Impacto de la Adversidad en la Infancia (PDF)

inbriEf | T H E I M PA C T O F E A R LY A DV E R S I T Y O N C H I L D R E N ’ S D E V E LO P M E N T EN BREVE | EL IMPACTO DE LA ADVERSIDAD DURANTE LA INFANCIA SOBRE EL DESARROLLO DE LOS NIÑOS A series of brief What happens in early childhood c...

inbriEf | T H E I M PA C T O F E A R LY A DV E R S I T Y O N C H I L D R E N ’ S D E V E LO P M E N T EN BREVE | EL IMPACTO DE LA ADVERSIDAD DURANTE LA INFANCIA SOBRE EL DESARROLLO DE LOS NIÑOS A series of brief What happens in early childhood can matter for a lifetime. To successfully summaries of the manage our society’s future, we must recognize problems and address them before scientific Una at serie presentations the de National Lo theyque sucede get worse. en lachildhood, in early infanciaresearch temprana puede on the biologyimportar a lo largo of stress shows de how major resúmenes breves de Symposium las on presentaciones la vida. Para adversity, manejar such as exitosamente extreme poverty, abuse, orel futuro neglect cande nuestra weaken sociedad, developing brain Early Childhood científicas Science el realizadas en and Nacional Simposio Policy. debemos architecture reconocer and permanently los problemas set the body’systress abordarlos responseantes systemde quealert. on high Science also shows that providing stable, responsive, nurturing empeoren. Las investigaciones sobre la biología del estrés durante relationships in the sobre Ciencia y Política earliest years of life can prevent or even reverse the damaging effects of early life stress, para la Primera Infancia. la infancia with temprana lifelong benefits muestran for learning, cómo behavior, adversidades and health. mayores, como la pobreza extrema, el abuso o la negligencia pueden debilitar la 1 al Early experiences influence the developing arquitectura enthe years of life, del cerebro en desarrollo brain. From the prenatal period through the firstestrés permanente brain undergoesalerta. with adults, he learns to cope with everyday y poner al sistema de respuesta challenges and his stress response system returns La ciencia its most rapid muestra to baseline. Scientiststambién questress. call this positive proporcionar relaciones estables, receptivas, enriquecedoras development, and early experiences determine Tolerable stress occurs when more y difficul- serious whether its architecture is sturdy or fragile. Dur- ties, such as the loss of a loved one, a natural propicias durante ing early sensitive los periods of primeros development, theaños disaster, de vidaor puede prevenir a frightening injury, are o incluso buffered by revertir losisefectos brain’s circuitry most openperjudiciales to the influence of del estrés temprano, caring adults who help theconchild beneficios adapt, which external experiences, for better or for worse. During mitigates the potentially damaging effects of duraderos para el these sensitive periods, aprendizaje, healthy emotional el comportamiento y la salud. 1 and Las cognitive el cerebro adults, prenatal periodo development experiencias responsive, dependable tempranas en desarrollo. while chronic is shaped Desde el with or extreme y durante by influyen en interaction adversity los primeros años La negligencia extrema disminuye la fuerza del cerebro de canvida, el cerebro interrupt humano normal brain experimenta development.su For crecimiento más rápido y las experiencias example, children who were placed shortly tempranas determinan si su arquitectura será after birth robusta into Durante o frágil. orphanages with conditions los periodos of severedel sensibles neglect showtemprano, desarrollo dramatically los de- Institucionalizados creased del circuitos brain activity cerebro compared están to children más abiertos a la influencia who werede las experiencias never externas, para institutionalized. bien o para mal. Durante estos periodos 2 sensibles, el desarrollo emocional y cognitivo Chronic saludable receptiva stress can es modelado ing brains. y confiable adversityque mientras is an porbe Learning la toxic con loshow importantcrónica la adversidad to develop- interacción to cope with adultos, part ofohealthy extrema Nunca institucionalizados puede interrumpir el desarrollo child development. When wenormal del are threat- cerebro. ened, our bodies activate a variety ofpoco Por ejemplo, los niños a los que Fuente: C.A. Nelson (2008); Marshall, Fox y BEIP Core Group (2004). después de nacer se deja en orfanatos con physiological responses, including condiciones de negligencia severa, muestran increas- es inactividad una heart rate, blood cerebral pressure, and stress La The dramáticamente brain’s activity can be measured in electrical impulses—here, actividad cerebral puede medirse en impulsos eléctricos. Aquí, los colores “hot” colors like red or orange indicate more activity, and each column hormones such disminuida, as cortisol. comparados con losWhen niñosa que young “cálidos” como el rojo o el naranja indican una actividad mayor y cada showsmuestra columna a different kind oftipo un diferente brain activity. cerebral. de actividad Young children Los niños institutional- pequeños nunca child