Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of self-efficacy refers to the confidence in overcoming obstacles to achieve a goal?
What type of self-efficacy refers to the confidence in overcoming obstacles to achieve a goal?
- Task SE
- Scheduling SE
- Barrier SE (correct)
- Coping SE
Which of the following self-efficacy types is related to handling unforeseen life events?
Which of the following self-efficacy types is related to handling unforeseen life events?
- Barrier SE
- Coping SE (correct)
- Task SE
- Scheduling SE
What were the two interventions compared for individuals with type 2 diabetes?
What were the two interventions compared for individuals with type 2 diabetes?
- Dietary and medication
- Group counseling and exercise
- Exercise and education (correct)
- Physical therapy and education
What measurement did the study use to evaluate confidence in physical activity barriers?
What measurement did the study use to evaluate confidence in physical activity barriers?
After the exercise interventions, what change was observed regarding self-efficacy for walking and exercise self-efficacy?
After the exercise interventions, what change was observed regarding self-efficacy for walking and exercise self-efficacy?
Which type of self-efficacy remained unchanged after the exercise intervention?
Which type of self-efficacy remained unchanged after the exercise intervention?
What was the correlation between physical activity levels and self-efficacy for walking and barrier self-efficacy?
What was the correlation between physical activity levels and self-efficacy for walking and barrier self-efficacy?
Which aspect of self-efficacy refers to the confidence to effectively manage time for achieving a goal?
Which aspect of self-efficacy refers to the confidence to effectively manage time for achieving a goal?
What is a crucial factor influencing an intention to exercise according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour?
What is a crucial factor influencing an intention to exercise according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour?
Which group did the study focus on regarding physical inactivity?
Which group did the study focus on regarding physical inactivity?
What was the primary purpose of the study on mothers of young children?
What was the primary purpose of the study on mothers of young children?
What constitutes the core concept of intentions in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?
What constitutes the core concept of intentions in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?
How many intention-activity profiles emerged in the research?
How many intention-activity profiles emerged in the research?
Which of the following describes non-intenders in the study's context?
Which of the following describes non-intenders in the study's context?
What aspect of personal well-being should be monitored after exercising to create positive feelings?
What aspect of personal well-being should be monitored after exercising to create positive feelings?
What can be considered a barrier to physical activity for mothers during the transition to parenthood?
What can be considered a barrier to physical activity for mothers during the transition to parenthood?
What does the Expectancy-Value Approach assert about motivation?
What does the Expectancy-Value Approach assert about motivation?
What is a characteristic of Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement?
What is a characteristic of Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement?
Which theory focuses on the individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations?
Which theory focuses on the individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations?
In the STRRIDE trials, what was the primary reason for participant drop-out?
In the STRRIDE trials, what was the primary reason for participant drop-out?
In the context of behavioral economics, what factors may influence an individual's choices despite knowing they may not be ideal?
In the context of behavioral economics, what factors may influence an individual's choices despite knowing they may not be ideal?
According to Canadian movement guidelines, what is the minimum amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity recommended per week?
According to Canadian movement guidelines, what is the minimum amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity recommended per week?
During which period did the majority of drop-outs occur in the STRRIDE trials?
During which period did the majority of drop-outs occur in the STRRIDE trials?
What must one be able to do regarding the social cognitive theories studied in this course?
What must one be able to do regarding the social cognitive theories studied in this course?
Which statement about motivation correctly reflects the content provided?
Which statement about motivation correctly reflects the content provided?
What does Self-Efficacy refer to in the context of behavior change?
What does Self-Efficacy refer to in the context of behavior change?
Which of the following is an example of Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement?
Which of the following is an example of Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement?
What is a potential weakness of the Expectancy-Value Approach?
What is a potential weakness of the Expectancy-Value Approach?
What does the acronym LPA stand for in movement behaviors?
What does the acronym LPA stand for in movement behaviors?
What does the Theory of Planned Behaviour primarily center around?
