Week 2 S

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Questions and Answers

What type of self-efficacy refers to the confidence in overcoming obstacles to achieve a goal?

Task SE

Scheduling SE

Barrier SE (correct)

Coping SE

Which of the following self-efficacy types is related to handling unforeseen life events?

Barrier SE

Coping SE (correct)

Task SE

Scheduling SE

What were the two interventions compared for individuals with type 2 diabetes?

Dietary and medication

Group counseling and exercise

Exercise and education (correct)

Physical therapy and education

What measurement did the study use to evaluate confidence in physical activity barriers?

Barrier self-efficacy (BARSE) Signup and view all the answers

After the exercise interventions, what change was observed regarding self-efficacy for walking and exercise self-efficacy?

Both increased Signup and view all the answers

Which type of self-efficacy remained unchanged after the exercise intervention?

Barrier SE Signup and view all the answers

What was the correlation between physical activity levels and self-efficacy for walking and barrier self-efficacy?

Positively correlated Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of self-efficacy refers to the confidence to effectively manage time for achieving a goal?

Scheduling SE Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor influencing an intention to exercise according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Strength of motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which group did the study focus on regarding physical inactivity?

Mothers of young children Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the study on mothers of young children?

To explore the relationship between intention and actual exercise Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the core concept of intentions in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Central role in behavior Signup and view all the answers

How many intention-activity profiles emerged in the research?

4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes non-intenders in the study's context?

Individuals who do not intend to exercise at all Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personal well-being should be monitored after exercising to create positive feelings?

Mood and energy levels Signup and view all the answers

What can be considered a barrier to physical activity for mothers during the transition to parenthood?

Childcare responsibilities Signup and view all the answers

What does the Expectancy-Value Approach assert about motivation?

Motivation is predicted by expected outcomes and the value placed on behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement?

Reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory focuses on the individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations?

Self-Efficacy Theory Signup and view all the answers

In the STRRIDE trials, what was the primary reason for participant drop-out?

Time constraints. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of behavioral economics, what factors may influence an individual's choices despite knowing they may not be ideal?

Low cost and high reinforcement/gain Signup and view all the answers

According to Canadian movement guidelines, what is the minimum amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity recommended per week?

150 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the majority of drop-outs occur in the STRRIDE trials?

During the ramp period. Signup and view all the answers

What must one be able to do regarding the social cognitive theories studied in this course?

Describe main components, predict behavior, and evaluate strengths and weaknesses. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about motivation correctly reflects the content provided?

Motivation can be predicted by internal perceptions and expected outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What does Self-Efficacy refer to in the context of behavior change?

Specific confidence in one's ability to perform a task. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement?

Winning a lottery ticket. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential weakness of the Expectancy-Value Approach?

It assumes all individuals value outcomes similarly. Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym LPA stand for in movement behaviors?

Light Physical Activity. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Theory of Planned Behaviour primarily center around?

Intentions as predictors of behavior Signup and view all the answers

How many hours of sleep is recommended per 24-hour period according to movement guidelines?

7-9 hours. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to a person's confidence in overcoming barriers to exercise?

Self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation observed in the motivation to behavior relationship regarding physical activity?

Intention-Behaviour Gap Signup and view all the answers

Which factor accounts most strongly for a mother being active according to the given data?

Self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

In the context of exercise behavior theories, what does the Expectancy-Value Approach emphasize?

The predicted outcomes and value placed on the behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to Self-Efficacy Theory, which of the following factors is NOT a main source of self-efficacy?

Dietary motivation Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of active mothers identified with having a strong exercise identity?

67% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates low-cost behavior in relation to motivation?

Choosing to watch a short entertaining video instead of completing assignments. Signup and view all the answers

Which physical activity level is defined as being active by the guidelines provided?

150 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week Signup and view all the answers

In the context of self-efficacy, higher levels of self-belief typically lead to what outcome?

Greater likelihood of taking on challenging tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement?

Reinforcement is provided after varying amounts of time. Signup and view all the answers

How much moderate to vigorous physical activity is suggested per week according to Canadian movement guidelines?

At least 150 minutes of MVPA per week. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants dropped out of the STRRIDE trials, and what was the main reason cited for this drop-out?

31% dropped out, with the main reason being a lack of time (40%). Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym LPA stand for in the context of movement behaviors?

LPA stands for Low Physical Activity. Signup and view all the answers

During which period of the STRRIDE trials did the majority of drop-outs occur?

Most drop-outs occurred during the ramp period. Signup and view all the answers

How does Self-Efficacy Theory describe self-efficacy?

Self-efficacy is a situation-specific form of self-confidence. Signup and view all the answers

What are the recommended sleep hours per 24-hour period according to the movement guidelines?

