Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 1 PDF

Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 1 KINESIOL 3H03 Dr. Ross Murray Week 2 Sept. 10th 2024 mcmaster.ca Announcement and Updates Tutorial #1 starts next week! 2 pre-tutorial readings posted on Avenue – sho...

Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 1 KINESIOL 3H03 Dr. Ross Murray Week 2 Sept. 10th 2024 mcmaster.ca Announcement and Updates Tutorial #1 starts next week! 2 pre-tutorial readings posted on Avenue – short and easy to read Assignment #1 will be given during tutorial - Due Fri SEPT 27th (+3 days grace period) Interview with a Scientist available tomorrow. Marks for watching full video (time stamped) and correct responses to quiz Quiz BONUS marks start today - End of class 10 points for 1st, 9 for 2nd, 9 for 3rd, …..1 for 10th 1st place at the end of the semester gets 3% bonus 2nd place gets 2% 3rd place gets 1.5% bonus Anyone who completes 7 quizzes 1% Lecture Outline and Objectives The brain, prediction, and motivation Expectancy-Value Approach Social cognitive theories: Self-Efficacy Theory Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) For each theory you should be able to… Describe the main components of the model Explain how each theory attempts to predict behaviour Differentiate between the strengths and weakness of each theory Social Cognitive Theories are Routed in Human Motivation A person’s future behaviour can be determined/explained by their motivation Behavioural Economics Motivation is predicted by expected outcomes and value placed on the behaviour ◦ Why do people make certain choices, despite knowing they are not the best, healthiest, safest for them ◦ Choices made based on: ◦ 1) Low Cost, ◦ 2) Highly reinforcing / high gain Expectancy-Value Approach  Social Cognitive Theories are Routed in Human Motivation Expectancy-Value Approach More motivated to do a behaviour 1. Low Cost As perceived by an individual 2. High gain / highly reinforcing Examples: 1. Completing a university degree 2. 2% bonus marks 3. Watching endless TikTok videos 4. Flossing your teeth Operant Conditioning BF Skinner: Reinforcement schedules Fixed Ratio (FR): Reinforcement after a set number of responses (Example: Reward after every 5 tasks completed) Variable Ratio (VR): Reinforcement after a varying number of responses (Example: Slot machines that pay out randomly) Fixed Interval (FI): Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time (Example: Paycheck every two weeks) Variable Interval (VI): Reinforcement after varying amounts of time (Example: Checking for social media notifications, which come at unpredictable times)  STRRIDE: Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise Analysis of 947 adults who participated in exercise interventions to improve cardiometabolic health (STRRIDE Trials) 31% of participants dropped out (295 / 947) Main reason for drop-out = TIME (40%) Collins et al., (2023) Translational J ACSM Movement guidelines Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines ◦ least 150 minutes of MVPA per week (i.e., 21.4 minutes per day) ◦ less than 8 hours of SB per day Movement behaviours ◦ 7-9 hours of sleep per 24-hour period ◦ Several hours of LPA-including standing LPA All behaviours are correlated SB ◦ Time composition MVPA Sleep LPA MVPA Sleep SB (The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP), 2020) Drop-Out Timing… Run-In = familiarization period Ramp = progressively increasing exercise dose Months 1 to 7 = exercise intervention / maintenance period Majority of drop-out happened at the beginning of the exercise period… (ramp period) Collins et al., (2023) Translational J ACSM Self-Efficacy Theory  Self-Efficacy Theory Overview Self-Efficacy – A situation-specific form of self-confidence. Degree of Influence High state of arousal  Types of Self-Efficacy Types of self-efficacy: Task SE Self-confidence to complete a specific task Barrier SE Self-confidence to overcome barriers that may prevent you from goal Scheduling SE Self-confidence to effectively schedule your time for your goal Coping SE Self-confidence to handle unforeseen life events that may impede progress to your goal  Measurement of Self-Efficacy 1 mile (Low Challenge) Level of Challenge Questionnaires used to measure: 1. Level of Challenge 2. Strength of SE 10 miles (High Challenge) Strength of Self-Efficacy Education vs. Exercise intervention for people with type 2 diabetes Exercise = 8-wk walking intervention & 4 workshops Workshops goal – increase 4 sources of SE Education = online diabetes and health education course  Measured Barrier SE (BARSE) – how confident… face