What does the Theory of Planned Behaviour primarily center around?
How many hours of sleep is recommended per 24-hour period according to movement guidelines?
How many hours of sleep is recommended per 24-hour period according to movement guidelines?
Which concept refers to a person's confidence in overcoming barriers to exercise?
Which concept refers to a person's confidence in overcoming barriers to exercise?
What is a key limitation observed in the motivation to behavior relationship regarding physical activity?
What is a key limitation observed in the motivation to behavior relationship regarding physical activity?
Which factor accounts most strongly for a mother being active according to the given data?
Which factor accounts most strongly for a mother being active according to the given data?
In the context of exercise behavior theories, what does the Expectancy-Value Approach emphasize?
In the context of exercise behavior theories, what does the Expectancy-Value Approach emphasize?
According to Self-Efficacy Theory, which of the following factors is NOT a main source of self-efficacy?
According to Self-Efficacy Theory, which of the following factors is NOT a main source of self-efficacy?
What percentage of active mothers identified with having a strong exercise identity?
What percentage of active mothers identified with having a strong exercise identity?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates low-cost behavior in relation to motivation?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates low-cost behavior in relation to motivation?
Which physical activity level is defined as being active by the guidelines provided?
Which physical activity level is defined as being active by the guidelines provided?
In the context of self-efficacy, higher levels of self-belief typically lead to what outcome?
In the context of self-efficacy, higher levels of self-belief typically lead to what outcome?
What is the main characteristic of Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement?
What is the main characteristic of Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement?
How much moderate to vigorous physical activity is suggested per week according to Canadian movement guidelines?
How much moderate to vigorous physical activity is suggested per week according to Canadian movement guidelines?
What percentage of participants dropped out of the STRRIDE trials, and what was the main reason cited for this drop-out?
What percentage of participants dropped out of the STRRIDE trials, and what was the main reason cited for this drop-out?
What does the acronym LPA stand for in the context of movement behaviors?
What does the acronym LPA stand for in the context of movement behaviors?
During which period of the STRRIDE trials did the majority of drop-outs occur?
During which period of the STRRIDE trials did the majority of drop-outs occur?
How does Self-Efficacy Theory describe self-efficacy?
How does Self-Efficacy Theory describe self-efficacy?
What are the recommended sleep hours per 24-hour period according to the movement guidelines?
What are the recommended sleep hours per 24-hour period according to the movement guidelines?
What type of reinforcement schedule provides a reward after a set number of responses?
What type of reinforcement schedule provides a reward after a set number of responses?
What are the two primary factors influencing motivation according to the Expectancy-Value Approach?
What are the two primary factors influencing motivation according to the Expectancy-Value Approach?
How do social cognitive theories contribute to understanding human behavior?
How do social cognitive theories contribute to understanding human behavior?
What role does 'Self-Efficacy Theory' play in predicting exercise behavior?
What role does 'Self-Efficacy Theory' play in predicting exercise behavior?
What does the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) primarily focus on?
What does the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) primarily focus on?
Identify one strength and one weakness of the Expectancy-Value Approach.
Identify one strength and one weakness of the Expectancy-Value Approach.
What type of behavior might an individual be motivated to engage in despite knowing it may not be optimal?
What type of behavior might an individual be motivated to engage in despite knowing it may not be optimal?
How can understanding the motivation-behavior relationship assist in developing interventions for increased physical activity?
How can understanding the motivation-behavior relationship assist in developing interventions for increased physical activity?
What is the significance of completing quizzes for bonus marks in relation to student motivation?
What is the significance of completing quizzes for bonus marks in relation to student motivation?
What is the primary significance of intentions in relation to behavior according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour?
What is the primary significance of intentions in relation to behavior according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour?
Identify the four intention-activity profiles that emerged from the study on mothers of young children.
Identify the four intention-activity profiles that emerged from the study on mothers of young children.
What barriers to physical activity might mothers experience during the transition to parenthood?
What barriers to physical activity might mothers experience during the transition to parenthood?
