Understanding the Self (UTS 101) PDF

Bulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan **Understanding the Self** **(UTS 101)** **Learning Objectives:** By the end of three hours, you should be able to: - describe and discuss the different notions of the self from the points-of-view of the various philosophers; - analyze...

Bulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan **Understanding the Self** **(UTS 101)** **Learning Objectives:** By the end of three hours, you should be able to: - describe and discuss the different notions of the self from the points-of-view of the various philosophers; - analyze how the self has been represented in different philosophical schools; and - examine one's self against the different views of self that were discussed **What is Philosophy?** The word \"philosophy\" originates from two [Greek](https://kids.kiddle.co/Greek_language) words (\"Philos\" means beloved and Sophia\" means [wisdom](https://kids.kiddle.co/Wisdom)), meaning \"love of wisdom.\" **Philosophy** is a way of thinking about anything in the [world](https://kids.kiddle.co/World), the universe. Philosophy works by asking very basic questions about the nature of human thought, the nature of the universe, and the connections between them. One philosophical question that we will be focusing on is this: \"What is the self?\". This part of the module is about the ideas discussed by philosophers (who think and write about ways of thinking) about the self. **Socrates: The Soul Is Immortal** ----------------------------------  *"The unexamined life is not worth living"* \-- Socrates. [^1^](#fn1){#fnref1.footnote-ref}Socrates was believed to be the first thinker to focus on the full power of reason on the human *self,* our existence in the universe, who we are, who we should be, and whom we will become. For Socrates, the self exists in two parts: the physical body and the soul. The physical body is a tangible aspect of us. It is mortal (it dies), constantly changing, imperfect, transforming, disappearing. Our soul, which Socrates believed to be immortal, is eternal, unchanging, perfect, or ideal. Socrates believed that there was a soul first before a man\'s body. The soul has all the knowledge that is stored in his mind. However, once he came to the material world or the world of senses, he forgot most of what he knew. This resulted in a lack of knowledge or ignorance, which causes problems for men. Knowledge can be restored through the process of dialectic method or Socratic method - an exchange of question and answer that ultimately aims to make a person remember all the knowledge that he has forgotten, including his former all-knowing self. [^2^](#fn2){#fnref2.footnote-ref}Socrates' conviction is conveyed in his famous statement: *\"the unexamined life is not worth living.\" The most important task one can undertake is to e*xamine one\'s self, for it alone will give one the knowledge necessary to answer the question \'how should I live my life.\' Socrates explained: *\"...once we know ourselves, we may learn how to care for ourselves, but otherwise, we never shall.\"* Socrates is, eventually, known as the \"father of Western philosophy.\" **Plato: The Soul Is Immortal** ------------------------------- *"The first and the best victory is to conquer self."* \-- Plato [^3^](#fn3){#fnref3.footnote-ref}Plato is a dualist; there is both an immaterial mind (soul) and a material body, and it is the soul that represents the self. Plato believed the soul exists before birth and after death. For him, one should care about his soul rather than his body. [^4^](#fn4){#fnref4.footnote-ref}The soul (mind) is divided into three parts: - **Reason** {logical element}- our divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths. - **Appetite** {physical element} - our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. - **Spirit** {Will element} - is our basic emotion or passion, such as empathy, aggressiveness, love, anger, ambition. The three elements of our selves are in a dynamic relationship with one another. Sometimes, they work in concert, sometimes in conflict. For instance, we may develop a romantic relationship with someone who is an intellectual companion (Reason) or with whom we are passionately in love (Spirit) and or with whom we find sexually attractive, igniting our lustful appetites (Appetite). In contrast, we may find ourselves in personal conflict with these three parts of our self. For instance, we may be in a situation where we are torn between three different relationships; each appeals to a different part of our self: Reason, Spirit, Appetite. When conflict occurs, Plato believes it is the responsibility of our reason to sort things out and exert control, re-establishing a harmonious relationship between the three elements of ourselves. Plato believed that true and genuine happiness could only be achieved if we consistently make sure that our reason is in control of our Spirits and Appetites. **St. Augustine: Christianity** -------------------------------  Augustine believes that man is created in the image and likeness of God, and he is essentially a soul whose goal is to be with God. [^5^](#fn5){#fnref5.footnote-ref}Augustine\'s sense of self is his relation to God, both in his recognition of God\'s love, and his response to it. It is achieved through self-presentation then self-realization. Augustine believed one could not achieve inner peace without finding God\'s love and through faith and reason, our self seeks to be united with God. Augustine believes that God is transcendent, and everything created by God, who is all good, is good. **Rene Descartes: A Modern Perspective on the Self** ---------------------------------------------------- [^6^](#fn6){#fnref6.footnote-ref}René Descartes is the \"founder of modern philosophy.