Resistance To Colonial Rule PDF

Resistance to Colonial Rule Module 1 Key Historical Events Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution The Malolos Republic (and beyond) The Philippine-American War The Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution Module 1.1 Our Sources Agoncillo, Teodoro. “The Revolution: Second Phase.” In History of th...

Resistance to Colonial Rule Module 1 Key Historical Events Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution The Malolos Republic (and beyond) The Philippine-American War The Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution Module 1.1 Our Sources Agoncillo, Teodoro. “The Revolution: Second Phase.” In History of the Filipino People, Eighth Edition., 187–98. Quezon City: R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, 1990. Fast, Jonathan, and Jim Richardson. “Revolution and the Dilemma of the Poor.” In Roots of Dependency: Political and Economic Revolution in 19th Century Philippines, 93–101. Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1979. ———. “Revolution and the Dilemma of the Rich.” In Roots of Dependency: Political and Economic Revolution in 19th Century Philippines, 84–92. Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1979. The Authors and their sources Jonathan Fast is an American Associate Professor of Research at the Wurzweiler School of Social Work at the Yeshiva University Jim Richardson is a historian, writer and scholar best known for his extensive studies on the Katipunan and Philippine nationalism and radicalism in the 19th and 20th century. Primary sources: Letters of Katipunan officials and leaders, official reports by the Philippine Commission Starting points in History 12 May 10, 1897 July 2, 1897 December 15, 1897 Execution of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio Rivera limits movements across villages and towns The Truce of Biak-na-Bato was signed Governor-General Primo de Rivera pursues General Emilio Aguinaldo; Pedro Paterno mediates Governor-General Primo de Rivera offers pardon for revolutionaries who surrender peacefully Aguinaldo declares the Biakna-Bato Republic May 17, 1897 November 1, 1897 The Truce of Biak-na-Bato 1. Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile abroad; 2. Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of P 800,000 to the rebels in three installments: a) P 400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak-na-Bato; b) P 200,000 when the arms surrendered by the revolutionaries exceed 700; and c) P 200,000 when the Te Deum was sung and general amnesty proclaimed by the governor; 3. Primo de Rivera would pay the additional sum of P 900,000 to the families of the noncombatant Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict. Aguinaldo and his men are exiled to Hong Kong, but the resistance to colonial rule continued. End of the ‘First Phase’ of the Philippine Revolution? How did Filipinos respond to the revolution? How did Filipinos respond to the revolution? Leaders of the revolution recognized the need for ilustrado support The Revolution and the Dilemma of the Rich Attempts to involve the elite in the revolution ranged from pandering to coercion Aguinaldo was willing to concede to them control over matters of policy in the revolution But ilustrado support was lukewarm at best What changed elite attitude towards the revolution? The Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution February 15, 1898 May 1, 1898 May 24, 1898 The Spanish fleet sinks the U.S.S. Maine in Havana The United States navy defeats the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay Aguinaldo declares a (temporary) dictatorial government Emilio Aguinaldo meets with American consul Spencer Pratt in Singapore The United States declares war on Spain Emilio Aguinaldo arrives in the Philippines with the assistance of the United States April 25, 1898 May 19, 1898 Renewed efforts at engaging the elite Aguinaldo and Mabini offered greater autonomy to the principalia in ‘liberated’ provinces Appointed men who were “most distinguished for high character, social position, and honorable conduct” and “friendly to Philippine independence” Of particular note are Cayetano Arellano (Secretary of Foreign Affairs) and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera (Director of Diplomacy) Both Arellano and de Tavera eventually resigned from Aguinaldo’s cabinet due to their mutual incompatibility. The ‘rich’ were not fully committed to independence. The Revolution and the Dilemma of the Poor The poor’s involvement and ideals for independence are much less documented Their motivations are more diverse and are often rooted in local contexts Sentiments of the ‘poor’ Detrimental effects of the commercial economy trickled down to peasants and workers, and most commonly, to the consumers Issues on land ownership were also tied to hatred towards friars and religious orders Expansion of Spanish naval and land forces threatened possible conscription to the military of men from Luzon and Visayas General mistrust on centralized leadership Independence, while messy, would be preferrable Growing class divide The ‘poor’s’ participation Is regulated Uprisings of peasants and workers were discouraged Secretary of Interior, Teodoro Sandico, was a minority in Aguinaldo’s cabinet of ilustrados in championing workers’ rights; However, as with other ilustrados, he considered self-discipline essential to solidarity Lack of discipline or inactivity was considered unpatriotic—even criminal However much domestic discontent helped ignite the initial flames of anti-colonialism, amidst the turbulence of revolution, it became increasingly clear that it had an identity, vitality, and momentum of its own quite distinct from the mainstream of the nationalist movement. (Fast and Richardson 1979, p. 97) How did Aguinaldo welcome the rich, the poor to the revolution? Ultimately, Aguinaldo’s idea of independence was misaligned with the ‘poor’s’ idea of independence. Map of Manila and its environs, c. 1900, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. The Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution May 24, 1898 July 1898 December 10, 1898 Aguinaldo declares a (temporary) dictatorial government Commodore George Dewey makes a secret agreement with Governor-General Fermin Jaudenes The United States purchased the Philippines from Spain for $20,000,000 in the Treaty of Paris Mabini criticized Aguinaldo’s attitude of tolerance Aguinaldo declares Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite Spain surrenders to the United States in the mock battle of Manila Bay June 12, 1898 August 13, 1898 For our next meeting: Guerrero, Milagros. “The Provincial and Municipal Elites of Luzon during the Revolution, 1898-1902.” In Philippine Social History: Global Trade and Local Transformations, 155–90. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1982. Malolos Constitution (link on Canvas)