What role does monitoring energy and mood play after exercises in creating positive feelings?
What role does monitoring energy and mood play after exercises in creating positive feelings?
How can Amir effectively monitor his physical responses during exercise?
How can Amir effectively monitor his physical responses during exercise?
What is the key factor influencing a mother’s intention to exercise according to the study?
What is the key factor influencing a mother’s intention to exercise according to the study?
Why is the assessment of exercise intentions important for mothers of young children?
Why is the assessment of exercise intentions important for mothers of young children?
What is the purpose of exploring if mothers' intentions to exercise translate to actual physical activity?
What is the purpose of exploring if mothers' intentions to exercise translate to actual physical activity?
What strategy can Amir use to gradually improve his physical stamina for walking?
What strategy can Amir use to gradually improve his physical stamina for walking?
How might joining a walking club specifically benefit Amir's exercise routine?
How might joining a walking club specifically benefit Amir's exercise routine?
What role does vicarious experience play in enhancing Amir's self-efficacy?
What role does vicarious experience play in enhancing Amir's self-efficacy?
What is one way Amir can monitor his physiological states after exercising?
What is one way Amir can monitor his physiological states after exercising?
How can verbal encouragement from friends and family impact Amir's commitment to exercise?
How can verbal encouragement from friends and family impact Amir's commitment to exercise?
What small daily activity could Amir incorporate to make exercising easier?
What small daily activity could Amir incorporate to make exercising easier?
What effect can seeing colleagues schedule walking breaks have on Amir's self-efficacy?
What effect can seeing colleagues schedule walking breaks have on Amir's self-efficacy?
Why is it important for Amir to gradually introduce new activities into his routine?
Why is it important for Amir to gradually introduce new activities into his routine?
In what way can lifestyle changes, like walking more, positively affect Amir's mental health?
In what way can lifestyle changes, like walking more, positively affect Amir's mental health?
What is the significance of monitoring his energy and mood for Amir's exercise plan?
What is the significance of monitoring his energy and mood for Amir's exercise plan?
What does the expectancy-value approach suggest is fundamental to exercise behavior?
What does the expectancy-value approach suggest is fundamental to exercise behavior?
According to self-efficacy theory, what can predict an individual's exercise behavior?
According to self-efficacy theory, what can predict an individual's exercise behavior?
What gap is highlighted in the Theory of Planned Behavior regarding physical activity?
What gap is highlighted in the Theory of Planned Behavior regarding physical activity?
In the context of mothers' physical activity, which factor had the highest percentage accounting for their activity level?
In the context of mothers' physical activity, which factor had the highest percentage accounting for their activity level?
What personal identity statement was associated with higher activity levels among mothers?
What personal identity statement was associated with higher activity levels among mothers?
Which percentage indicates how much 'habit' contributed to mothers being active?
Which percentage indicates how much 'habit' contributed to mothers being active?
What key concept does the Theory of Planned Behavior revolve around?
What key concept does the Theory of Planned Behavior revolve around?
What is a significant factor that differentiates active mothers from those with intentions to be active but who remain inactive?
What is a significant factor that differentiates active mothers from those with intentions to be active but who remain inactive?
Study Notes
Self-Efficacy Theory
- Self-Efficacy is a situation-specific form of self-confidence
- Self-efficacy can be improved by targeting 4 main sources
- Task Self-Efficacy: Confidence to complete a specific task
- Barrier Self-Efficacy: Confidence to overcome barriers
- Scheduling Self-Efficacy: Confidence to schedule time effectively
- Coping Self-Efficacy: Confidence to handle unforeseen life events
Theory of Planned Behaviour
- Intentions play a central role in predicting behavior
- The strength of motivation is key for intentions
- There is an intention-to-behavior gap where individuals intend to be active but are not.