\" Descartes\' principle, *cogito ergo sum* (Latin), is the keystone of his concept of self. For Descartes, this is the essence of self--- you are a \"thinking thing\" (I exist because I think: I think, therefore I exist). The mind is what matters. But what about your body? Descartes believes that our physical body is secondary to our personal identity. Descartes declares that the *essential self,* or the *self as a thinking entity,* is radically different from the *self as a physical body*. The *thinking self*---or soul---is a non-material, immortal, conscious being, independent of the physical laws of the universe. The *physical body* is a mortal, non-thinking material that is fully governed by the physical laws of nature. Further, your soul and your body are independent of one another. Each one can exist and function without the other. This, in a way, echoes the dualism of Plato. **John Locke: The Self Is Consciousness** ----------------------------------------- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohnLocke.png [^7^](#fn7){#fnref7.footnote-ref}John Locke is known for his theory that the mind is a *tabula rasa*, a blank slate. Locke believed that we are born without thoughts, or our mind was empty and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience. According to Locke, our memory plays a key role in our definition of the self. He theorized that we are the same person as we were in the past for as long as we can remember memories from that past. It is our memory or our consciousness of our past that makes us that same person as we were in the past. Thus, to Locke, our conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self. It is our consciousness that makes possible our belief that we are the same identity at different times and different places. **David Hume: There Is No "Self"** ---------------------------------- [^8^](#fn8){#fnref8.footnote-ref}David Hume, an empiricist like John Locke, believed that the source of all genuine knowledge is our direct sense experience. He believes in the existence of the mind, and what's inside the mind is divided into two: impressions and ideas. Impressions are those things we perceive through our senses as we experience them. Like when I see the sky, and my sense of sight tells me I am looking at a blue sky. That is now my impression. Ideas, on the other hand, are those things that we create in our minds even though we are no longer experiencing them. For example, even when I'm already inside my room and can no longer see the sky, I can still think of the idea of the sky, like it's a nice day, it's not likely to rain, maybe I can do the laundry, or maybe I can go out to the park. Whenever we think of simple ideas, it must have as a basis a simple impression. Hume\'s idea of the self follows this philosophical pattern. In his mind, he finds a stream of impressions and ideas, but no impression that corresponds to a self that endures through time. For Hume, the self keeps on changing, like how one looks, one feels, one thinks they constantly change. There is no permanent and unchanging self. A person is a bundle of perceptions. \"I\" will constantly be changing because the different experiences one has for every constant change will affect and re-shape that person. Thus, we cannot observe any permanent self because we continuously undergo change. In conclusion, there is no self. **Immanuel Kant: We Construct the Self** ----------------------------------------  [^9^](#fn9){#fnref9.footnote-ref}Immanuel Kant refutes Hume's theory that there is no "self" and argues that it is possible to find the essence of the self. For Kant, man is a free agent, capable of making a decision for himself. Man is a free agent, for he is gifted with reason and free will to enable him to organize the data gathered by the senses. From these data and the way we organize them, we can build an idea of who we are. Hence, the self is very present. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Sigmund Freud: There Are Two Selves, One Conscious, One Unconscious** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- [^10^](#fn10){#fnref10.footnote-ref}Sigmund Freud is not a philosopher, but his views on the nature of the self have had a far-reaching impact on philosophical thinking. He is a great influence in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis, the theory he founded. Freud believes that there are two levels of human functioning: the conscious and the unconscious. In his psychoanalytic theory, the conscious refers to all mental processes of which we are aware; the unconscious refers to mental processes that are not easily accessible to our awareness. Freud believes that even if the conscious self plays an important role in