Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of muscle is controlled involuntarily?

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle (correct)
  • Smooth muscle (correct)
  • Striated muscle

    • Which of the following statements about serous membranes is correct?

  • They cover only the outside of organs.
  • They secrete lubricating fluid to allow movement. (correct)
  • They are found only in the abdominal area.
  • They are made exclusively of epithelial tissue.

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a basic type of tissue?

  • Stratified tissue (correct)
  • Connective tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Neural tissue

    • What distinguishes stratified epithelium from other types of epithelium?

    <p>It consists of multiple cell layers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of superficial fascia?

    <p>Covering the outside of muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>To control the entry and exit of substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a relevant function of skin?

    <p>Growth mitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis?

    <p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'in vivo' refer to?

    <p>Within the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is characterized by single-layered cell arrangements for absorption?

    <p>Simple epithelial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is NOT one of the four primary tissue types?

    <p>Adipose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nuclei do skeletal muscle cells generally contain?

    <p>Several nuclei (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the jelly-like fluid that contains organelles, located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus?

    <p>Cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do serous membranes primarily serve?

    <p>Lubricate organs within body cavities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of structural organization in living organisms?

    <p>Atoms → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the process of mitosis?

    <p>Ongoing process in all body cells (B), Replication of DNA followed by one division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue mentioned?

    <p>Marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of skin is responsible for its repair function?

    <p>Immune function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do fibroblasts play in the skin?

    <p>Provide support and structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during apoptosis?

    <p>Planned cell life cycle ending (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the lymphatic system?

    <p>A network aiding in immune responses and fluid balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart?

    <p>Arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does anastomosis refer to in the vascular system?

    <p>A connection between two vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about capillaries is correct?

    <p>They are responsible for gas diffusion to tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do erythrocytes compare to capillaries in size?

    <p>They are larger than capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the lymphatic system's capillaries?

    <p>They possess one-way valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>To drain waste (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor greatly enhances capillary blood flow during high demand?

    <p>Hyperaemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of lymph fluid?

    <p>Lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Physiology

    The study of how the body functions.

    Cell

    The basic, functional unit of all living organisms.

    Mitosis

    The process of cell division, where one cell splits into two identical daughter cells.

    Cell Growth

    The process of creating new cells from pre-existing ones.

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    Transport of Substances

    The movement of substances across cell membranes.

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    Energy Production

    How cells create energy to power their functions.

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    Reproduction

    The process of creating new organisms or parts of organisms.

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    Anatomy

    The study of how the body is built and structured.

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    Tissue

    A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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    Organ

    A structure made up of different tissues that work together to perform a complex function.

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    Membrane

    A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface or lines a cavity.

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    Plasma Membrane

    The outer boundary of the cell, controls what enters and exits.

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    Nucleus

    The control center of the cell, containing DNA which regulates protein synthesis and chemical reactions.

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    Cytoplasm

    Jelly-like fluid within the cell, containing water, salts, and many organelles.

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    Organelles

    Specialized structures within the cytoplasm that perform specific functions.

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    Mitochondria

    Sites of ATP synthesis in the cell, using oxygen to generate energy.

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    Simple Epithelium

    A single-layered tissue that forms linings and coverings.

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    Arteries

    Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues. They have thick walls and high pressure to withstand the force of pumping blood.

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    Veins

    Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls than arteries and rely on muscle contractions and valves to return blood.

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    Capillaries

    Capillaries are tiny blood vessels connecting arteries and veins. They facilitate gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and tissues.

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    Blood Pressure

    Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries. It's measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

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    Systole and Diastole

    Systole is the highest pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood. Diastole is the lowest pressure when the heart relaxes between beats.

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    Anastomosis

    An anastomosis is a connection between two blood vessels allowing blood to bypass an area or change flow rates. It's essential for maintaining circulation in case of a blockage.

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    Lymphatic System

    The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and nodes that drains waste and excess fluid from tissues. It also plays a crucial role in immunity.

