Week 1 Introduction to Physiology, cells and tissues PDF

CE LL PH Y S IO LO G Y PT 4 0 5 0 and PT 7 0 0 1 W eek 2 of 2 0 2 4 / 2 0 2 5 c.chamb erlin@ lond onmet.ac.uk LE A R N IN G O U T CO M E S : 1. R elevance of Physiology and Cell know led ge to Physiotherap y 2. U nd erstand ing 4 tissue typ es 3. Fascia,arrangement...

CE LL PH Y S IO LO G Y PT 4 0 5 0 and PT 7 0 0 1 W eek 2 of 2 0 2 4 / 2 0 2 5 c.chamb erlin@ lond onmet.ac.uk LE A R N IN G O U T CO M E S : 1. R elevance of Physiology and Cell know led ge to Physiotherap y 2. U nd erstand ing 4 tissue typ es 3. Fascia,arrangement and comp osition 4. S erous memb ranes – location and function 5. V ascular system – S ystemic,Pulmonary and Cap illary 6. Lymp hatic system 1. PH Y S IO LO G Y Terminology Peri-perimeter in vitro. made in glass out of the Epi anemia = body Endo - Fwd labotary de novo = new O rgan A toms M olecules Cells T issues O rgans O rganism system Myo-muscle aemia proximal-closeto In vivo: within body chromatid centre Hyper-exside/high Hypo Distal = far 150 = the same Sarco = tissue an thing to do with flesh  PR O PE R T IE S O F T H E S K IN W aterp roofing S un p rotection R ep air M anufacture of V itamin D T emp erature control Immune function Skin surface does not contian their own blood supply Epidermis mm depth Fibrobalst sweat gland; Dermis are within this area Hypodermis CE LLS E ssential functions Provid es S up p ort and S tructure Facilitate G row th M itosis A llow s T ransp ort of S ub stances E nergy Prod uction A id s in R ep rod uction  Cell overview : S ee follow ing to view the comp onents show n here. Organels r improvement in ← cardio aerobic  PL A S M A M E M B R A N E  T he outer b ound ary of the cells  Controls the entry and exit of sub stances H ead : hyd rop hilic – electrically charged Tail: hyd rop hob ic  N U CLE U S  Is the control centre of the cells  D N A regulates the p rotein synthesis chemical reactions of the cell red blood cells dont use 02 they move it E very cell has a nucleus – ap art from mature E rythrocytes (red b lood cells) S keletal muscles = several nuclei  CY T O PL A S M  Located b etw een the p lasma memb rane and nucleus  Contains the sp ecialised structures called organelles Cytop lasm is a jelly like fluid that contains mostly w ater and salt. M any of the cellular p rocesses occur in the cytop lasm.  CY T O PL A S M IC O R G A N E LLE S All components other than the Nucleus are referred to as organelles  M IT O CH O N D R IA S p herical and has a thread like structure. M ajor sites of A T P synthesis involving oxygen. CE LL D IV IS IO N M IT O S IS M E IO S IS  S tarts w ith zygote  Formation of rep rod uctive cells  O ngoing p rocess (G ametes)  R ep lication of D N A  4 D aughter cells – 2 D ivisions  D ivision of Cytop lasm apotosis → self life of a cell necrosis → unprogrammed cell death thong injuriest diseases 2. T IS S U E  name 4 tissue type 1. E PIT H E LIA - S IM PLE for example Single cell tissue arrangement Function: Absorption titration flung & aveloi protective exam  what it is? multiple clear layer which is protective 1. E PIT H E LIA - S T R A T IF IE D thin walled vessel Mu - layear multi color 2. CO N N E CT IV E 3. N ER V E  large number of itrochondria 4. M U S CLE high number of blood vessels Blood vessel Heart dilation of vessel Voluntary control Involuntary involuntary control  exam questions T IS S U E S A N D O R G A N S  1. N ame the 4 b asic tissues multiple cellar layer  2. W hat is stratified ep ithelium? Smooth  3. N ame the three typ es of muscle cardiac skeletal 3. FA S CIA Roles of outside covering S U PE R F ICIA L FA S CIA tissue  inside within organ systems D E E P FA S CIA 4. SER O U S M EM B R A N ES S E R O U S M E M B R A secreting NE surfaces that protect the organ /mebrane S ecrete lub ricating fluid H eart = Pericard ium effusion Lungs = Pleura effusion allowing of movement of the lung A b d ominop elvic and V isera = Peritoneum fluid that pro bots the abdominal area abdominal area 5. V A S CU L A R SYSTEM red oxygenated artery deep blue deoxygenated veins B LO O D V ESSE L T Y PE S  TH E S T R U CT U R E OF A R T E R IE S , V E IN S A N D CA PILL A R IE S wider diastolic lack layer must systolic muscular layer exert control higher pressure S Y S T E M IC B LO O D PR E S S U R E blood to return the heart  important A N A STO M O SE  Connection b etw een tw o vessels…..such as arteriovenous allow ing b lood flow to b yp ass one area or to increase / d ecrease flow rates  A lso surgical anastomosing blood flow can reconnect enhanse S Y S T E M IC V E S S E LS PU LM O N A R Y V E S S E LS CA PILL A R IE S  Capillary blood flow is slow and intermittent reflecting the need for an erythrocyte transit time of >1 second for complete O2 diffusion from the capillary to surrounding tissue - cell thickness The erythrocyte has a diameter of 7.2μm – larger than a capillary Types: nutritional capillaries & thermoregulatory capillaries Some capillaries are unresponsive to thermal stress and do not increase blood flow in response to heat Hyperaemia allows a 100 fold increase in capillary blood flow at maximal perfusion The number of capillaries per unit area is considered a determinant of tissue oxygenation: 6. LY M PH A T IC SYSTEM  Drains waste Connectied to the Venus system Lymph node Lymphatic resed Bluebit ofthe lumph vessel 10ᵗʰ node heart LY M PH A T IC S Y S T E M  T hin w alled ,highly p ermeab le cap illaries w ith one w ay valves and muscles cells  Lymp h fluid containing a significant numb er of lymp hocytes (w b c)  N od es (gland s)  1. Initial lymp hatics: R eceive interstitial fluid  2. Collecting lymp hatics: