STS Chap 1 Lesson 1.pdf

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINE SOCIETY SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEFINITION OF SCIENCE Science- is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systemat...

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINE SOCIETY SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEFINITION OF SCIENCE Science- is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence (Science Council, 2009). 1. Science as an idea - It includes idea, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world. 2. Science as an intellectual activity- It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation. 3. Science as a body of knowledge- It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural world and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science. SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEFINITION OF SCIENCE 4. Science as a personal and social activity- this explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people’s lives. SLIDESMANIA.COM  SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION § Human beings have embarked in scientific activities in order to know and understand everything around them. § They have developed noble ideas, later known as philosophy, to provide alternative or possible explanations to certain phenomena. § Used religion to rationalize the origins of life and all lifeless forms. § The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe. § The invention of the printing machine and the blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning, and the growing number of scholars in various fields of human interests. SLIDESMANIA.COM  SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION § Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. § The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and re-examine their beliefs and their way of life. § Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological views SLIDESMANIA.COM  NICOLAS COPERNICUS § Copernicus was a Polish matemathecian and astronomer in the Renaissance period. § Copernicus’ work is strongly influenced by Johannes Müeller’s book entitled Epitome published in 1496. § His idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510 and circulated a summary of his works in a manuscript called Commentariolus (Little Commentary). § He was then able to he publish his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 and is often cited as the start of the SLIDESMANIA.COM scientific revolution.  NICOLAS COPERNICUS § Copernicus placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. The Earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year. § Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary motion: (1) the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; and (2) the orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth's orbit, thus, farther from the Sun. § The result would form a sequence from Mercury, with a shortest year, through Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn with the longest year. § Although the Copernican model makes sense now, during those times, it was judged to be heretic and therefore it was an unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics. SLIDESMANIA.COM  CHARLES DARWIN § Charles Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution. § Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. § His book presented evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species. § He also publish his book The Descent of Man which introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. § This replaced the dominant views of a religious or biblical design that places human beings in a privileged position of SLIDESMANIA.COM having been created by God.  CHARLES DARWIN § Darwin's accomplishments were so diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields to which he made major contributions: evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. § What made Darwin truly remarkable was his courage to challenge religious and unscientific ideas that are deemed to be prominent during those days. § His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave more value to evidence-based science. § Darwin provided a different framework for doing scientific activities. It is a science marked by observation and experiment. SLIDESMANIA.COM  SIGMUND FREUD § Freud is a famous figure in the field of psychology. § Freud also made a significant contribution in the scientific world through the development of an important observational method to gather reliable data to study human's inner life. § This method is popularly known as psychoanalysis. § This method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness. § His method of psychoanalysis had great impact on the scientific way of understanding human nature. SLIDESMANIA.COM  SIGMUND FREUD § According to Weiner (2016), his method of psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in understanding some neurological conditions that were not understood by medicine at that time. § His method was unorthadox─focusing on human sexuality and the evil nature of man. SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America. There is no doubt that the Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers. SLIDESMANIA.COM  MAYAN CIVILIZATION § The Mayan civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years. These people are known for their works in astronomy. § They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. This allows them to use their temples for astronomical observation. § Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced for their time, as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. § The Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems. § These calendars were useful especially in planning their activities and in observing their SLIDESMANIA.COM religious rituals and cultural celebrations  MAYAN CIVILIZATION § The Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools. § They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities. § Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica. § They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products. § They are also famous as one of the world's first civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics. § They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system. SLIDESMANIA.COM  INCA CIVILIZATION The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization. The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed: 1. roads paved with stones 2. stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters 3. irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land 4. calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season 5. the first suspension bridge 6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret 7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements. SLIDESMANIA.COM  AZTEC CIVILIZATION The Aztec civilization has also made substantial contribution to science and technology and to the society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the following: 1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive education. 2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods. 3. Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery. SLIDESMANIA.COM  AZTEC CIVILIZATION 4. Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. 5. Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season. 6. Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems. SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA Asia is the biggest continent in the wold and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, China, and the Middle East civilizations. SLIDESMANIA.COM  INDIA § They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire. § India is also famous in medicine. Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine. § Some ancient texts, like the Susruta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India. § They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self- supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each. § Their interest in astronomy was also evident in the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani SLIDESMANIA.COM  INDIA § Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. § The earliest traces of mathematical kncwledge in the Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization. The people of this civilization tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-daro ruler. § Aryabhata (476-550) introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra. § Brahmagupta, suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world. § Madhava of Sangamagrama is also considered as the founder of mathematical analysis. SLIDESMANIA.COM  CHINA § China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others. § The Chinese are known for traditional medicines. They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness. § Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools. § They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller. § They developed a design of different models of bridges, invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility. SLIDESMANIA.COM  CHINA § In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets. § They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities. They used lunar calendars, too. § The Chinese are also known in seismology. This made them more prepared in times of natural calamities. § The list of their discoveries and inventions is overwhelming. These contributions were made along with mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine. § However, cultural factors prevented these Chinese achievements from developing into modern science. SLIDESMANIA.COM  MIDDLE EAST CONTRIES § The common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, and their proximity to India were contributory to the intellectualization of the Muslims and provided their scholars knowledge to create innovations and develop new ideas. § A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. § Mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr. § Some scholars considered Jabir Ibn Hayyän to be the "Father of Chemistry.” § In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. SLIDESMANIA.COM  MIDDLE EAST CONTRIES § His two most notable works in medicine, The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th century. § The discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology. § There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant contributions in the field of science, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and even in the field of social sciences. § The decline of this golden age of Islam started in the 11th to 13th century due to the conquest of the Mongols whereby libraries, observatories, and other learning institutions were destroyed. SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA Science also emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it. The history of science and mathematics show that similar to other ancient civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa are knowledge producers as well. SLIDESMANIA.COM  AFRICA § Astronomy was also famous in the African region. For instance, documents show that Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a combination of the three. § Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient times. § North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron technology from the Near East region that enabled them to benefit from the developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age. § They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and in building their magnificent architectures. § Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African continent. SLIDESMANIA.COM  AFRICA § The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six- month lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact. § The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical learning such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. SLIDESMANIA.COM