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    Lymph Nodes

    Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that filter lymph fluid and house immune cells. They swell during infections to fight off pathogens.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Physiology Learning Outcomes

    • Physiology and cell knowledge are relevant to physiotherapy.
    • Understanding the four tissue types is important.
    • Fascia, arrangement, and composition.
    • Serous membranes, location, and function.
    • Vascular system (systemic, pulmonary, and capillary).
    • Lymphatic system.

    Terminology

    • Epi- on top of
    • Endo- inside
    • De novo- new
    • Pern- perimeter
    • Aemic- related to blood
    • Lefer- blood
    • In vitro- outside the body, in glass
    • Vivo- within the body
    • Sarco- tissue
    • Myo- muscle
    • Chrono - time
    • Hyper- excessive
    • Hypo - less; below
    • Proximal - close, center
    • Distal - far from

    Properties of the Skin

    • Waterproofing
    • Sun protection
    • Repair
    • Vitamin D manufacture
    • Immune function
    • Temperature control

    Skin Surface Structure

    • Epidermis does not contain its own blood supply
    • Dermis contains the blood supply for the skin and contains fibroblasts, sweat glands
    • Hypodermis is underneath the skin

    Cells

    • Essential functions include support structure, growth mitosis, substance transport, energy production, and reproduction.
    • Differentiated cells include: sex cells, muscle cells, fat cells, immune cells, stem cells, bone cells, epithelial cells, and nervous cells, and blood cells.

    Cell Overview

    • Organelles include nucleus, golgi apparatus, membrane, secretory granules.
    • Cytoskeleton, centriole, lysosome, mitochondrion, flagellum, cytosol, nuclear, cell membrane, ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER are included in the cell components

    Plasma Membrane

    • The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cells.
    • Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
    • It consists of a lipid bilayer.

    Nucleus

    • The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
    • DNA regulates protein synthesis.
    • Red Blood cells do not have a nucleus

    Cytoplasm

    • The cytoplasm is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
    • It contains specialized structures called organelles.
    • Many cellular processes occur within the cytoplasm.

    Cytoplasmic Organelles

    • All components other than the nucleus are called organelles.

    Mitochondria

    • Spherical or thread-like structure.
    • Sites of ATP synthesis involving oxygen.

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis starts with a zygote.
    • It is an ongoing process.
    • DNA replication occurs.
    • Cytoplasm is divided.
    • Apoptosis- programmed cell death
    • Necrosis- uncontrolled/unprogrammed cell death

    Tissues

    • Epithelial tissue- Simple and stratified, single cell layers or multiple cell layers respectively.
    • Connective tissue- Loose or dense connective tissues; or supportive connective tissues like cartilage and bone

    Nerve

    • Neurons are responsible for retrieving, interpreting, and sending electrical signals in the nervous system.
    • Neuroglia/Glial cells support neurons.

    Muscle

    • Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles are three types.
    • Skeletal muscle is voluntary; smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary.

    Tissues and Organs Exam Questions

    • Name the four basic tissues.
    • What is stratified epithelium?
    • Name the three types of muscle.

    Fascia

    • Connective tissue
    • Superficial fascia- storage of water and fat, protection, insulation, conduction of nerves and blood vessels

    Deep Fascia

    • Movement of muscles
    • Attachment of some muscles
    • Conduction of blood vessels and nerves
    • Capsules around some organs

    Serous Membranes

    • Secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction.
    • Pericardium (heart), pleura (lungs), peritoneum (abdominal area).

    Vascular System

    • Systemic, pulmonary, and capillary

    Blood Vessel Types

    • Description of different vessel types (artery, vein, capillary, arteriole, venule) and their functions (including their relative size)

    Capillaries

    • Slow and intermittent flow for allowing oxygen diffusion
    • Nutritional capillaries and thermoregulatory capillaries
    • Hyperemia for increased blood flow

    Lymphatic System

    • Drains waste
    • Connected to the venous system
    • Lumpy, thin walled permeable capillaries with one-way valves.
    • Lymph fluid contains lymphocytes
    • Nodes receive interstitial fluids and collect lymphatics

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