7-9 hours of sleep is recommended. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule provides a reward after a set number of responses?

Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary factors influencing motivation according to the Expectancy-Value Approach?

Low cost and high gain. Signup and view all the answers

How do social cognitive theories contribute to understanding human behavior?

They explain behavior through the lens of motivation and self-efficacy. Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'Self-Efficacy Theory' play in predicting exercise behavior?

It assesses an individual's confidence in their ability to successfully perform specific tasks related to exercise. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) primarily focus on?

The intentions behind behavior and how they guide actions. Signup and view all the answers

Identify one strength and one weakness of the Expectancy-Value Approach.

A strength is its consideration of individual perceptions; a weakness is its potential oversimplification of motivation. Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior might an individual be motivated to engage in despite knowing it may not be optimal?

Behaviors driven by low cost and highly reinforcing outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

How can understanding the motivation-behavior relationship assist in developing interventions for increased physical activity?

By targeting the factors that enhance motivation, such as perceived benefits and reducing costs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of completing quizzes for bonus marks in relation to student motivation?

It increases student engagement through immediate rewards and recognition. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of intentions in relation to behavior according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Intentions play a central role in guiding behavior and are influenced by the strength of motivation. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the four intention-activity profiles that emerged from the study on mothers of young children.

The four profiles are non-intenders inactive, intenders inactive, intenders active, and non-intenders active. Signup and view all the answers

What barriers to physical activity might mothers experience during the transition to parenthood?

Mothers may face time constraints, fatigue, and a lack of support, which hinder their ability to be physically active. Signup and view all the answers

What role does monitoring energy and mood play after exercises in creating positive feelings?

Monitoring energy and mood helps individuals frame their feelings positively, enhancing their overall exercise experience. Signup and view all the answers

How can Amir effectively monitor his physical responses during exercise?

Amir can monitor his heart rate, breathing, and muscle fatigue to gauge his physical condition during workouts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor influencing a mother’s intention to exercise according to the study?

The key factor is the strength of motivation, which affects the likelihood of translating intentions into actual activity. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the assessment of exercise intentions important for mothers of young children?

Assessing exercise intentions can reveal insights into their physical activity levels and identify intervention needs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of exploring if mothers' intentions to exercise translate to actual physical activity?

The purpose is to understand the effectiveness of intentions in promoting consistent exercise behaviors among mothers. Signup and view all the answers

What strategy can Amir use to gradually improve his physical stamina for walking?

He can gradually increase the intensity, volume, and duration of his walking sessions. Signup and view all the answers

How might joining a walking club specifically benefit Amir's exercise routine?

Joining a walking club can provide social support and accountability, encouraging him to stay committed. Signup and view all the answers

What role does vicarious experience play in enhancing Amir's self-efficacy?

Vicarious experience allows Amir to observe others successfully walking, which can motivate him to do the same. Signup and view all the answers

What is one way Amir can monitor his physiological states after exercising?

He can track his energy levels and mood after each walking session. Signup and view all the answers

How can verbal encouragement from friends and family impact Amir's commitment to exercise?

Verbal encouragement can boost Amir's motivation and reinforce his decision to exercise regularly. Signup and view all the answers

What small daily activity could Amir incorporate to make exercising easier?

He can start taking the stairs instead of using the elevator. Signup and view all the answers

What effect can seeing colleagues schedule walking breaks have on Amir's self-efficacy?

It can show Amir that it's possible to integrate walking into a busy schedule and motivate him to do the same. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for Amir to gradually introduce new activities into his routine?

Gradual introduction helps prevent burnout or injury, allowing Amir to build confidence and stamina. Signup and view all the answers

In what way can lifestyle changes, like walking more, positively affect Amir's mental health?

Increased physical activity can enhance mood and reduce stress levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of monitoring his energy and mood for Amir's exercise plan?

It helps him assess how exercise affects his daily life and adjusts his routine accordingly. Signup and view all the answers

What does the expectancy-value approach suggest is fundamental to exercise behavior?

Motivation is fundamental to exercise behavior. Signup and view all the answers

According to self-efficacy theory, what can predict an individual's exercise behavior?

Self-confidence for a situation can predict exercise behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What gap is highlighted in the Theory of Planned Behavior regarding physical activity?

The intention-to-behavior gap is a key limitation. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mothers' physical activity, which factor had the highest percentage accounting for their activity level?

Self-efficacy accounted for 73% of mothers being active. Signup and view all the answers

What personal identity statement was associated with higher activity levels among mothers?

An exercise identity, such as considering oneself physically active. Signup and view all the answers

Which percentage indicates how much 'habit' contributed to mothers being active?

67% of the contribution was attributed to habit. Signup and view all the answers

What key concept does the Theory of Planned Behavior revolve around?