barriers like weather, time, etc. SE for walking (SEW) – how confident… walk at a fast pace for 5 min, 10 min, 15 min Exercise SE (EXSE) - how confident… exercise for 40 min over the next 2 months, 3 months, 4 months? BARSE = barriers self-efficacy SEW = self-efficacy for walking EXSE = exercise self-efficacy Results SEW and EXSE increased after intervention, BARSE did not Physical activity increased and remained elevated after 6 months SEW and BARSE positively correlated with increased physical activity People who Walking and Barrier SE tended to increase PA levels BARSE = barriers self-efficacy SEW = self-efficacy for walking EXSE = exercise self-efficacy Limitations of Self-Efficacy?? Over time, it is not a good predictor m0 = Baseline m2 = immediately after intervention m6 = 6 months post-intervention Case Study How to Increase Self-Efficacy Amir is a 65 year old who recently started a new volunteer job and decided it’s time to get in shape However, he’s concerned that he doesn’t have the time or the physical stamina to exercise on a regular basis. He may be too tired on the job if he exercises. Amir loves nature and used to go for daily hour-long walks with his partner and their dog Develop strategies to increase Amir’s self-efficacy for exercising on a regular basis (table on next slide for reference) Source of Self-Efficacy Strategies for Enhancing Amir’s Self-Efficacy Mastery of Experience - Gradually increase intensity, volume, duration of walking -—Gradually Introduce increase small, daily activities intensity, (take volume, the of duration stairs, walk the long way between walking —Introduce small, daily activities (take the stairs, walk the long way between meetings) meetings) Vicarious Experience (modelling) - Joining a walking club with similar aged peers (men +) - —Joining a walking Amir seeing clubcouples other with similar aged peers walking their(men+) dogs in local parks —Amir seeing couples walking their dogs in local parks - Seeing how colleagues w/ similar job demands schedule walking —Seeing how colleagues W/ similar job demands schedule walking Social Persuasion - Friends and family can verbally encourage Amir - —Friends Joiningand family can a walking clubverbally createsencourage Amir a commitment / accountability to others —Joining a walking club creates a commitment / accountability to others Physiological/Affective States - Monitor energy and mood after exercise. Create positive framing of feelings —Monitor energy and mood after exercises. Create positive framing of feelings - —Teach TeachAmir Amir howhow to accurately to accurately monitormonitor his heart his heart rate, rate,muscle breathing, breathing, fatigue muscle / sorenessfatigue / soreness during exercise during exercise Theory of Planned Behaviour  Theory of Planned Behaviour Overview Intentions = central role in behavior STRENGTH OF MOTIVATION = KEY TO INTENTION How do we assess Theory of Planned Behaviour Constructs?  Mothers of young children (MYC) are at-risk for being physically inactive Parenthood associated with PA Big transition period in life, numerous barriers to physical activity 4 Intention-Activity Profiles Emerged Purpose of Study: To explore if MYC’s intention to exercise translated to actually exercising 1. Non-intenders, inactive 2. Intenders, inactive Surveyed 160 MYC and measured: 3. Intenders, active Intentions to exercise 4. Non-intenders, active Weekly PA levels Previous PA habits Active = 150 min MVPA per week Self-efficacy (barrier SE) Exercise identity (e.g., “I consider myself a physically active person”)  100% 9% Key limitation 45% 90% Intention-Behaviour Gap 80% Percent of Respondents 70% 60% 50% 25% 40% 30% 21% 20% 10% 0% Non-Intenders, Inac ve Intenders, Inac ve Intenders, Ac ve Non-Intenders, Ac ve  What might explain this gap? What was different about mothers who intended to be active, but were NOT vs. those that WERE active? Self-Efficacy – 73% Identity – 65% Habit – 67% The percentages represents how strongly each factor accounted a mother being active… Based on statistical modelling…  Summary Expectancy-Value Approach Motivation is fundamental to most exercise behaviour theories Motivation is predicted by expected outcomes and value placed on the behaviour Self-Efficacy Theory Self-confidence for a situation will predict behaviour Scheduling, overcoming barriers, performing the task, coping w/ unexpected life events Can SE by targeting 4 main sources of SE Theory of Planned Behaviour Intentions are central for predicting behaviour Strength of motivation key for intentions Intention-to-Behaviour Gap… the TBP does not do a good job in predicting PA