Anatomy Week I New PDF

Anatomy Ivditi Okuashvili M.D 1 Body Systems I Anatomy The subject of anatomy Positions Planes, sections, axis and orientations The structure of human body, its levels Bone structure Bone physical and mechanical properties Classification of bones accor...

Anatomy Ivditi Okuashvili M.D 1 Body Systems I Anatomy The subject of anatomy Positions Planes, sections, axis and orientations The structure of human body, its levels Bone structure Bone physical and mechanical properties Classification of bones according to the shape and structure Features of human growth and development 2  What is anatomy? Tomy (cut), ana (apart) *Greek - Scientific study of body structure (morphology) and development. Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564) 16th century father of modern anatomy. De Humani Corporis fabrica (1543). 7-volume collection of anatomic drawings.  How Can Gross Anatomy Be studied? Regional approach and systemic approach 4 Regional Approach Based on the organisation of the body into parts Caption Organ System Overview 6 Integumentary Muscular Nervous Endocrine System System System System Skeletal Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory System System System System Digestive Urinary Reproductive System System System 7 8 9 Important anatomical terms The language of anatomy 1 The Language of Anatomy Verbally describe or demonstrate the anatomical position Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces and body planes Locate the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity 1 Anatomical Planes Coronal planes Sagittal planes (median sagittal plane) Transverse, horizontal or axial planes 1 1 Terms to Describe Location Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) - describe the position of structures relative to the “front” and “back” of the body. Median and lateral - describe the position of structures relative to the median sagittal plane and the sides of the body. Superior and inferior - describe structures in reference to the vertical axis of the body. Proximal and distal - are used with reference to being closer to or farther from a structure’s origin. Cranial (toward the head) and caudal (toward the tail) - are sometimes used instead of superior and inferior. Rostral - is used, particularly in the head, to describe the position of a structure with reference to the nose. Superficial and deep - are used to describe the relative positions of two structures with respect to the surface of the body. 1 1  1 Caption Guess the Plane… Guess the Plane… Terms of Movement 2 2 Terms of Laterality Bilateral - paired structures having right and left members (e.g. kidneys); Unilateral - occurring on one side only (e.g. spleen); Ipsilateral - occurring on the same side of the body (e.g. right thumb and right great toe) Contralateral - occurring on the opposite side of the body (e.g. the right hand is contralateral to the left hand) Body Cavities Dorsal and Ventral Dorsal Cavity - Cranial and Spinal Ventral Cavity - The superior thoracic cavity, inferior abdominopelvic cavity Skeletal System Bones, joints, cartilages and ligaments 3  Skeletal System Skeleton The skeleton can be divided into two subgroups, the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull (cranium), vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs The skeletal system consists of cartilage and bone. 3 Skeletal System Cartilage Cartilage is a resilient, semirigid, avascular type of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary (e.g. the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum. Functions of cartilage: Support soft tissues, Provide a smooth, gliding surface for bone articulations and joints, Enable the development and growth of long bones 3 Skeletal System Bone There are two types of bone: compact bone and spongy (trabecular or cancellous) bone All bones have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone Compact bone provides strength for weight bearing Living bones have some elasticity (flexibility) and great rigidity (hardness) Bones are vascular and are innervated All bones are covered externally by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum 3 Skeletal System Bone Bone is calcified, living, connective tissue that forms the majority of the skeleton. It consists of an intracellular calcified matrix, which also contains collagen fibers, and several types of cells within the matrix. Bones funtcion as: Supportive structures of the body, Protectors of vital organs, Reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus, Levers on which muscle act to produce movement, and Containers for blood - producing cells 3 Bone development All bones are derived from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue) Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts, dividing cells in growing cartilage tissue, thereby forming a cartilagenous bone model. In the midregion of the bone model, the cartilage calcifies and perinatal capillaries grow into the calcified cartilage of the bone model and supply its interior. 3 Bones Classification of bones: By tissue: Compact bone - compact bone is dense bone that forms the outer shell of all bones and surrounds spongy bone. Spongy (trabecular or cancellous) bone - consists of spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood - forming cells (marrow) Caption 3 Bones Classification of bones: By shape: Long bones are tubular (e.g. humerus in upper limb) Short bones are cuboidal (e.g. bones of the wrist and ankle) Flat bones consist of two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone (e.g. skull) Irregular bones are bones with various shapes (e.g. bones of the face) Sesamoid bones are round or oval bones that develop in tendons Caption 3 Bone Markings Where tendons, ligaments, fascia are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones Condyle - rounded articular area (e.g. condyles of the femur) Crest - ridge of bone (e.g. iliac crest) Epicondyle - eminence superior to a condyle (e.g. epicondyles of the humerus) Facet - smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone (e.g. articular facets of vertebra) Foramen - passage through a bone (e.g. obturator foramen) Fossa - hollow or depressed area (e.g. infraspinous fossa of the scapula) Line (linea) - linear