Agriculture and its Relation to Life and Human Civilization PDF

INNOVATIVE AGRICULTURE (IPB 110C) Week I Agriculture and Its Relation to Life and Human Civilization By: Teaching Team Prof. Dr. Ir. Hadi Susi...

INNOVATIVE AGRICULTURE (IPB 110C) Week I Agriculture and Its Relation to Life and Human Civilization By: Teaching Team Prof. Dr. Ir. Hadi Susilo ARIFIN, MS (Coordinator)  Seven Tips for Attending a Video Conference 1. Using an account with a full real name 2. Using Profile Picture / Display Picture with real self portrait (don't use animal, scenery or other pictures) 3. Wear polite clothes, match the agenda of the Forum (especially the top clothes that will be caught on camera) 4. Adjusting a good position in front of the computer screen or cellphone screen, sitting facing frontally to the screen / camera 5. Not doing any activity of eating, drinking, talking with other people or with the phone caught by the mic and camera. 6. Because of that, always turn off voice mode - mute and turn off video mode when not talking or HOST has the right to mute all participants while the Main Speaker is speaking. 7. During the discussion, please raise your hand or write in the Chat Room to register to ask and write down the question briefly. If the moderator asks, just unmute and turn on the video mode. The host will note the most significant questions for the moderator to read.  LEARNING OUTCOME Students are able to conclude the importance of agriculture in maintaining the continuity of life and development of human civilization. IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 3  Sub-Topics 1: Understanding and the importance of agriculture in maintaining the continuity of life A Land Without Farmers - Indonesia’s agricultural conundrum - By Made Anthony Iswara https://www.thejakartapost.com/longform/2020/08/13/a-land-without-farmers-indonesias-agricultural- conundrum.html?utm_source=Newsletter&utm_medium=Mailchimp&utm_campaign=mailchimp- aug&utm_term=deep-look-farmer IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 4  AGRI – Culture – FARMING (crops, livestock, fish) NEW PARADIGM OF Agricultural Perception SMART CAN BE RICH AGRICULTURE URBAN FARMING CAN CLEAN Japan in the 60s : 3Ki The past Indonesia : きたない (Kitanai: dirty) Dirty ~ muddy きつい (Kitsui: cramped-poor) Poor ~ marginalized きんえん (Kinen: dangerous) X Countrified ~ Plebeian IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023  Comfort : Agro Tourism Food Home Clothing Hierarchy of Needs (MASLOW Theory) AGRICULTURAL SERVICES: Food, energy Clothing, Home, Energy, and (Comfort) IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023  AGRICULTURE & LIFE 1. The agricultural sector → a very significant contribution to the achievement of the SDGs targets and goals → human welfare and planet earth → agriculture sector leading for SDGs program. 2. The role of agriculture is directly related to the SDGs target by 2030 → eradicating poverty and hunger → "No Poverty" and "Zero Hunger" 3. The important role of the agricultural sector in the SDGs program can be seen from the 17 goals and 169 targets that focus on eradicating: poverty and hunger, health problems, education, gender inequality and environmental sustainability → directly related to food and agriculture IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 7  INDONESIAN & Indonesian Population WORLD POPULATION □ Total of Indonesian population 2020 2015: 238.518.000 Human is: 2020: 271.066.000* Organism that have to move 2030: 294.100.000* and grow: need energy ~ food 2045: 318.900.000* * BPS predictions Humans are social creatures - need the attributes of life ~ clothing Humans are vulnerable to their 2030 environment, so they need shelter ~ home IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 8  Population of the World and Southeast Asia IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 9  FOOD NEEDS http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/csdb/en/ ❑ Food is needed by humans ~ Primary Needs ❑ Food needs are directly proportional to the increase in population. ❑ Where will the food be obtained? Various products of AGRICULTURAL activities ~ Harvesting solar energy (through the process of photosynthesis) ❑ Can food be replaced with other ingredients? Synthetic food??? ❑ Do humans also need non-food materials? Clothing, home / shelters ~ part of the results of AGRICULTURE activities IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 10  AGRICULTURE: NOT ONLY FARMING □ Agriculture: utilizes energy (derived from sunlight) captured by