our lives, it is the unconscious self that has the dominant influence on our personalities. The unconscious contains basic instinctual drives that include aggressiveness, sexuality, and self-destruction; traumatic memories; childhood fantasies and unfulfilled wishes; thoughts and feelings that would be considered socially taboo. This unconscious level is characterized by the most primitive level of human motivation and functioning. Our most basic instinctual drives in the unconscious level seek immediate gratification or discharge. The impulses at this level are governed solely by the "pleasure principle." Our unconscious self exists and influences us throughout our lives. Though it is not directly observable, its existence can be inferred from such phenomena as neurotic symptoms, dreams, and "slips of the tongue." On the other hand, the conscious self is governed by the "reality principle." At this level of functioning, our behavior and experience are organized in ways that are practical, rational, and appropriate to the social environment. Even if the ultimate goals of the conscious self are the same as the unconscious self, that is, the gratification of needs and the reduction of tensions to optimal levels, the means of achieving these goals are entirely different. The conscious self takes into account the realistic demands of situations, the consequences of actions, and the overriding need to preserve the equilibrium, rather than doing direct, impulsive, and irrational behaviors. The conscious self takes the task of controlling the constant pressures of the unconscious self that is constantly seeking for immediate discharge and gratification. Freud later developed the Structural model of the mind that is divided into three: the id, ego, and superego. The Id represents man\'s biological nature, impulses, and bodily desires. The superego represents the ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego operates. The id and the superego find themselves clashing against each other, with the superego trying to control the id\'s impulses and its attempt to satisfy its urges. The winner of this inner battle is manifested in the ego, which is the self. If the ego behaves, then the superego won. If the ego misbehaves, the id won. This battle is all taking place in the unconscious. The realm of the ego is found in the conscious. **Gilbert Ryle: The Self Is How You Behave** ------------------------------------------------------------------- [^11^](#fn11){#fnref11.footnote-ref}Gilbert Ryle challenged the dualism of mind and body initiated by Plato, perpetuated by Descartes, and given an \"unconscious twist\" by Freud. Ryle decided to simply focus on observable behavior in defining the self, instead of viewing the mind and the body as two different aspects of the self. The solution to the mind/body \"problem\" is to simply deny or ignore the existence of an internal, physical-self, and instead focus on the dimensions of the self that we can observe. No more inner selves, immortal soul, states of consciousness, or unconscious self: instead, the self is defined in terms of the behavior that is presented to the world. From Ryle\'s point of view, the self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, a person's tendency or disposition to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances. In short, the self is defined by the observable behaviors we project to the world around us. **Paul Churchland: The Self Is the Brain** ------------------------------------------ [^12^](#fn12){#fnref12.footnote-ref}When it comes to learning of human experience, the concept of dualism is that the mind and the body are separate. In other words, we do have a single brain and have a separate mind, too. Paul Churchland disagrees with the concept of dualism. Churchland asserts that since the mind cannot be experienced by the senses, it does not exist. It is the physical brain, not the imaginary mind, that gives us our sense of self. To Churchland, the self is the brain. He focused on the brain states rather than the mental states. *Neuroscience into the fore of understanding the self.* When people want to ask what is going on with themselves, they might go for an MRI scan or CT scan to understand the condition of the brain and how it works. Churchland believes that the term "mind," our moods, emotions, actions, consciousness are deeply affected by the state of our brain. That by manipulating certain parts of our brain, our feelings, actions, and physical state is successfully altered. **Maurice Merleau-Ponty: The Self is Embodied Subjectivity** ------------------------------------------------------------  [^13^](#fn13){#fnref13.footnote-ref}Maurice Merleau-Ponty takes a very different approach to the self. His ideas suggest that there is unity in our mental, physical, and emotional disposition, and they all affect how we experience our selves. For instance, when you wake up in the morning and experience your gradually becoming aware of where you are or how you feel, what are your first thoughts of the day? Perhaps something like, "Oh no, it's time to get up, but I'm still sleepy, but I have a class that I can't be late for." Note that at no point do you doubt that the "I" you refer to is a single integrated entity, but a blending of