane Oblique plane 19 Body cavities  Membranes, sheaths, and other structures separate our internal body organization into different compartments or body cavities  These cavities enclose and protect delicate internal organs  Two largest compartments: dorsal and ventral body cavities 20 10  2024-09-03 Dorsal body cavities  It’s a continuous cavity formed from cranial and spinal cavities – Cranial cavity: encloses the Brain, protected by the skull bones and cerebrospinal fluid – Spinal/vertebral cavity: surrounds spinal cord, protected by the vertebral column and cerebrospinal fluid  These cavities are lined by the meninges filled with cerebrospinal fluid, providing protection/cushion to the brain and spinal cord 21 Ventral body cavities  Ventral body cavity is the larger cavity  It is subdivided into two parts- thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities by the diaphragm 1. Thoracic cavity: encloses lungs, heart, oesophagus, trachea; protected by the rib cage and vertebral column – Pleural cavities: Each cavity surrounds one lung – Mediastinum contains other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea, etc. – Pericardial cavity: Encloses heart 2. Abdominopelvic cavity:  Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands  Pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum  Peritoneum surrounds organs in abdominopelvic cavity 22 11  2024-09-03 Other body cavities  There are several smaller cavities in the body that are exposed to environment – Oral and digestive cavities – Nasal cavity – Orbital cavities – Middle ear cavities  Not exposed to environment – Synovial cavities: joint cavities 23 Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants 24 12  2024-09-03 Abdominopelvic regions and its organs  Right hypochondriac region  Epigastric region  Left hypochondriac region  Right lumbar region  Umbilical region  Left lumber region  Right Iliac (inguinal) region  Hypogastric region  Left iliac (inguinal) region 25 Levels of organization  The human body is organized at different levels, starting with the smallest atomic level and ending with the entire organism ATOM MOLECULE CELL TISSUE ORGANISM ORGAN SYSTEM ORGAN 26 13  2024-09-03 Levels of organization 27 Organ systems All organ systems cooperate to support basic life processes, maintain homeostasis and ensure proper body’s functioning 28 14  2024-09-03 Basic life processes  Metabolism – Catabolism – Anabolism  Adaptability Understanding Detect problems Gather information Redefine problems Managing Implement options Planning Monitor options Evaluation Develop options Access options Select options 29 Basic life processes  Reproduction  Growth and development  Movement and locomotion ovum 30 15  2024-09-03 Basic life processes  Integument  Respiration  Circulation  Digestion  Excretion © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 Homeostasis  Homeostasis refers to the self-regulating mechanism within organisms that tries to maintenance a relatively stable internal conditions despite environmental fluctuations. “A dynamic adaption to changing conditions”  Without homeostasis, organisms wouldn't be able to maintain stable internal environments, which is essential for survival  Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by – External stimuli: intense heat, cold, and lack of oxygen – Internal stimuli: psychological stresses, exercise,  Disruptions are typically mild and temporary  If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result 32 16  2024-09-03 Homeostasis  Although all organ systems contribute, the nervous system and the endocrine system are the two primary systems responsible for regulating the body's homeostatic balance  The variables such as blood sugar, body temperature, and blood volume, need to tracked its fluctuation because it can impact overall physiology  The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption  The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones  Hormones usually work slowly, whereas nerve impulses cause rapid changes  Homeostatic control involves 3 components: sensor, control center, and effector to regulate these variables 33 Homeostasis Sensor/Receptor:  Monitors environmental factor(s)  Responds to changes in monitored variables (stimuli) Control center:  Guides the set point at which variable is maintained  Receives monitoring input from sensor  Guides appropriate response Effector:  Receives output from control center  Provides the instructions for response  Response either reduces stimulus (negative feedback) or increases stimulus (positive feedback) 34 17  2024-09-03 Homeostasis via neuronal control 35 Homeostasis via negative feedback process Negative feedback loop 36 18  2024-09-03 Homeostasis via hormonal control: -ve feedback process 37 Homeostasis via positive feedback process During a negative feedback process, the initial imbalance or stress is reduced, whereas during a positive feedback process, the initial imbalance or stress is intensified rather than reduced. e.g. “childbirth through positive feedback” Nerve endings in the uterine Pressure of fetus wall carry afferent messages on the uterine wall to the hypothalamus Intensifies Increasing strength of Production & release of uterine contractions oxytocin into the blood 38 19  2024-09-03 Assignments  What do you mean by histology?  The system that encloses internal body structures and is the site of many sensory receptors:  The system that secrets hormones and regulates bodily processes __________  What are negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms?  What are the potential drawback of positive feedback?  Define metabolism 39 Assignments  What is pleura?  What is pericardium?  What is peritoneum?  List the organs found in abdominopelvic regions  Name the fluid found in dorsal body cavities  What is the regional anatomical term used to denote the skull, eyes, chest, arm, fingers/toes, back of knee? 40 20  2024-09-03 Assignments  Which body plane are illustrated in the diagram? 41 21