WEEK 2-HUMAN BODY-ORIENTATION (1).pdf

HUMAN BODY (INTRODUCTION)  ANATOMY- is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another. GROSS ANATOMY- LARGE body structures.  MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY- is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the...

HUMAN BODY (INTRODUCTION)  ANATOMY- is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another. GROSS ANATOMY- LARGE body structures.  MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY- is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. PHYSIOLOGY- the study of how the body and its parts work or function.  ATOM- tiny building blocks of matter. CELLS- the smallest unit of all living cells. TISSUES- consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function. ORGAN- is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body. ORGAN SYSTEM- is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose. ORGANISM- which represents the highest level of structural organization OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEM  Organ system overview INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - external covering of the body, or the skin. - waterproofs the body and cushions - produces vitamin D. - excretes salts in perspiration - sensory receptors  SKELETAL SYSTEM - consists of bones, cartilages, and joints. - provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement. - the hard substance of bone acts as a storehouse for minerals.  MUSCULAR SYSTEM - to contract, or shorten. - mobility of the body. - these contract, you are able to stand erect, walk, jump, grasp, throw a ball, or smile.  NERVOUS SYSTEM - is the body’s fast-acting control system. - brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. - The body must be able to respond to stimuli coming from outside the body.  ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - controls body activities, but it acts much more slowly. - produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.  CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - heart and blood vessel - the cardiovascular system delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to, and picks up wastes such as carbon dioxide from cells near sites of exchange. - heart propels blood out of its chambers into blood vessels to be transported to all body tissues.  LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - The lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs help to cleanse the blood and house white blood cells involved in immunity. - Its organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - keep the body supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide. - consists of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. - gases are exchanged with the blood through the thin walls of these air sacs.  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - tube running through the body from mouth to anus. - their role is to break down food and deliver the resulting nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells.  URINARY SYSTEM - removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine. - include maintaining the body’s water and salt balance and normal blood pressure.  REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - is to produce offspring. - testes produce sperm and male sex hormone. - ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. - remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. - mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.  NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS Movement- includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another. Responsiveness / Irritability- is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them. Digestion- is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood. Metabolism- refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and all of its cells. Excretion- is the process of removing excreta or wastes, from the body. Reproduction- the production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or organismal level. Growth- can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size.  Survival needs CARBOHYDRATES FATS OXYGEN NUTRIENTS MINERALS AND VITAMINS PROTEINS WATER  HOMEOSTASIS Describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions. It indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance in which internal conditions change and vary but always within relatively narrow limits.  Components of Homeostatic Control System Receptor is a type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. Control center it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action. Effector provides the means for the control center’s response to the stimulus.  Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback Mechanism- Net effect of the response to the stimulus is to either shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity. Positive Feedback Mechanism- Increases the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value. THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY  ANATOMICAL POSITION Standard position. Body is upright with feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward. Regional terms Body planes and sections  BODY CAVITIES ✓DORSAL CAVITY ✓VENTRAL CAVITY Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants Abdominopelvic quadrants  Other body cavities ORAL CAVITY AND DIGESTIVE CAVITY NASAL CAVITY ORBITAL CAVITY MIDDLE EAR CAVITY  ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS  ETIOLOGY- refers to the study of the causes of a mental or physical disease. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS- considered as necessary conditions for the development of a disease. a.) genetic abnormalities, either inherited or acquired b.) infection by microorganisms, e.g. bacteria, viruses, or parasites, e.g. worms c.) chemicals d.) ionizing radiation e.) physical trauma f.) degeneration, e.g. excessive use or aging.  PATHOGENESIS - the development of a disease and the chain of events leading to that disease. - progress of disease showing its morphological features or that leads to the diseased state.  Inflammation– This is a tissue response to any kind of tissue damage such as trauma or infection. Inflammatory conditions are recognized by the suffix -itis, e.g. appendicitis. Tumors– These arise when abnormal cells escape body surveillance and proliferate. The rate of their production exceeds that of normal cell death causing a mass to develop. Tumors are recognized by the suffix -oma, e.g. carcinoma. Abnormal immune mechanisms– These are responses of the normally protective immune system that cause undesirable effects.  Thrombosis, embolism and infarction– These are the effects and consequences of abnormal changes in the blood and/or blood vessel walls. Degeneration– This is often associated with normal aging but may also arise prematurely when structures deteriorate causing impaired function. Metabolic abnormalities– These cause undesirable metabolic effects, e.g. diabetes mellitus. Genetic abnormalities– These may be either inherited (e.g. phenylketonuria) or caused by environmental factors such as exposure to ionizing radiation.  Acute: a disease with sudden onset often requiring urgent treatment (compare with chronic) Acquired: a disorder which develops any time after birth (compare with congenital) Chronic: a long-standing disorder which cannot usually be cured (compare with acute) Communicable: a disease that can be transmitted (spread) from one individual to another  Congenital: a disorder which one is born with. (compare with acquired) Iatrogenic: a condition that results from healthcare intervention. Sign: an abnormality seen or measured by people other than the patient. Symptom: an abnormality described by the patient. Syndrome: a collection of signs and symptoms which tend to occur together.