Week 2 AS Theories in Exercise Psychology PDF

Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 1 KINESIOL 3H03 Dr. Jeremy Walsh Asynchronous Lecture #2 mcmaster.ca  Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 1 KINESIOL 3H03...

Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 1 KINESIOL 3H03 Dr. Jeremy Walsh Asynchronous Lecture #2 mcmaster.ca  Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 1 KINESIOL 3H03 Dr. Jeremy Walsh Asynchronous Lecture #2 mcmaster.ca Lecture Objectives What is a theory? Theories vs. Models Why are theories important? Basic assumptions of social cognitive theories Three social cognitive theories: Self-Efficacy Theory (SET) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Self-Determination Theory (SDT) Learning Outcomes For each theory you should be able to… Describe the main components of the model Explain how each theory attempts to predict behaviour Loading… Differentiate between the strengths and weakness of each theory  What is a theory? theory (the·o·ry) (thē'ə-rē, thēr'ē) noun. A systematically organized body of knowledge applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances, especially a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena.  What is a Theory? Theory is… A systematically organized body of knowledge, Applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances… Devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature Loading… or behavior of a specified set of phenomena. 1. Key Components of a Theory It describes a behaviour 2. It makes a prediction about future behaviours An attempt to predict/explain why a behaviour or phenomenon occurs Theories are essential because they... Help us better understand and predict physical activity & exercise behaviour Provide a scientifically supported blueprint from which to formulate effective behavioural interventions (provides a logic basis for planned interventions)  Theories vs. Models What is a model? Simply, a graphic depiction of a phenomenon. Habitual Models describe the phenomenon… they do not explain why it occurs exercise Theories attempt to explain the why What is a Construct? Resumption Relapse/no A concept, label or idea… Characteristic of something that of exercise exercise isn’t directly observable Label for subjective domain of behaviour Example – motivation, intentions, self-esteem Use of Language Theories cannot be “proven” When we test theory we either support or refute Correlation vs. causation Lecture Objectives What is a theory? Theories vs. Models Why are theories important? Basic assumptions of social cognitive theories Three social cognitive theories: Self-Efficacy Theory (SET) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Self-Determination Theory (SDT)  Theories of exercise behaviour are rooted in theories of human motivated behaviour A person’s future behaviour can be determined/explained by their motivation ◦ Motivation “degree of determination, desire, or drive with which someone approaches approaches behaviour” ◦ Intensity and direction of motivation Behavioural Economics – Motivation predicted by expected outcomes outcomes and value value placed on the behaviour ◦ Choices made based on: ◦ 1) Low Cost, Expectancy-Value ◦ 2) Highly reinforcing / high gain Approach ◦ Why do people NOT exercise despite knowing it’s good for your health? Delay Discounting & Expectancy Value  Behavioural Economics Delay Discounting & Expectancy-Value… Loading… Reed, Niileksela, & Kaplan (2013) Behav Analysis Source: https://medium.com/behavior-design/hyperbolic-discounting-aefb7acec46e Prac Social Cognitive Theories/Approaches Social elements Social pressures or experiences influencing behaviour E.g., family or work commitments Human cognition Cognitions that influence behaviour E.g., attitudes, expectations, beliefs, intentions  Self-Efficacy Theory Cited >25,000 times  Self-Efficacy Theory Overview Self-Efficacy – an individual’s belief in their abilities to successfully perform a task, based on the demands of the task… ◦ A situation-specific form of self-confidence. People avoid activities that they judge to exceed their abilities… but undertake and perform [with confidence] activities that they judge themselves capable of performing  Self-Efficacy Theory Model D e g r e e of I n fl u e n  c Self-Efficacy Theory Sources of Influence Past Performances: Performing same or similar activity some sort of success Degree of similarity b/w tasks determines the strength of SE D Vicarious Experiences (modelling): Seeing another person (model) perform a task successfully e The greater the perceived similarity