plant / plant chlorophyll (photosynthetic process) → flows and accumulates in various living things through biological processes (food web - foodweb) □ Modern agriculture: directing the flow of energy as fast as possible and as large as possible so that it is easily accessible to humans in a sustainable manner → High productivity □ Cultivation is only one form of agricultural business, there are many other forms - the domestication of animals → livestock, fish, bees AGRIBUSINESS: NOT ONLY FARMING BUSINESS □ Other forms of agricultural business: business of providing agricultural input factors, processing agricultural products, distribution and trading of agricultural products, and business supporting factors for agriculture and services (agro-tourism) from the upstream sector to the downstream sector □ Location of agricultural business: inside agricultural land (on farm) and outside agricultural land (off farm) IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 11  Sub-Topics 2: The history of agriculture in Indonesia and the world, and its relation to the development of human civilization IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 12  AGRICULTURAL HISTORY ~ SPACE AND TIME □ Hunter-Gatherers □ Agricultural Industrialization □ Neolithic Revolution □ Domestication of Plants and Animals: □ The “Green Revolution” Farming tradition □ Modern Agribusiness Raising animals □ History of exports of agricultural □ Diffusion of Agriculture products (raw materials) - logs, fish □ Evidence of past agriculture and shrimp, tea Reliefs on the temple Rice - rice fields Sugarcane, tea, rubber, quinine, cocoa plantations Sugar factory, tea factory IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 13  HOW HUMAN GET FOOD □ Hunt wild animals and collect grain: hunters and gatherers Collect whatever is available in nature. They always move places, until finally they are forced to settle down ~ settle, find water sources, irrigation → rice field systems. □ Start cultivated farming and livestock. Photo Source: HS Arifin IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 14  AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES UTILIZING NATURAL BENEFITS (ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES) □ The productivity of the fields is supported by the fertility of the newly cleared land - Forests become fields. After several harvests, the fertility of the land decreases so that the productivity of the fields decreases. When the fields are considered no longer “Slashed & Burned” artificial ecosystems to provide food (Example of Baduy Village) productive, they move away from the fields and open new fields. □ In new fields, planting is carried out as long as the The land that is left behind during the shifting land is still productive. If not, they will open another cultivation practice becomes weeds new field ~ shifting cultivation Photo Source : HS Arifin IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 15  interaction of biotic and abiotic components ECOSYSTEM the composition of organism is interdependent and balanced □ Agricultural business requires a balanced ecosystem □ Agriculture shifts : Open forest ⇨ Farming ⇨ barren ⇨ move location Open forest ⇨ Farming ⇨ barren ⇨ move location Open forest ⇨ Farming ⇨ barren ⇨ move location Open forest ⇨ Farming ⇨ barren ⇨ move location □ Secondary forest: barren forest grows into new forest □ Shifting agriculture resulted in the emergence of grassland ecosystems IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 16  AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION □ Trade center and cultural center Exchange of goods - complementary needs Economic center as well as cultural center The importance of water and human Barter system - exchange of goods civilization Mark, Joshua J. "Fertile Crescent." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified March 28, 2018. https://www.ancient.eu/Fertile_Crescent/. IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 17  DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT AND ANIMAL DOMESTICATION CENTERS Gupta (2004) https://www.jstor.org/stable/24107979?readnow=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A5362cd9f79d2e26bc138d8f0ca437a82&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents/ IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 18  VIDEO ILLUSTRATION Mesopotamia From Nomads to Farmers □ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqIPVa8mvo4 IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 19 IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 