Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of muscle is controlled involuntarily?

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle (correct)

Smooth muscle (correct)

Striated muscle

Which of the following statements about serous membranes is correct?

They cover only the outside of organs.

They secrete lubricating fluid to allow movement. (correct)

They are found only in the abdominal area.

They are made exclusively of epithelial tissue.

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic type of tissue?

Stratified tissue (correct)

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

Neural tissue

What distinguishes stratified epithelium from other types of epithelium?

It consists of multiple cell layers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of superficial fascia?

Covering the outside of muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

To control the entry and exit of substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a relevant function of skin?

Growth mitosis Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'in vivo' refer to?

Within the body Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is characterized by single-layered cell arrangements for absorption?

Simple epithelial Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is NOT one of the four primary tissue types?

Adipose Signup and view all the answers

How many nuclei do skeletal muscle cells generally contain?

Several nuclei Signup and view all the answers

What is the jelly-like fluid that contains organelles, located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What function do serous membranes primarily serve?

Lubricate organs within body cavities Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of structural organization in living organisms?

Atoms → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organism Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of mitosis?

Ongoing process in all body cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue mentioned?

Marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which property of skin is responsible for its repair function?

Immune function Signup and view all the answers

What role do fibroblasts play in the skin?

Provide support and structure Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during apoptosis?

Planned cell life cycle ending Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the lymphatic system?

A network aiding in immune responses and fluid balance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What does anastomosis refer to in the vascular system?

A connection between two vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about capillaries is correct?

They are responsible for gas diffusion to tissues Signup and view all the answers

How do erythrocytes compare to capillaries in size?

They are larger than capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the lymphatic system's capillaries?

They possess one-way valves Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the lymphatic system?

To drain waste Signup and view all the answers

Which factor greatly enhances capillary blood flow during high demand?

Hyperaemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of lymph fluid?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Physiology Learning Outcomes

Physiology and cell knowledge are relevant to physiotherapy.
Understanding the four tissue types is important.
Fascia, arrangement, and composition.
Serous membranes, location, and function.
Vascular system (systemic, pulmonary, and capillary).
Lymphatic system.

Terminology

Epi- on top of
Endo- inside
De novo- new
Pern- perimeter
Aemic- related to blood
Lefer- blood
In vitro- outside the body, in glass
Vivo- within the body
Sarco- tissue
Myo- muscle
Chrono - time
Hyper- excessive
Hypo - less; below
Proximal - close, center
Distal - far from

Properties of the Skin

Waterproofing
Sun protection
Repair
Vitamin D manufacture
Immune function
Temperature control

Skin Surface Structure

Epidermis does not contain its own blood supply
Dermis contains the blood supply for the skin and contains fibroblasts, sweat glands
Hypodermis is underneath the skin

Cells

Essential functions include support structure, growth mitosis, substance transport, energy production, and reproduction.
Differentiated cells include: sex cells, muscle cells, fat cells, immune cells, stem cells, bone cells, epithelial cells, and nervous cells, and blood cells.

Cell Overview

Organelles include nucleus, golgi apparatus, membrane, secretory granules.
Cytoskeleton, centriole, lysosome, mitochondrion, flagellum, cytosol, nuclear, cell membrane, ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER are included in the cell components

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cells.
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
It consists of a lipid bilayer.

Nucleus

The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
DNA regulates protein synthesis.
Red Blood cells do not have a nucleus

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
It contains specialized structures called organelles.
Many cellular processes occur within the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasmic Organelles

All components other than the nucleus are called organelles.

Mitochondria

Spherical or thread-like structure.
Sites of ATP synthesis involving oxygen.

Cell Division

Mitosis starts with a zygote.
It is an ongoing process.
DNA replication occurs.
Cytoplasm is divided.
Apoptosis- programmed cell death
Necrosis- uncontrolled/unprogrammed cell death

Tissues

Epithelial tissue- Simple and stratified, single cell layers or multiple cell layers respectively.
Connective tissue- Loose or dense connective tissues; or supportive connective tissues like cartilage and bone

Nerve

Neurons are responsible for retrieving, interpreting, and sending electrical signals in the nervous system.
Neuroglia/Glial cells support neurons.

Muscle

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles are three types.
Skeletal muscle is voluntary; smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary.

Tissues and Organs Exam Questions

Name the four basic tissues.
What is stratified epithelium?
Name the three types of muscle.

Fascia

Connective tissue
Superficial fascia- storage of water and fat, protection, insulation, conduction of nerves and blood vessels

Deep Fascia

Movement of muscles
Attachment of some muscles
Conduction of blood vessels and nerves
Capsules around some organs

Serous Membranes

Secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction.
Pericardium (heart), pleura (lungs), peritoneum (abdominal area).

Vascular System

Systemic, pulmonary, and capillary

Blood Vessel Types

Description of different vessel types (artery, vein, capillary, arteriole, venule) and their functions (including their relative size)

Capillaries

Slow and intermittent flow for allowing oxygen diffusion
Nutritional capillaries and thermoregulatory capillaries
Hyperemia for increased blood flow

Lymphatic System

Drains waste
Connected to the venous system
Lumpy, thin walled permeable capillaries with one-way valves.
Lymph fluid contains lymphocytes
Nodes receive interstitial fluids and collect lymphatics

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in human anatomy and physiology. This quiz covers various topics including tissue types, organelles, and muscle control. Challenge yourself with questions about essential functions and structural organization.