STRRIDE Trials
- 947 adults participated in exercise interventions for cardiometabolic health
- 31% of participants dropped out
- The main reason for dropping out was time constraints
Movement Guidelines
- The Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines recommend:
- At least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per week
- Less than 8 hours of sedentary behavior (SB) per day
- 7-9 hours of sleep per 24 hours
- Several hours of light-to-moderate physical activity (LPA), including standing
Operant Conditioning
- Fixed Ratio (FR): Reinforcement after a set number of responses
- Example: Reward after every 5 tasks completed
- Variable Ratio (VR): Reinforcement after a varying number of responses
- Example: Slot machines that pay out randomly
- Fixed Interval (FI): Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time
- Example: Paycheck every two weeks
- Variable Interval (VI): Reinforcement after varying amounts of time
- Example: Checking social media notifications, which come at unpredictable times
Expectancy-Value Approach
- Motivation is predicted by expected outcomes and value placed on the behavior
- Factors influencing motivation:
- Low Cost: As perceived by an individual
- High Gain/ Highly Reinforcing: As perceived by an individual
Drop-Out Timing in Exercise Interventions
- Most exercise interventions are structured with:
- Run-In Phase: Familiarization period
- Ramp-Up Phase: Progressively increasing exercise dose
- Maintenance Period: Exercise intervention and maintenance
- Majority of drop-out occurred during the ramp-up phase (beginning of the exercise period).
Motivation in Exercise and Psychology
- A person’s future behaviour can be determined/explained by their motivation (e.g. completing a university degree vs. watching endless TikTok videos)
- Expectancy-Value Approach:
- Individuals are more motivated to engage in behaviours that are perceived as low cost and high gain (e.g. 2% bonus marks vs. flossing teeth)
Operant Conditioning
- BF Skinner's Reinforcement Schedules:
- Fixed Ratio (FR): Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (e.g. reward after every 5 tasks completed)
- Variable Ratio (VR): Reinforcement after a varying number of responses (e.g. slot machines)
- Fixed Interval (FI): Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time (e.g. paycheck every two weeks)
- Variable Interval (VI): Reinforcement after varying amounts of time (e.g. checking for social media notifications)
Exercise Behaviour and Dropout
- STRRIDE: Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise
- Analysis of 947 adults participating in exercise interventions: 31% dropped out (295/947) with time cited as the main reason (40%)
- Drop-out Timing: Majority of dropouts occurred at the beginning of the exercise period (ramp period)
Canadian 24-hour Movement Guidelines
- At least 150 minutes of MVPA per week (21.4 minutes per day)
- Less than 8 hours of sedentary behaviour (SB) per day
- 7-9 hours of sleep per 24-hour period
- Several hours of light physical activity (LPA) including standing
- Correlations between all movement behaviors: LPA, MVPA, Sleep, SB
Self-Efficacy Theory
- Situational Self-Confidence: predicts behaviour over time
- Key Principle: Increase Self-Efficacy in a specific situation to improve behaviour
- Strategies:
- Mastery Experience: Gradually increase intensity, volume, and duration of exercise
- Vicarious Experience: Observe others engaging in the desired behaviour
- Social Persuasion: Encourage and support from others
- Physiological/Affective States: Monitor and manage feelings associated with the behaviour
Theory of Planned Behaviour
- Intentions: central role in determining behaviour
- Strength of Motivation: key to intention
- Intention-Behaviour Gap: Not all who intended to exercise were actually active (9% of respondents)
- Factors Contributing to Gap: Self-Efficacy, Identity, and Habit
- Self-Efficacy appears to be the strongest predictor.
Summary
- Motivation: Key to most exercise behaviour theories, influenced by expected outcomes and value placed on the behaviour
- Self-Efficacy Theory: Emphasizes situational self-confidence and provides strategies for increasing it.
- Theory of Planned Behaviour: Highlights intentions as a predictor for behaviour, but acknowledges limitations in predicting actual physical activity.
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Description
Test your understanding of Self-Efficacy Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Explore key concepts like task and barrier self-efficacy, as well as factors influencing behavior change and exercise participation. This quiz will also touch on the Canadian movement guidelines and their implications for health.
