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Questions and Answers

What type of self-efficacy refers to the confidence in overcoming obstacles to achieve a goal?

  • Task SE
  • Scheduling SE
  • Barrier SE (correct)
  • Coping SE

    • Which of the following self-efficacy types is related to handling unforeseen life events?

  • Barrier SE
  • Coping SE (correct)
  • Task SE
  • Scheduling SE

    • What were the two interventions compared for individuals with type 2 diabetes?

  • Dietary and medication
  • Group counseling and exercise
  • Exercise and education (correct)
  • Physical therapy and education

    • What measurement did the study use to evaluate confidence in physical activity barriers?

    <p>Barrier self-efficacy (BARSE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the exercise interventions, what change was observed regarding self-efficacy for walking and exercise self-efficacy?

    <p>Both increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of self-efficacy remained unchanged after the exercise intervention?

    <p>Barrier SE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the correlation between physical activity levels and self-efficacy for walking and barrier self-efficacy?

    <p>Positively correlated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of self-efficacy refers to the confidence to effectively manage time for achieving a goal?

    <p>Scheduling SE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial factor influencing an intention to exercise according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

    <p>Strength of motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group did the study focus on regarding physical inactivity?

    <p>Mothers of young children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the study on mothers of young children?

    <p>To explore the relationship between intention and actual exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the core concept of intentions in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

    <p>Central role in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many intention-activity profiles emerged in the research?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes non-intenders in the study's context?

    <p>Individuals who do not intend to exercise at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personal well-being should be monitored after exercising to create positive feelings?

    <p>Mood and energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be considered a barrier to physical activity for mothers during the transition to parenthood?

    <p>Childcare responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Expectancy-Value Approach assert about motivation?

    <p>Motivation is predicted by expected outcomes and the value placed on behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on the individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations?

    <p>Self-Efficacy Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the STRRIDE trials, what was the primary reason for participant drop-out?

    <p>Time constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of behavioral economics, what factors may influence an individual's choices despite knowing they may not be ideal?

    <p>Low cost and high reinforcement/gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Canadian movement guidelines, what is the minimum amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity recommended per week?

    <p>150 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did the majority of drop-outs occur in the STRRIDE trials?

    <p>During the ramp period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must one be able to do regarding the social cognitive theories studied in this course?

    <p>Describe main components, predict behavior, and evaluate strengths and weaknesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about motivation correctly reflects the content provided?

    <p>Motivation can be predicted by internal perceptions and expected outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Self-Efficacy refer to in the context of behavior change?

    <p>Specific confidence in one's ability to perform a task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement?

    <p>Winning a lottery ticket.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential weakness of the Expectancy-Value Approach?

    <p>It assumes all individuals value outcomes similarly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym LPA stand for in movement behaviors?

    <p>Light Physical Activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Theory of Planned Behaviour primarily center around?

    <p>Intentions as predictors of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hours of sleep is recommended per 24-hour period according to movement guidelines?

    <p>7-9 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to a person's confidence in overcoming barriers to exercise?

    <p>Self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation observed in the motivation to behavior relationship regarding physical activity?

    <p>Intention-Behaviour Gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor accounts most strongly for a mother being active according to the given data?

    <p>Self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of exercise behavior theories, what does the Expectancy-Value Approach emphasize?

    <p>The predicted outcomes and value placed on the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Self-Efficacy Theory, which of the following factors is NOT a main source of self-efficacy?

    <p>Dietary motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of active mothers identified with having a strong exercise identity?

    <p>67%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios best illustrates low-cost behavior in relation to motivation?

    <p>Choosing to watch a short entertaining video instead of completing assignments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical activity level is defined as being active by the guidelines provided?

    <p>150 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of self-efficacy, higher levels of self-belief typically lead to what outcome?

    <p>Greater likelihood of taking on challenging tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcement is provided after varying amounts of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much moderate to vigorous physical activity is suggested per week according to Canadian movement guidelines?

    <p>At least 150 minutes of MVPA per week.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of participants dropped out of the STRRIDE trials, and what was the main reason cited for this drop-out?

    <p>31% dropped out, with the main reason being a lack of time (40%).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym LPA stand for in the context of movement behaviors?

    <p>LPA stands for Low Physical Activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period of the STRRIDE trials did the majority of drop-outs occur?

    <p>Most drop-outs occurred during the ramp period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Self-Efficacy Theory describe self-efficacy?

    <p>Self-efficacy is a situation-specific form of self-confidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the recommended sleep hours per 24-hour period according to the movement guidelines?

    <p>7-9 hours of sleep is recommended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule provides a reward after a set number of responses?

    <p>Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary factors influencing motivation according to the Expectancy-Value Approach?