mental, physical, and emotional structure around a core identity: your self. Our self is a product of our conscious human experience. The definition of self is all about one's perception of one's experience and the interpretation of those experiences. To Merleau-Ponty, the **self** is embodied subjectivity. He entirely rejected the idea of mind and body dichotomy because, for him, man is all about how he sees himself. **Summary** The philosophical quest of one's definition of self certainly carries with it a constant debate of mind-body dualism versus taking them separately. From the time of the classic philosophers up to this day, not one answer to the question WHO AM I? can be universally accepted. Socrates answered by saying, man is essentially a soul, and this was seconded by Plato, Augustine, extending their idea that man is an image in the likeness of God, and he is essentially a soul whose goal is to be with God. Rene Descartes also emphasized the non-physical form of man and said that in essence, man is mind - a thinking being separate from his body. However, it doesn\'t mean that we don\'t need the body, because the body is a necessity for the mind in order for it to perform any act. John Locke veered somewhat from the previous ideas and claimed that the self is consciousness and that for as long as we have memories about who we are and our identity, then that tells us that we are the same person regardless of what point in your life you are in, as long as you can remember. David Hume, however, completely changed the course of this study by declaring that there is no permanent self because the self is only a bundle of senses that keeps on changing. In response to Hume, Immanuel Kant said that it is possible for us to construct our self. Since we are thinking beings, we can organize our experiences so that we can build an idea of who we are; hence the self is very much present. Sigmund Freud asserts that man is made up of two things, the conscious and the unconscious, and that man has many layers. For Gilbert Ryle, how one behaves is a big factor in showing who a man is. Paul Churchland, however, declared that it\'s the brain that is the essence of the self. Maurice Merleau-Ponty rejected the idea of mind and body dichotomy entirely because, for him, man is all about how he sees himself through his experiences (an embodied subjectivity). **References:** Descartes\'s Modern Perspective on the Self.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_04.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_04.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020. \"Eliminative Materialism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).\" 8 May. 2003, [[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/materialism-eliminative/]](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/materialism-eliminative/). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020. "Introspection: Understanding the Self." (2018) Palean, Nazario, Valero, Descartin. Mandaluyong City \"Locke on Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of \....\" 11 Feb. 2019, [[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-personal-identity/]](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-personal-identity/). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020. Philosophical Perspectives During the Middle Ages.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_03.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_03.xhtml). Accessed 10 Aug. 2020. \"The Ideas of Socrates - Academy of Ideas.\" 27 Mar. 2015, [[https://academyofideas.com/2015/03/the-ideas-of-socrates-transcript/]](https://academyofideas.com/2015/03/the-ideas-of-socrates-transcript/). Accessed 10 Aug. 2020. The Self Is Embodied Subjectivity: Husserl and Merleau \....\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_11.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_11.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020. The Self Is How You Behave: Ryle - Revel Content Player.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_09.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_09.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020. \"The Self Is Multilayered: Freud - Revel Content Player.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_08.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_08.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020. The Self Is the Brain: Physicalism - Revel Content Player.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_10.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_10.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020. The Soul Is Immortal: Socrates and Plato.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_02.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_02.xhtml). Accessed 10 Aug. 2020. There Is No Self: Hume - Revel Content Player.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_06.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_06.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020. We Construct the Self: Kant - Revel Content Player.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_07.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_07.