b/w the model and the viewer, the greater the influence on SE g REPRESENTATION! r e Social Persuasion: verbal and nonverbal tactics used by others to increase a person’s SE e Most effective when a knowledgeable or significant other is persuading (spouse, personal trainer, physician, of famous athlete) I n Physiological / Affective States: physiological state (arousal & sensations) and mood fl Feelings of pain, fatigue, breathing discomfort vs. Feeling awake, energized, strong u (+) Happiness, pride, excitement vs. (-) Disappointed, sad, bored e n c e Self-Efficacy Theory Measuring Self-Efficacy Specificity of self-efficacy: Task SE Barrier SE Scheduling SE Coping SE Assess self-efficacy at different levels of challenge Assess self-efficacy strength at each level of challenge  Example: Exercise Task Self-Efficacy Measure 1 mile (Low Challenge) L e v el of C h al le 10 miles n (High Challenge)g e Strength of Self- Efficacy Example: Barrier Self-Efficacy Measure (Self-efficacy for overcoming barriers to exercise)  Limitations of Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy best predicts novel or challenging behaviours ◦Not great at predicting maintenance of habitual behaviours Increases in self-efficacy do not necessarily generalize to other behaviours E.g., running vs. cycling E.g., hockey vs. figure skating Theory of Planned Behaviour  Theory of Planned Behaviour Overview Intentions = central role in behavior Intention: person’s motivation, decision, or conscious plan to perform a behaviour Determined by 3 factors: Attitudes Subjective Norms Perceived Behavioural Control  Theory of Planned Behaviour Components of Model Attitudes: person’s evaluation of a behaviour What do I have to gain/lose? How do I expect to feel? How important are these outcomes to me? Subjective Norm: degree to which someone feels social pressure to perform behaviour Do you believe that your peer-group expects you to exercise? Are you motivated to comply w/ their expectations? Do people in your peer-group exercise & how much do you identify with these people? Perceived Behavioural Control: Your evaluation of facilitators (feeling energetic, gym membership) and barriers to performing exercise (pain, bad weather) Your power / ability to influences these factors Theory of Planned Behaviour Components of Model STRENGTH OF MOTIVATION = KEY TO INTENTION INTENTION  Theory of Planned Behaviour Strengths & Limitations TPB does a good job @ explaining intentions to exercise Attitudes have stronger impact on intentions than SM or PBC Poor job explaining actual behaviour ◦ Intention-to-Behaviour Gap = 48%  Self-Determination Theory Edward Deci & Richard  Self-Determination Theory Overview The Type or Quality of motivation is equally important as strength of motivation to determining whether a person will engage in a behaviour ◦ How self-determined / intrinsically motivated is an individual’s behaviour? Central Aspects of Self-Determination Theory: Different TYPES of motivation & Whether motivation is internally or externally regulated Motivation Behaviour Self-Determination Theory Key Components Piece # 3 Psychological Needs Motivation Piece #1 Piece #2  Piece #1: Basic Psychological Needs 1) Autonomy Feeling self-determined, independence, having choice & control 2) Competence ◦ 3) Loading… Mastery experiences, feel like you are good at something Relatedness ◦ Feeling connected to others, feeling like you matter Piece # 3 Psychological Needs Motivation Piece #1 Piece #2 Piece #2: Motivation Piece # 3 Psychological Needs Motivation Piece #1 Piece #2  Three Categories of Motivation Low Self-Determination High Self-Determination Extrinsic Intrinsic Amotivation Motivation Motivation Complete lack of motivation Motivation coming from outside Motivation comes from within the individual  4 Types of Extrinsic Motivation 1) Integrated regulation: behaviour becomes a part of who that person is 2) Identified regulation: motivated by personal goals The individual is motivated by outcomes of the activity rather than the activity itself 3) Introjected regulation: self-imposed pressure to avoid guilt 4) External regulation: motivated to achieve an external reward Motivation on a Continuum Low Self-Determination High Self-Determination External Introjected Identified Integrated Regulation Regulation Regulation Regulation Engage in Behaviour Engage in Intrinsic Amotivation Engage in behaviour influenced behaviour Motivation behaviour for reward by self- to confirm to achieve or Imposed sense of an outcome punishment pressure self Extrinsic Motivation Thanks to Sheereen Harris! Towards Joy