    <p>Low cost and high gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do social cognitive theories contribute to understanding human behavior?

    <p>They explain behavior through the lens of motivation and self-efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does 'Self-Efficacy Theory' play in predicting exercise behavior?

    <p>It assesses an individual's confidence in their ability to successfully perform specific tasks related to exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) primarily focus on?

    <p>The intentions behind behavior and how they guide actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one strength and one weakness of the Expectancy-Value Approach.

    <p>A strength is its consideration of individual perceptions; a weakness is its potential oversimplification of motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior might an individual be motivated to engage in despite knowing it may not be optimal?

    <p>Behaviors driven by low cost and highly reinforcing outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can understanding the motivation-behavior relationship assist in developing interventions for increased physical activity?

    <p>By targeting the factors that enhance motivation, such as perceived benefits and reducing costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of completing quizzes for bonus marks in relation to student motivation?

    <p>It increases student engagement through immediate rewards and recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of intentions in relation to behavior according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

    <p>Intentions play a central role in guiding behavior and are influenced by the strength of motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the four intention-activity profiles that emerged from the study on mothers of young children.

    <p>The four profiles are non-intenders inactive, intenders inactive, intenders active, and non-intenders active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What barriers to physical activity might mothers experience during the transition to parenthood?

    <p>Mothers may face time constraints, fatigue, and a lack of support, which hinder their ability to be physically active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does monitoring energy and mood play after exercises in creating positive feelings?

    <p>Monitoring energy and mood helps individuals frame their feelings positively, enhancing their overall exercise experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Amir effectively monitor his physical responses during exercise?

    <p>Amir can monitor his heart rate, breathing, and muscle fatigue to gauge his physical condition during workouts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor influencing a mother’s intention to exercise according to the study?

    <p>The key factor is the strength of motivation, which affects the likelihood of translating intentions into actual activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the assessment of exercise intentions important for mothers of young children?

    <p>Assessing exercise intentions can reveal insights into their physical activity levels and identify intervention needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of exploring if mothers' intentions to exercise translate to actual physical activity?

    <p>The purpose is to understand the effectiveness of intentions in promoting consistent exercise behaviors among mothers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy can Amir use to gradually improve his physical stamina for walking?

    <p>He can gradually increase the intensity, volume, and duration of his walking sessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might joining a walking club specifically benefit Amir's exercise routine?

    <p>Joining a walking club can provide social support and accountability, encouraging him to stay committed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does vicarious experience play in enhancing Amir's self-efficacy?

    <p>Vicarious experience allows Amir to observe others successfully walking, which can motivate him to do the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way Amir can monitor his physiological states after exercising?

    <p>He can track his energy levels and mood after each walking session.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can verbal encouragement from friends and family impact Amir's commitment to exercise?

    <p>Verbal encouragement can boost Amir's motivation and reinforce his decision to exercise regularly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What small daily activity could Amir incorporate to make exercising easier?

    <p>He can start taking the stairs instead of using the elevator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can seeing colleagues schedule walking breaks have on Amir's self-efficacy?

    <p>It can show Amir that it's possible to integrate walking into a busy schedule and motivate him to do the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for Amir to gradually introduce new activities into his routine?

    <p>Gradual introduction helps prevent burnout or injury, allowing Amir to build confidence and stamina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can lifestyle changes, like walking more, positively affect Amir's mental health?

    <p>Increased physical activity can enhance mood and reduce stress levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of monitoring his energy and mood for Amir's exercise plan?

    <p>It helps him assess how exercise affects his daily life and adjusts his routine accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the expectancy-value approach suggest is fundamental to exercise behavior?

    <p>Motivation is fundamental to exercise behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to self-efficacy theory, what can predict an individual's exercise behavior?

    <p>Self-confidence for a situation can predict exercise behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gap is highlighted in the Theory of Planned Behavior regarding physical activity?

    <p>The intention-to-behavior gap is a key limitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of mothers' physical activity, which factor had the highest percentage accounting for their activity level?

    <p>Self-efficacy accounted for 73% of mothers being active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personal identity statement was associated with higher activity levels among mothers?

    <p>An exercise identity, such as considering oneself physically active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which percentage indicates how much 'habit' contributed to mothers being active?

    <p>67% of the contribution was attributed to habit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concept does the Theory of Planned Behavior revolve around?

    <p>Intentions are central to predicting behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that differentiates active mothers from those with intentions to be active but who remain inactive?