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020. **Learning Activity \#3 -- My Philosophical Journal** Your output will be assessed using the following scoring rubrics (100 points) --------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Criteria** **100** **75** **50** **25** Critical Thinking Rich in the content; insightful analysis; clear connections made to real-life situations Substantial information; evident of analysis; general connections are made, but sometimes too obvious or not clear Information is thin and commonplace; attempts are made at analysis; connections are limited Rudimentary and superficial; little analysis; little or no connections or are off-topic Personal Reflection High quality consisting of personal reflections that connect between real-life, learning, and reading Connects ideas and thoughts to personal life; evidence of a personal connection to learning Little evidence of a personal connection; many connections need further explanation or justification Lack of connection to personal life Completion All entries are present, in order and together All entries are present but are either not together or in order Lack entries but are together and in order Lack entries; not together and in order --------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Score: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ::: {.section.footnotes} ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. ::: {#fn1} \"3.2 The Soul Is Immortal: Socrates and Plato.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_02.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_02.xhtml) accessed on 10 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref1){.footnote-back} ::: 2. ::: {#fn2} \"The Ideas of Socrates - Academy of Ideas.\" 27 Mar. 2015, [[https://academyofideas.com/2015/03/the-ideas-of-socrates-transcript/]](https://academyofideas.com/2015/03/the-ideas-of-socrates-transcript/). Accessed on 10 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref2){.footnote-back} ::: 3. ::: {#fn3} \"Summary of Plato\'s Theory of Human Nature \| Reason and \....\" 11 Oct. 2014, [[https://reasonandmeaning.com/2014/10/11/theories-of-human-nature-chapter-7-plato-part-1/]](https://reasonandmeaning.com/2014/10/11/theories-of-human-nature-chapter-7-plato-part-1/) accessed on 30 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref3){.footnote-back} ::: 4. ::: {#fn4} \"3.2 The Soul Is Immortal: Socrates and Plato.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_02.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_02.xhtml) accessed on 10 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref4){.footnote-back} ::: 5. ::: {#fn5} \"From Confessions, what is the \"self, \" according to Augustine \....\" [[https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-self-according-augustine-378193]](https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-self-according-augustine-378193). Accessed 30 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref5){.footnote-back} ::: 6. ::: {#fn6} \"3.4 Descartes\'s Modern Perspective on the Self.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_04.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_04.xhtml) accessed on 25 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref6){.footnote-back} ::: 7. ::: {#fn7} \"Locke on Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of \....\" 11 Feb. 2019, [[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-personal-identity/]](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-personal-identity/). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref7){.footnote-back} ::: 8. ::: {#fn8} \"3.6 There Is No Self: Hume - Revel Content Player.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_06.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_06.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref8){.footnote-back} ::: 9. ::: {#fn9} \"3.7 We Construct the Self: Kant - Revel Content Player.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_07.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_07.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref9){.footnote-back} ::: 10. ::: {#fn10} \"3.8 The Self Is Multilayered: Freud - Revel Content Player.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_08.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_08.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref10){.footnote-back} ::: 11. ::: {#fn11} \"3.9 The Self Is How You Behave: Ryle - Revel Content Player.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_09.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_09.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref11){.footnote-back} ::: 12. ::: {#fn12} \"3.10 The Self Is the Brain: Physicalism - Revel Content Player.\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_10.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_10.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref12){.footnote-back} ::: 13. ::: {#fn13} \"3.11 The Self Is Embodied Subjectivity: Husserl and Merleau \....\" [[https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson\_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03\_sec\_11.xhtml]](https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_11.xhtml). Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.[↩](#fnref13){.footnote-back} ::: :::