Intentions are central to predicting behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that differentiates active mothers from those with intentions to be active but who remain inactive?

Active mothers show higher self-efficacy and a stronger exercise identity. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Self-Efficacy Theory

Self-Efficacy is a situation-specific form of self-confidence
Self-efficacy can be improved by targeting 4 main sources
- Task Self-Efficacy: Confidence to complete a specific task
- Barrier Self-Efficacy: Confidence to overcome barriers
- Scheduling Self-Efficacy: Confidence to schedule time effectively
- Coping Self-Efficacy: Confidence to handle unforeseen life events

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Intentions play a central role in predicting behavior
The strength of motivation is key for intentions
There is an intention-to-behavior gap where individuals intend to be active but are not.

STRRIDE Trials

947 adults participated in exercise interventions for cardiometabolic health
31% of participants dropped out
The main reason for dropping out was time constraints

Movement Guidelines

The Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines recommend:
- At least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per week
- Less than 8 hours of sedentary behavior (SB) per day
- 7-9 hours of sleep per 24 hours
- Several hours of light-to-moderate physical activity (LPA), including standing

Operant Conditioning

Fixed Ratio (FR): Reinforcement after a set number of responses
- Example: Reward after every 5 tasks completed
Variable Ratio (VR): Reinforcement after a varying number of responses
- Example: Slot machines that pay out randomly
Fixed Interval (FI): Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time
- Example: Paycheck every two weeks
Variable Interval (VI): Reinforcement after varying amounts of time
- Example: Checking social media notifications, which come at unpredictable times

Expectancy-Value Approach

Motivation is predicted by expected outcomes and value placed on the behavior
Factors influencing motivation:
- Low Cost: As perceived by an individual
- High Gain/ Highly Reinforcing: As perceived by an individual

Drop-Out Timing in Exercise Interventions

Most exercise interventions are structured with:
- Run-In Phase: Familiarization period
- Ramp-Up Phase: Progressively increasing exercise dose
- Maintenance Period: Exercise intervention and maintenance
Majority of drop-out occurred during the ramp-up phase (beginning of the exercise period).

Motivation in Exercise and Psychology

A person’s future behaviour can be determined/explained by their motivation (e.g. completing a university degree vs. watching endless TikTok videos)
Expectancy-Value Approach:
- Individuals are more motivated to engage in behaviours that are perceived as low cost and high gain (e.g. 2% bonus marks vs. flossing teeth)

Operant Conditioning

BF Skinner's Reinforcement Schedules:
- Fixed Ratio (FR): Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (e.g. reward after every 5 tasks completed)
- Variable Ratio (VR): Reinforcement after a varying number of responses (e.g. slot machines)
- Fixed Interval (FI): Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time (e.g. paycheck every two weeks)
- Variable Interval (VI): Reinforcement after varying amounts of time (e.g. checking for social media notifications)

Exercise Behaviour and Dropout

STRRIDE: Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise
- Analysis of 947 adults participating in exercise interventions: 31% dropped out (295/947) with time cited as the main reason (40%)
Drop-out Timing: Majority of dropouts occurred at the beginning of the exercise period (ramp period)

Canadian 24-hour Movement Guidelines

At least 150 minutes of MVPA per week (21.4 minutes per day)
Less than 8 hours of sedentary behaviour (SB) per day
7-9 hours of sleep per 24-hour period
Several hours of light physical activity (LPA) including standing
Correlations between all movement behaviors: LPA, MVPA, Sleep, SB

Self-Efficacy Theory

Situational Self-Confidence: predicts behaviour over time
Key Principle: Increase Self-Efficacy in a specific situation to improve behaviour
Strategies:
- Mastery Experience: Gradually increase intensity, volume, and duration of exercise
- Vicarious Experience: Observe others engaging in the desired behaviour
- Social Persuasion: Encourage and support from others
- Physiological/Affective States: Monitor and manage feelings associated with the behaviour

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Intentions: central role in determining behaviour
Strength of Motivation: key to intention
Intention-Behaviour Gap: Not all who intended to exercise were actually active (9% of respondents)
Factors Contributing to Gap: Self-Efficacy, Identity, and Habit
Self-Efficacy appears to be the strongest predictor.

Summary

Motivation: Key to most exercise behaviour theories, influenced by expected outcomes and value placed on the behaviour
Self-Efficacy Theory: Emphasizes situational self-confidence and provides strategies for increasing it.
Theory of Planned Behaviour: Highlights intentions as a predictor for behaviour, but acknowledges limitations in predicting actual physical activity.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your understanding of Self-Efficacy Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Explore key concepts like task and barrier self-efficacy, as well as factors influencing behavior change and exercise participation. This quiz will also touch on the Canadian movement guidelines and their implications for health.