Himalayas PDF

# Himalayas ## India: Six Physiographic Divisions 1. The Himalayas 2. Northern Plains 3. Peninsular Plateau 4. The Great Indian Desert 5. Coastal Plains 6. Group Of Islands ## Formation Of Himalayas - The Eurasian Plate converged with the Indian Plate over millions of years. - This led to the form...

# Himalayas ## India: Six Physiographic Divisions 1. The Himalayas 2. Northern Plains 3. Peninsular Plateau 4. The Great Indian Desert 5. Coastal Plains 6. Group Of Islands ## Formation Of Himalayas - The Eurasian Plate converged with the Indian Plate over millions of years. - This led to the formation of the Himalayas, the Tibetan Plateau, and the Ganges Plain. ## Northern Mountains ### **Himalayas** - **Young fold mountains** - Formation: million of years ago - Examples: - Andes Mt. Range (South America) - Mt. Aconcagua is the highest peak. - Alps Mt. Range (Europe) - Mt. Blanc is the highest peak - Rockies Mt. Range (North America) - Mt. McKinley (Mt. Denali) is the highest peak. - **Old fold mountains** - Formed billion of years ago - Examples: - Ural Mt. Range (separates Europe and Asia). - Appalachians (North America). - Aravalli (India). ## Fold Mountains - Young - Old ## Block Mountains - **Horst** - Examples: - Vosges Mountain (France) - Caucasus Mountains - **Graben** - Is a valley floor that is part of a rift valley. - Examples: - Vindhya - Satpura - Harz Mountains (Germany) ## Volcanic Mountains - **Highest volcanic mountain** - Examples: - Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa) - Mount Stromboli (light house of the Mediterranean) - Mount Fujiyama(Japan) - Mount Ojas del Salado (Chile-Argentina border) - Mount Cotopaxi (Ecuador) - Barren & Narcondam (Andaman & Nicobar) - The Himalayas: core is made up of granitic rocks. ## Trans Himalayas - Series of mountains. - Examples: - Karakoram Range - Highest peak: K2/Godwin Austin (8611 m, world's second highest peak) - Ladakh: high slope - Zanskar ## Himalayan Range - **Trans-Himalayan** - Karakoram - Ladakh - Zaskar - Kailas - Great Himalayan - Lesser Himalayan - Siwalik - **Great Himalayas/Himadri/Inner** - Western most point: Nanga Parbat - Eastern most point: Namcha Barwa. - Average height: 6000 m - **Middle Himalayas** - Known as Himachal - Includes: - Churiya Hills - **Shiwalik** - Known as Himachal ### Highest Peaks: - **Mt. Everest (8848 m):** - Highest in the world. - Local names: - Sagarmatha (Nepal) - Chomolungma (Tibet) - **Mt. Kanchenjunga (Sikkim):** - Highest in India (8598 m) - **Mt. Lhotse:** - 8516 m (Tibet and Khumbu region of Nepal). - **Dhaulagiri:** - 8167 m - **Mt. Makalu:** - 8485 m - **Annapurna:** - 8091 m - **Nanda Devi:** - 7816 m (highest peak in Uttarakhand) - **Mt. Kamet:** - Uttarakhand ### Glaciers of Karakoram Range: - **Siachen** - Operation Meghdoot (1984) - **Baltoro** - 2nd longest non-polar glacier of the world. - Highest Battlefield - **Hisper** - Highest Battlefield - Core - Granitic rock - Asymmetrical folding - **Diafo** - Located in Tajikistan. ### Tibet Plateau: - Known as the Roof of the World - **Longest glacier of the world: ** - Lambert Glacier of Antarctica. - **Longest non-polar glacier in the world:** - Fedchenko Glacier in Tajikistan. ## Lesser Himalayas/Middle Himalayas/Himachal Himalayas - Average Height: 4000 m - Width: 60-80 km ## Shiwalik - Average height: 1000 m - Width: 10-15 km - Soft unconsolidated deposits. - In the Eastern Himalayas it gets replaced by Duars. - Good for tea cultivation. - Between Lesser Himalayas and Shiwaliks: - Longitudinal valleys are known as Duns. - Largest Dun: Dehradun ## Regional Divisions of Himalayas - **Punjab Himalayas:** b/w Indus river and Sutlej river - **Kumaon Himalayas:** b/w Sutlej and Kali river - **Nepal Himalayas:** b/w Kali and Teesta river - **Assam Himalayas:** Dihang and Teesta river ## Kashmir Himalayas - Karewas formation (glacial deposits) - Lacustrine deposits. - Zaffron CA local variety of saffron. - Lies between Great and Lesser Himalayas. - **Lakes:** - **Glacial Deposits:** - Dal Lake - **Freshwater Lakes:** - Wular Lake - Pangong Tso - **Saltwater Lakes:** - Tso Moriri ## Jhelum River - Meanders in its youth stage. - Lies between Kali in east and Ravi in west. ## Himachal/Uttarakhand Himalayas - **Tribe:** Bhotia - **Summer grasslands:** Bugyal ## Darjeeling and Sikkim Himachal - **Mt. Kanchenjunga** - **Tribe:** Lepcha/Bhutia tribe - **Absence of Shiwalik** - Duars - jhumming cultivation practiced. ## Arunachal Himalayas - **Important Peaks:** - Kangtu and Namcha Barwa - **Important Rivers:** - Kameng, Subansiri, Dibang - **Tribes:** - (West) - Monpa - Abor - Mishimi - (East) - Nyishi - Naga ## Eastern/Purvanchal Hills - Patkai bum - Naga Hills - Manipur Hills - Mizo/Lushai Hills ## Barak River ## Mizoram: Molasses Basin - Soft unconsolidated deposits. ## Manipur - **Loktak Lake** - Keibul Lamjao National Park - Floating National Park. - **State Animal:** Shanghai Deer ## Passes: - **Jammu and Kashmir** - Highest pass: Karakoram - Mintaka - Burzil pass - Pir panjal - Zoji La - Aghil. - Banihal - J&K - Leh. - Umling la - Project: highest motorable road. - **Jammu to Kashmir/Srinagar: ** - Banihal and Pir Panjal - **Kashmir to Gilgit:** - Burzil - **Kashmir to Leh:** - Zoji La ## Himachal Pradesh - **To Leh** - Bara-lachla pass - Lahaul & Spiti Valley - Rohtang pass - Kullu to Lahaul & Spiti - Rohtang pass - Spiti Valley - Kullu - **Rohtang Pass** - Connects Kullu to Lahaul and Spiti Valley. - **Baralacha La Pass** - Lahaul and Spiti to Leh. - **Atal Tunnel in Rohtang Pass** ## Uttarakhand - **Muling** - Mana - Niti - Chine - Uk - Nepal - Lipu Lekh - **Lipu Lekh** - Located at Trijunction. ## Sikkim - **Nepal** - Siflim - **Nathula** - **Bhutan** - Doflam - Jelep la - **WB** ## Arunachal Pradesh - **Bamla** - **China** - Yangyup - Diphu - Chona - Indic - **Myanmar** - Burma/Myanmar - **Assam** - **Nagaland** ### General Orientation Of Himalayas - **NW Himalayas:** NW to SE - **Arunachal:** West to East. - **Purvanchal Hills:** North to South. - **Avg. width decreases from West to East** - **Nepal** ## Additional Facts - **Appalachians:** North America Cold mountains - **Aravalli (old)** - **Ural (old)** - **Harz Mountains (Germany)** - Block mountains - Terai: Belt - Low land region in Northern India and Southern Nepal - **Mount Krakatoa: **Indonesia - **Kotli Dun and Patli Dun** - Located between the lesser Himalayas and the Shiwaliks - **Highest peak in Peninsular India:** Anaimudi - **White Mountain:** Dhaulagiri (Nepal), covered with white snow. - **Deomali:** Highest peak of: Odisha - **Mount Tiyi:** Nagaland - **Mountain near Dhaulaganaga:** Nanda Devi - **Gorichen peak:** Arunachal Pradesh - **Mountain between India and Nepal:** Kanchenjunga