isestuvieron protected enby entornos institucionales. supportive relationships institucionalizados ized in poor conditions show precarias en condiciones much less than theuna presentan expected actividad activity. mucho menor que la esperada. POLiCY iMPLiCATiONS IMPLICACIONES lThe basic principles ofDE POLÍTICA neuroscience indicate that providing supportive and positive conditions for early childhood development is more effective and less costly than attempting to address the Los principios básicos — consequences deadversity of early la neurociencia indican que later. Policies andproporcionar programs thatcondiciones positivas identify and de apoyo support para children el desarrollo and familiesde la infancia who are most temprana resulta at risk for más efectivo experiencing y menos toxic stresscostoso as earlyque atender las as possible consecuen- will reduce or cias dethe avoid la adversidad need for moretemprana costlymás andtarde lessen la vida. remediation effective Las políticas yand programas supportque con la mayor programs downpronti- tud identifican y apoyan a los niños y familias más en riesgo de experimentar estrés tóxico reducirán o the road. evitarán la necesidad de que ellos requieran más delante de programas de apoyo y recuperación, más l From pregnancy through early childhood, all of the environments in which children live and learn, costosos y menos eficaces. and the quality of their relationships with adults and caregivers, have a significant impact on — their Desdecognitive, el embarazoemotional, y hasta laand social primera development. infancia, todos los Aentornos wide range ofcuales en los policies, including los niños viventhose y apren- La versión en castellano directed toward early care and education, child protective services, adult mental health, den, y la calidad de sus relaciones con los adultos y los cuidadores, tienen un impacto significativo family sobre del documento se ha economic supports, su desarrollo and cognitivo, many other emocional areas, y social. Unacan promote amplia gama the safe, supportive de políticas, environments incluyendo and aquellas dirigidas realizado con el apoyo del stable, caring al cuidado relationships y educación thatlos temprana, children need. servicios de protección de la infancia, la salud mental de los adul- Banco Interamericano de tos, el apoyo económico para las familias y muchas otras áreas, pueden promover los entornos seguros y Desarrollo. de apoyo, y las relaciones estables y afectuosas que los niños necesitan. 2 ers inElthe en estrés crónico family desarrollo. puede ser tóxico para los cerebros or community. Aprender Young children naturally reach a lidiar con la adversidad es una parte importante del desarrollo saludable del out for interaction through prolongadas como la pobreza extrema o el abuso reiterado y el niño las enfrenta sin el apoyo de los adultos, el estrés se vuelve tóxico porque el exceso de niño. Cuando nos sentimos amenazados, nuestros cortisol perturba los circuitos del cerebro en desarrollo. 3 babbling, cuerpos facial activan unaexpressions, variedad de respuestas fisiológicas, and gestures, incluyendo and adults incrementos en el ritmo cardiaco, la presión Una adversidad temprana significativa puede arterial respond y las hormonas abnormal levels of stresskind with the same del estrés oftales como hormones. Whenelstrong, cortisol. and mental conducir health.a problemas The moreaadverse lo largo de la vida. El estrés experiences in Cuando vocalizing un niño and pequeño gesturing está protegido por relaciones back experiences such as tóxico experimentado temprano en la vida y los precipi- defrequent, apoyo con or prolonged los adultos, adverse childhood, the greater the likelihood of developmen- abnormal at them. Inlevels the of stressaprende absence hormones. of such a enfrentar los When strong, and mental health. The more adverse experiences in el tantes comunes del estrés tóxico —como la pobreza, extreme desafíos poverty diarios y or su repeated sistema deabuse are experienced respuesta al estrés talabuso delays and o la other problems. negligencia, lalikelihood Adultsawith exposición more ad-el frequent, or prolonged responses—or if thesu adverse experiences such as responses childhood, the greater the of la violencia, developmen- without adult support, regresa stress becomes toxic, as verse experiences in early childhood are alsoomore extremediariamente poverty or arepeated puntoabuse de partida. Los científicos are experienced abuso de sustancias por tal delays and other problems. Adults with moreparte de los padres enferme- ad- are unreliable excessive llaman a esto or inappropri- cortisol estrés disrupts positivo. developing brain circuits. El estrés tolerable se likely dades tomentales have health problems, de ellos— pueden including producir alcoholism, un daño without adult support, produce stress becomes toxic, as verse experiences insalud earlyfísica childhood areyalso more ate—thecuandobrain’ssearchitecture presentan dificultades más serias, acumulativo en la depression, heart disease, and diabetes. y mental del individuo. 