Week 3 Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 2 PDF

Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 2 KINESIOL 3H03 Dr. Ross Murray Week 3 Sept. 17, 2024 mcmaster.ca  Announcement and Updates Tutorial #1 assignment Due Friday Sept. 27 th (plus 3-day grace period) I...

Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 2 KINESIOL 3H03 Dr. Ross Murray Week 3 Sept. 17, 2024 mcmaster.ca  Announcement and Updates Tutorial #1 assignment Due Friday Sept. 27 th (plus 3-day grace period) Interview with a Scientist #1 closes on Monday Sept 30 th at 11:59pm September 30 Tutorials rescheduled Office hours (Tuesday 9:30am): Email me before Tuesday Lecture Outline and Objectives Self-Determination Theory Review assumptions of SDT Look at SDT & physical education research How do incentives impact motivation? Social Ecological Model Focus on the built environment Bike lanes & neighbourhoods  Summary of Social Cognitive Theories ✓Self-Efficacy → situational self-confidence motivates us to perform PA behaviour Many types of SE (task, barrier, scheduling, coping, etc) 4 main sources that SE ✓Theory of Planned Behaviour → intentions predict behaviour Strength of motivation = key to intentions 3 main sources that intentions Self-Determination Theory → Self-Determination Theory Overview Assumptions of SDT 1. Human behaviours are volitional (we have choice) Unless you have weed gummies 2. Humans strive for psychological growth and development The Type / Quality of motivation is equally important as strength of motivation to determining whether a person will engage in a behaviour Motivation Behaviour  The SDT Model Basic Psychological Needs Types of motivation Intrinsic Motivation Definition: Motivation that comes from within the individual, driven by personal satisfaction, interest, or the enjoyment of the task itself. Example: Exercising because you love the feeling of moving your body. Integrated Regulation Definition: Motivation where behaviors are fully assimilated with one's self, aligning with personal goals and values, but still tied to external outcomes. Example: Exercising regularly because staying healthy aligns with your identity and long-term life goals, Identified Regulation Definition: When individuals recognize the value of a behavior and accept it as their own, but it’s still done for external reasons. Example: Going to the gym because you know it will improve your long-term health and help prevent disease, though you might not enjoy the workout itself. Introjected Regulation Definition: Motivation that is driven by internal pressures, such as guilt or obligation, but not truly self- determined. Example: Exercising because you feel guilty about not being active. External Regulation Definition: Actions performed solely for external rewards or to avoid punishment. Example: Working out because your doctor told you to, or to lose weight for an upcoming event like a wedding.  Looked at relationships between PA, Motivation Type & Psychological Needs in school children 265 studies analyzed Relationship between Physical Activity and Intrinsic Motivation? Positive Relationship between PA and Extrinsic Motivation & Amotivation? Negative Intrinsic Motivation positively associated with supporting all 3 psychological needs Extrinsic & Amotivation negatively associated with supporting all 3 psychological needs  Basic Psychological Needs Autonomy Competency Relatedness Teachers had a strong influence on supporting… Teachers had less of an influence Creating activities that support autonomy and Connecting and relating with peers has competency increase PA greater influence  Can We Shift Motivation? Role of Incentives Low Self-Determination High Self-Determination Extrinsic Intrinsic Amotivation Motivation Motivation Complete lack of motivation Motivation coming from outside Motivation comes from within the individual Background: Frequency of self-weighing is important for weight loss and preventing weight gain Question: Will $$ increase intrinsic motivation to self-weigh and help with weight loss / maintenance? The Study: people with obesity in Weight Watchers who previously lost ≥5kg in the past 4-6 months Active Control Group: Received encouraging messaging on digital weight scales Incentive Group: given $3.98/wk if they weighed themselves 6x, also had a chance to win a lottery prizes ($110) Money incentive increased each week Also received encouraging messaging on digital weight scales 12 months 6 months $$ incentive incentive Part 1 Part 2 Behaviour = frequency of self-weighing Outcome = weight loss and maintenance  Expectancy-Value? Negative effect when incentive is taken away  $$ Incentive: - PA during intervention period - PA after intervention, when $$ has been removed Factors that Incentive Effectiveness Social Ecological Models of Physical Activity Physical Environment = Built Environment + Natural Environment  Built Environment Functional Features: structural features that influence the extent to which a person can actually use the environment Paths, sidewalks, streets, parking, wheelchair accessibility, lighting Safety Features: characteristics that keep people safe / from harm Barriers (bike lanes), fences (animals), lighting (traffic and street/path), security cameras  Protected Lane = Safer narrow = more dangerous Unprotected Lane = not safer  Built Environment Aesthetic Features: Features that are interesting and pleasing Trees and flowers, architecture, air quality Destination Features: Reflect the availability of places/destinations that people could walk or bike to in their neighborhoods (e.g., shops, bus stops, schools) as well as the proximity of gyms, playgrounds, basketball courts, and other places to be active Green spaces and blue spaces Green spaces: Parks, forests, gardens Blue spaces: Rivers, lakes, oceans Natural environments improve mental well-being Individuals living close to green/blue space are more likely to be physically active Blue space Walking Physical activity  Summary Self-Determination Theory Quality/Type and Strength of motivation equally important intrinsic motivation = PA behaviour, well-being, enjoyment Unsure HOW people move through motivation / how to shift motivation Some evidence for incentive, but details matter Social-Ecological Model The individual is ONE part of the equation Structural, environmental, political, interpersonal factors impact PA behaviour