elevation (e.g. soleal line of the tibia) 4 Bone Markings Where tendons, ligaments, fascia are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones Malleolus - rounded prominence (e.g. lateral malleolus of the fibula) Notch - indentation at the edge of a bone (e.g. greater sciatic notch in the posterior border of the hip bone) Process - projecting spine-like part (e.g. spinous process of a vertebra) Protuberance - projection of bone (e.g. external occipital protuberance of the cranium) Spine - thorn like process (e.g. spine of the scapula) Trochanter - large, blunt elevation (e.g. greater trochanter of the femur) Tubercle - small, raised eminence (e.g. greater tubercle of the humerus) Tuberosity - large, rounded elevation (e.g. ischial tuberosity of the hip bone) 4 4 Skeletal System Joints The sites where two skeletal elements come together are termed joints. The two general categories of joints are those in which: The skeletal elements are separated by a cavity (i.e. synovial joints), and There is no cavity and the components are held together by connective tissue (i.e. solid joints). Blood vessels that cross over a joint and nerves that innervate muscles acting on a joint usually contribute articular branches to that joint. 4 Skeletal System Joints - Synovial joints Synovial joints are connections between skeletal components where the elements involved are separated by a narrow articular cavity. In addition to containing an articular cavity, these joints have a number of characteristic features. Hyaline cartilage Joint capsule Synovial membrane Fibrous membrane Articular discs Fat pads Tendons Caption 4 Skeletal System Joints - Descriptions of synovial joints based on shape and movement Synovial joints are described based on shape and movement: Based on the shape of their articular surfaces, synovial joints are described as plane (flat), hinge, pivot, bicondylar (two sets of contact points), condylar (ellipsoid), saddle, and ball and socket; Based on movement, synovial joints are described as uniaxial (movement in one plane), biaxial (movement in two planes), and multiaxial (movement in three planes); Hinge joints are uniaxial, whereas ball and socket joints are multiaxial. 4 Skeletal System Joints - Specific types of synovial joints. Plane joints - allow sliding or gliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another(e.g. acromioclavicular joint) Hinge joints - allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint; permit flexion and extension (e.g. elbow [humero-ulnar] joint) Pivot joints - allow movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone; permit rotation (e.g. atlanto-axial joint) Bicondylar joints - allow movement mostly in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave or flat surfaces (e.g. knee joint) Condylar (ellipsoid) joints - allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumdaction (e.g. wrist joint) 4 Skeletal System Joints - Specific types of synovial joints. Saddle joints - allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; the articular surfaces are saddle shaped; permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumdaction (e.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb) Ball and socket joints - allow movement around multiple axes; permit flexio, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation (e.g. hip joint) 4 Skeletal System Joints - Solid joints Solid joints are connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are liked together either by fibrous connective tissue or by cartilage, usually fibrocartilage. Movements at these joints are more restricted than at synovial joints. Fibrous joints include sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. Sutures - occur only in the skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue termed a sutural ligament. Gomphoses - occur only between the teeth and adjacent bone. Syndesmoses - are joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament. Examples are the ligamentum flavum, which connects adjacent vertebral laminae, 5 Skeletal System Joints - Solid joints Cartilaginous joints include synchondroses and symphyses. Synchondroses - occur where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage, for example, the growth plate that occurs between the head and shaft of developing long bones. These joints allow bone growth and eventually become completely ossified. Symphyses - occur where two separate bones are interconnected by a cartilage. Most of these types of joints occur in the midline and include the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae. 5 5 Integumentary System (The Skin and its Appendages) Provides: Protection - for the body from environmental effects, such as abrasions and harmful substances Containment - of the tissues, organs and vital substances of the body, preventing dehydration Heat regulation - through sweat glands, blood vessels and fat deposits Sensation - by way of superficial nerves and their sensory endings Synthesis and storage of vitamin D Integumentary System (The Skin and its Appendages) Consists: Epidermis - superficial cellular layer, which creates a tough protective outer surface Dermis - basal (deep) regenerative and pigmented connective tissue layer Integumentary System (The Skin and its Appendages) Epidermis: Keratinaized stratified (layered) epithelium with a tough outer surface composed of keratin (a fibrous protein) The outer layer of the epidermis is continuously “shed” or rubbed away with replacement of new cells from the basal layer This process renews the epidermis of the entire body every 25 to 45 days The epidermis is avascular and is nourished by the vessels in the underlying dermis Integumentary System (The Skin and its Appendages) Dermis: Formed by a dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers. These fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and toughness of the skin. The deep layer of the dermis contains hair follicles, with their associated smooth arrector muscles and sebaceous glands. Integumentary System (The Skin and its Appendages) Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia): Composed of loose connective tissue and fat Located between the dermis and underlying deep fascia Provides for most of the body’s fat storage Questions?