    <p>Active mothers show higher self-efficacy and a stronger exercise identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Self-Efficacy Theory

    • Self-Efficacy is a situation-specific form of self-confidence
    • Self-efficacy can be improved by targeting 4 main sources
      • Task Self-Efficacy: Confidence to complete a specific task
      • Barrier Self-Efficacy: Confidence to overcome barriers
      • Scheduling Self-Efficacy: Confidence to schedule time effectively
      • Coping Self-Efficacy: Confidence to handle unforeseen life events

    Theory of Planned Behaviour

    • Intentions play a central role in predicting behavior
    • The strength of motivation is key for intentions
    • There is an intention-to-behavior gap where individuals intend to be active but are not.

    STRRIDE Trials

    • 947 adults participated in exercise interventions for cardiometabolic health
    • 31% of participants dropped out
    • The main reason for dropping out was time constraints

    Movement Guidelines

    • The Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines recommend:
      • At least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per week
      • Less than 8 hours of sedentary behavior (SB) per day
      • 7-9 hours of sleep per 24 hours
      • Several hours of light-to-moderate physical activity (LPA), including standing

    Operant Conditioning

    • Fixed Ratio (FR): Reinforcement after a set number of responses
      • Example: Reward after every 5 tasks completed
    • Variable Ratio (VR): Reinforcement after a varying number of responses
      • Example: Slot machines that pay out randomly
    • Fixed Interval (FI): Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time
      • Example: Paycheck every two weeks
    • Variable Interval (VI): Reinforcement after varying amounts of time
      • Example: Checking social media notifications, which come at unpredictable times

    Expectancy-Value Approach

    • Motivation is predicted by expected outcomes and value placed on the behavior
    • Factors influencing motivation:
      • Low Cost: As perceived by an individual
      • High Gain/ Highly Reinforcing: As perceived by an individual

    Drop-Out Timing in Exercise Interventions

    • Most exercise interventions are structured with:
      • Run-In Phase: Familiarization period
      • Ramp-Up Phase: Progressively increasing exercise dose
      • Maintenance Period: Exercise intervention and maintenance
    • Majority of drop-out occurred during the ramp-up phase (beginning of the exercise period).

    Motivation in Exercise and Psychology

    • A person’s future behaviour can be determined/explained by their motivation (e.g. completing a university degree vs. watching endless TikTok videos)
    • Expectancy-Value Approach:
      • Individuals are more motivated to engage in behaviours that are perceived as low cost and high gain (e.g. 2% bonus marks vs. flossing teeth)

    Operant Conditioning

    • BF Skinner's Reinforcement Schedules:
      • Fixed Ratio (FR): Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (e.g. reward after every 5 tasks completed)
      • Variable Ratio (VR): Reinforcement after a varying number of responses (e.g. slot machines)
      • Fixed Interval (FI): Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time (e.g. paycheck every two weeks)
      • Variable Interval (VI): Reinforcement after varying amounts of time (e.g. checking for social media notifications)

    Exercise Behaviour and Dropout

    • STRRIDE: Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise
      • Analysis of 947 adults participating in exercise interventions: 31% dropped out (295/947) with time cited as the main reason (40%)
    • Drop-out Timing: Majority of dropouts occurred at the beginning of the exercise period (ramp period)

    Canadian 24-hour Movement Guidelines

    • At least 150 minutes of MVPA per week (21.4 minutes per day)
    • Less than 8 hours of sedentary behaviour (SB) per day
    • 7-9 hours of sleep per 24-hour period
    • Several hours of light physical activity (LPA) including standing
    • Correlations between all movement behaviors: LPA, MVPA, Sleep, SB

    Self-Efficacy Theory

    • Situational Self-Confidence: predicts behaviour over time
    • Key Principle: Increase Self-Efficacy in a specific situation to improve behaviour
    • Strategies:
      • Mastery Experience: Gradually increase intensity, volume, and duration of exercise
      • Vicarious Experience: Observe others engaging in the desired behaviour
      • Social Persuasion: Encourage and support from others
      • Physiological/Affective States: Monitor and manage feelings associated with the behaviour

    Theory of Planned Behaviour

    • Intentions: central role in determining behaviour
    • Strength of Motivation: key to intention
    • Intention-Behaviour Gap: Not all who intended to exercise were actually active (9% of respondents)
    • Factors Contributing to Gap: Self-Efficacy, Identity, and Habit
    • Self-Efficacy appears to be the strongest predictor.

    Summary

    • Motivation: Key to most exercise behaviour theories, influenced by expected outcomes and value placed on the behaviour
    • Self-Efficacy Theory: Emphasizes situational self-confidence and provides strategies for increasing it.
    • Theory of Planned Behaviour: Highlights intentions as a predictor for behaviour, but acknowledges limitations in predicting actual physical activity.

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    Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of Self-Efficacy Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Explore key concepts like task and barrier self-efficacy, as well as factors influencing behavior change and exercise participation. This quiz will also touch on the Canadian movement guidelines and their implications for health.

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