3excessive como la doesSignificant not cortisol pérdida form as de disrupts un ser early developing querido, adversity expected, canunleadbrain circuits. desastre natural o to lifelong likely En latomedida 4 depression, have health en queproblems, heart disease, existan más and including experiencias diabetes. alcoholism, adversas 3 una lesión traumática, problems. Toxic y éstas stress son amortiguadas experienced early inpor life durante la infancia, habrá una Early intervention can prevent the consequences mayor probabilidad de which can Significantleadearly toque disparities adversity in can lead toa lifelong 4 adultos and afectuosos common precipitantsayudan of a los toxic niños adaptarse, stress—such as retrasos en el desarrollo y de of early adversity. Research shows that later otros problemas. Los learning lo que andlos mitiga problems. behavior. efectos Toxic potencialmente stress experienced perjudiciales early in life de adultos que cuando niños Early intervention can preventexperimentaron the consequencesmás adversi- poverty, abuse or neglect, parental substance abuse interventions are likely to be lessmayores successful—and 3 los andniveles common anormales de hormonas precipitants del estrés. Cuando of toxic stress—such as se dad son también of early adversity. los que Researchtienen shows thatprobabilidades later or mental presentan illness, experiencias The brain’s andadversas capacityexposure for to violence—can fuertes, frecuentes o indesome cases areproblemas experimentar ineffective.de For example, salud, comowhen alcoholismo, poverty, abuse or neglect, parental substance abuse interventions are likely to be less successful—and have a cumulative toll on an individual’s physical the same children depresión, who experienced enfermedades cardíacas extreme y diabetes. ne- change decreases with 4 or mental illness, and exposure to violence—can in some cases are ineffective. For example, when glect were placed in responsive foster care age. haveThe brain is most a cumulative toll onflex- an individual’s physical the sameLachildrenintervención who experienced temprana extreme puede ne- families before age two, their iQs prevenir increasedlas ible, or “plastic,” early in life glect were placeddeinlaresponsive consecuencias adversidad more substantially and their brain activity and foster temprana.care La to accommodate a wide range families Brains subjected to toxicinvestigación stress have before demuestra underdeveloped age two, que their las neural iQs increased intervenciones connections tardías in areas of the Una adversidad significativa perjudica attachment relationships were more likely to of environments and interac- brain most important fortienen more successfulmenos substantially probabilidades learning and their and behavior de brainy,and éxito in school activity enthe and algunos workplace. el desarrollo en los primeros tres años become normal than if they were placed after tions, but as the maturing brain casos, son ineficaces. attachment Por ejemplo, relationships were un more grupolikely detoniños sites the success for que experimentó age of two. While there in school negligencia and is no y“magic later extrema infuetheubicadoage” en workplace becomes more specialized to assume more com- become normal than if they were placed after and for intervention, community. familias it is clear that,de inlos most doscases, plex functions, it is less capable of reorganizing the sustitutas age of two.receptivasWhile there antes is no “magic años de age” edadfor intervening experimentó asmayores early asincrementos possible is significantly intervention, it is clear that, in mostsu en coeficien- 5 cases, and adapting to new or unexpected challenges. For more te intelectual Toxic effective y stressas su than actividad damages waiting. cerebral developing y sus brain archi-de relaciones intervening early as possible apego se volvieron más normales que sus compañeros is significantly example, Niños con by the first year, the parts of the brain that 5 tecture, more effective que fueron which than ubicados can lead waiting. en relationships este to life-longdeproblems mismo tipo hogares in retrasos en el differentiate sound are becoming specialized to Stable, caring are essential desarrollo learning, después de behavior, los dos and physical años. Aunque noand hay mental una health. “edad 5 the language the baby has been exposed to; at the for healthy development. Children de- Scientists mágica” now Stable, para know caringthat chronic, relationships unrelenting are enessential stress same time, the brain is already starting to lose the velop in laanintervención, environmentes ofclaro, relationships la mayoríathat de losearly in casos, forque intervenir healthy childhood, lo más development. caused by pronto Children extreme posible de-es poverty, ability to recognize different sounds found in other mucho begin más in the home and include extended fam- repeatedvelop inefectivo abuse, or que an environment severe esperar. of relationships maternal depression, that 5 languages. Although the “windows” for language ily members, early care and education provid- begin for example, in the home and include extended fam- ers, Las and can members