20  INDONESIAN AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE 1945 I. Portuguese and VOC Era (1509–1800) ❏ Portuguese wanted to control Indonesian territory. Indonesia's abundant natural resources include spices. ❏ The Dutch East Indies government established Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) 1602-1799. The pattern of food crop policy was more focused on rice, maize and several types of plantation crops. II. Land Tax System Era (1811–1816) ❏ The land rental system is based on the main idea of the rights of the ruler as owner of all existing land. ❏ The implementation of the land lease system encountered several failures. The land lease system in place was not suitable for Indonesian land. IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 21  III. Forced Cultivation Era (1830–1870) ❏ Governor General Johannes van den Bosch obliged each village to set aside a portion of its land (20%) for planting export commodities. Forced cultivation (Cultuure stelsel) was the most exploitative era in Dutch East Indies economic practice. IV. Colonial Agrarian Law (1870) The birth of colonial agrarian law was contained in the agrarische wet in 1870. ❏ Erfpacht rights are a kind of right to cultivate that allows someone to rent abandoned land that has become state property. ❏ Eigendom rights are ownership rights to land which apart from being able to inherit it, it can also be used as collateral. V. Ethnic Politics (1890) Ethnic politics changed people's views on colonial politics which assumed that Indonesia was no longer a wingewest (a profitable area) into an area that needed to be developed. Three contents of ethnic politics, namely (1) irrigation (irrigation) and infrastructure, (2) education (education), and (3) migration (transmigration). The first and third policies were misused for the benefit of the Dutch government. IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 22  INDONESIAN AGRICULTURE AFTER THE PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE 1945 I. Old Order Era (1945–1967) 1950–1959, Indonesia lacks food → Laying the groundwork at the Agricultural Facultet Building, Universitet Indonesia in Bogor on 27 April 1952, President Sukarno delivered a very visionary speech "About Life or Death" → an Agricultural Institute was established in Bogor with a mandate to advance Indonesian agriculture. August 1963, the idea of implementing the Green Revolution in Indonesia began with agricultural extension in the form of action research which was named Panca Usaha Tani Project → Becoming a national movement that started with the Self-Serving Food Material Mass Demonstration (Denmas SSBM). Then developed into the Mass Guidance Program (Bimas SSBM) → Introducing Five Farming Businesses: the use of superior varieties (HYV), soil cultivation and regulating spacing, “About Life or Death” irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 23  GREEN REVOLUTION Happened in the era of the old order - the new order Transfer of Poor Agriculture to Business Agriculture □ The green revolution was sparked by Norman Borlaug, 1950-1980 □ The green revolution has spurred the growth of food self-sufficient countries, including Indonesia □ With the growth of new superior types of agricultural cultivation systems developed □ The development of agricultural cultivation has prompted the shift of smallholder farming to business agriculture □ Agricultural involution: an increase in agricultural yield / unit area is not accompanied by an The Green Revolution in Agriculture increase in work productivity per unit of work IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 24  II. New Order Era (1967–1997) ❏ The 1970s-1980s, massive investments in agricultural infrastructure. A number of reservoirs, dams, and irrigation built → Five Year Development Plan (Repelita), focus on food self-sufficiency. ❏ Developed agricultural supporting institutions: cooperatives, Bulog, BPTP that develop to produce innovations → Excellent varieties of pest resistance (VUTW), irrigation and construction of fertilizer factories. ❏ 1974 the Agricultural Research and Development Agency was formed. ❏ 1980 was established by the Ministry of Cooperatives to build larger scale farming businesses. ❏ Presidential Decree No. 83/1993 the Institute for Agricultural Technology Studies (BPTP) and Agricultural Technology Research Workshops (LPTP) were formed which are spread across all provinces in Indonesia.. ❏ 1966 Indonesia is known as the largest agrarian country that imports rice. ❏ 1984 was able to meet domestic food needs through self-sufficiency in rice (25.8 million tons). IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 25  III. Reform Era (1997–2014) ❏ Since 1998, the Department of Agriculture has lost its way. ❏ 2000–2004, agricultural policies were further developed towards the agribusiness system approach, namely through agribusiness protection and promotion strategies. ❏ 1998 Policy is generally directed at restoring agricultural growth ❏ 2002, there was a change in the concept of food management with the issuance of Presidential Instruction No. 9/2002 concerning Establishment of Rice Policy. ❏ 2005 agricultureal revitalization in Indonesia Law no. 16/2006 concerning Agricultural, Animal Husbandry and Forestry Extension Systems; Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 273/2007 concerning the elaboration of Agricultural Extension led Indonesia to achieve the second rice self-sufficiency (2008). ❏ The Vision of Indonesian Food Crop Agriculture 2030: "to become a strong and modern agriculture based on sustainable management of natural and genetic resources that ensures food security, safety and quality, the provision of industrial raw materials and the welfare of farmers, as well as global competitiveness will be realized." → Food security priorities in Book I of the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2010–2014 RASKIN Program IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 26  Contribution of technological innovation to increase rice production SUPRA INSUS, SUTPA, 60 PHT, IR64, Memberamo, SUPRA INSUS PHT Rice production (million tonnes) IR64, Cisadane Cibodas 50 SUPRA INSUS PHT IR64, Cisadane INSUS PHT Krueng Aceh 40 PB36, PB42 Drought BIMAS Pelita 1 OPSUS PHT Drought & 2 PB5, PB8 PB26,PB36 30 Drought Technological innovation 20 Drought in the North Gema Palagung IP Padi 300 SUTPA, Brown planthopper Sumatra biotype SUP, PHT IR64, Cisadane, 10 Drought blast, drought Memberamo, Cibodas, Ciherang 0 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 00 02 04 Technological innovation Integrated Crop Management (ICM/PTT) Kelembagaan Animal Crop Integration System (CLS/SIPT) Hybrid Rice & New Type Rice IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 27  Food security priorities in Book I of the National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2010–2014, namely : (1) Land, Area Development & Agricultural Spatial Planning, (2) Infrastructure, (3) Research and development, (4) Investment, Financing, and Subsidies, (5) Food and Nutrition, and Climate Change Adaptation. The general policies of the 2010–2014 RPJMN, namely : (1) increasing food security and self-sufficiency as well as nutritional adequacy of the community at large; (2) realizing the competitiveness of agricultural, fishery and forestry products; (3) increase in farmer income; (4) preservation of natural resources and the environment. IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 28  CHALLENGES FOR AGRICULTURE OPEN YOUR I’s (Citation: FAO. 2017. The future of food and agriculture – Trends and challenges. Rome) □ Increasing agricultural productivity in a sustainable ❑ Intelligence manner to meet increasing demand ❑ Interest (attention) □ Ensuring a sustainable natural resource base □ Addressing climate change and intensifying natural ❑ Imagination (biological power) hazards ❑ Initiative □ Eradicating extreme poverty and reducing inequality ❑ Information □ End hunger and all forms of malnutrition ❑ Inventive (copyright) □ Making food systems more efficient, inclusive and ❑ Industrious (trying) resilient ❑ Intensive observation (intensive □ Increase income earning opportunities in rural areas and address the root causes of migration observation) □ Building resilience to crises, disasters and protracted ❑ Integrity (honesty) conflicts ❑ Infectious enthusiasm (overflowing □ Prevent cross-border agriculture and emerging threats enthusiasm) to agricultural and food systems □ Addressing the need for coherent and effective ❑ Indefatigable writer (not easy to give governance (national and international) up) ❑ Incentive (reward) IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 29  SOLUTIONS → INNOVATIVE AGRICULTURE SMART AGRICULTURE ~ AGRICULTURE 4.0 The future of farming technology Precision Farming Urban Farming Soilless Base Agriculture IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023 30  Have a good study…. See you again at 2nd Week Course Download material at : www.class.ipb.ac.id IPB 110C | class.ipb.ac.id 04/09/2023