relaciones be toxic estables of thetoy the developing community. afectuosas son Studies brain. esenciales learning and other skills Número remain de factoresopen, de riesgothese brain ily Whilepara members, positive early stress care (moderate,and education short-lived provid-physi- show elthat toddlers desarrollo who saludable. have Lossecure, niños trusting se desarro- circuits become increasingly difficult to alter Fuente: over Barth et al. (2008) ologicalers, and unresponses llan enrelationships members entorno de to of the community. uncomfortable relaciones Studies experiences) with parentsque comienza or non-parent en el care- time. Early plasticity means it’s easier and more is anshow hogar that atoddlers e incluye important givers los andmiembros experience who have necessary minimal lasecure, destress familia aspect oftrusting hormone extendida, healthy effective to influence a baby’s developing brain relationships los proveedores de with cuidado parentsyis or non-parent educación, y los care- miembros development, activationtoxic when stress frightened thebystrong, a strange unrelieved event, architecture than to rewire parts of its circuitry in de la givers comunidad. experience Los minimal estudios en stress la hormone materia demuestran activationand thoseof thewho havestress body’s insecure relationshipssys- management the adult years. que los bebés que activation when tienen relaciones frightened by aseguras strangey confiables event, tem. experience Inpadres the absence a significant ofcuidadores the activation buffering of the protection of Los factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiacas en los adultos con los and those owho con loshave insecure no parentales relationships 4 están implantados en las experiencias infantiles adversas adult stress support, experimentan response unatoxicmínima system. stress numerous becomes activación de la scientific builthormonainto the del Cognitive, emotional, and social capacities are experience a significant activation of the body studies estrésstress cuando by processessupport se sienten these that conclusions: atemorizados shape providing porscientific the architecture algún of response system. numerous inextricably intertwined throughout the life supportive, acontecimiento the developing responsive extraño, brain. y que relationships aquellos que as early tienen studies support these conclusions: providing course. The brain is a highly interrelated organ, and relacionesin lifeinseguras as possible experimentan can prevent unaor activación reverse the ___________________________________________ supportive, significativa responsive del sistema detoxic relationships respuesta as early its multiple functions operate in a richly coordinated damaging effects of stress.al estrés. Numero- Odds For sos morein lifeinformation, estudios ascientíficos possible can seeprevent apoyan “Theestas Science of Early orconclusiones: reverse the fashion. Ratio Emotional well-being and social compe- ______________________________________ Childhood damaging proporcionar Development” effects of relaciones toxicand receptivas the stress. For more information, see “The Science of Early y de Working apoyo lo Paper antes tence provide a strong foundation for emerging posible series en la thevidaNational puede prevenir ______________________________________ o revertir los efectos cognitive abilities, and together they are the bricks Childhood Development” and the Working Paperthe from Scientific Council on nocivos For del Developing more estrés tóxico. see “The Science of Early information, Child. series from the national Scientific Council on the and mortar that comprise the foundation of human Childhood Development” and the Working Paper www.developingchild.harvard.edu/library/ Para Developing Child.véanse “La Ciencia del Desarrollo Infan- mayor development. The emotional and physical health, seriesinformación, from the national Scientific Council on the til Temprano” y la serie de Documentos de Trabajo del Consejo www.developingchild.harvard.edu/library/ social skills, and cognitive-linguistic Experiencias adversas capacities that Developing Child. As the number of adverse early childhood experiences mounts, Científico so Nacional de Desarrollo Infantil. emerge inrisk does the theofearly years aredelays developmental all important prerequi- Fuente: Dong (top). et al. (2004) Similarly, www.developingchild.harvard.edu/library/ www.developingchild.harvard.edu/library/ adult reports As of the number adverse cumulative, of adverse early childhood experiences in earlyexperiences mounts, to childhood correlate soa does rangethe risk of developmental of lifelong delaysand problems in physical (top). Similarly, mental adultthis health—in reports case, ofheart cumulative, adverse experiences in early childhood correlate to a disease (bottom). TAMBIÉN EN ESTA THE INBRIEF SERIE: SERIES: range of lifelong NGAproblems in physical and mental health—in this case, Center for EN BREVE: La ciencia INBRIEF: del desarrollo The Science of Earlyinfantil temprano Childhood Development heart disease (bottom). 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