WEEK 1 - CAO INTRO TO CAO PART 1.pdf

Computer Architecture and Organization Lecture 1: History and Overview of Computer Architecture (Part 1) Engr. Alberto C. Cruz Jr. | College of Engineering | Computer Engineering | Bulacan State University 1 Introduction...

Computer Architecture and Organization Lecture 1: History and Overview of Computer Architecture (Part 1) Engr. Alberto C. Cruz Jr. | College of Engineering | Computer Engineering | Bulacan State University 1 Introduction How do computers work? 2  What is the role of hardware and software in Introduction powering the modern technologies we use today? 3 Introduction What is a Computer? 4  Computer an electronic device for storing Introduction Architecture and and processing data, typically in Organization binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program. 5  Computer Systema computer is a programmable symbol- Introduction Organization processing machine that accepts input symbols, processes it according to a sequence of instructions and produces the resulting output symbols. 6 Introduction Computer System Hardware + Software 7 COMPUTER Consists of the instructions SYSTEM: and data that the computer COMPUTER SOFTWARE manipulates 8 COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 9  Application Software: COMPUTER SYSTEM: -software that people use to get their work done COMPUTER -Programs designed to perform a SOFTWARE specific task that is transparent to the user 10  System Software: COMPUTER SYSTEM: -Keep the hardware and software running together smoothly COMPUTER -Program that support the execution SOFTWARE and development of other program 11 COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 12  Programming Software - These are tools used by developers to create all kinds of software. COMPUTER -Artificial language which the syntax SYSTEM: and semantics are strictly define. COMPUTER SOFTWARE Example: Turbo C, Python, PHP, Assembly Language, PHP, Java 13  Programming Software COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 14  Programming Software COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 15  High Level Language COMPUTER SYSTEM: - A high-level language is a COMPUTER programming language designed SOFTWARE to simplify computer programming. 16  High Level Language A high-level language has a higher level of abstraction from COMPUTER SYSTEM: the computer, and focuses more COMPUTER on the programming logic rather SOFTWARE than the underlying hardware components such as memory addressing and register utilization. 17  High Level Language High-level source code contains COMPUTER SYSTEM: easy-to-read syntax that is later COMPUTER converted into a low-level SOFTWARE language, which can be recognized and run by a specific CPU. 18 COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE High Level Language 19 COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE Low Level Language are used to write programs that relate to the specific architecture and hardware of a particular type of computer. 20 COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE Low Level Language A low-level language may also be referred to as a computer’s native language. 21 COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE Low Level Language  Low-level languages are considered to be closer to computers.  The prime function is to operate, manage and manipulate the computing hardware and components.  Programs and applications written in a low-level language are directly executable on the computing hardware without any interpretation or translation. 22 COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE Low Level Language Machine language and Assembly language are popular examples of low-level languages. 23  Assembly Language COMPUTER SYSTEM: often abbreviated asm, is a low- COMPUTER level programming language for SOFTWARE microprocessors and other programmable devices. 24  Assembly Language An assembly language COMPUTER implements a symbolic SYSTEM: COMPUTER representation of the SOFTWARE machine code needed to program a given CPU architecture. 25  COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE Machine Language the set of symbolic instruction codes usually in binary form that is used to represent operations and data in a machine (such as a computer) — called also machine code 26 COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 27 COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 28 COMPUTER SYSTEM: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 29  Consist of electronic COMPUTER components and SYSTEM: electromechanical COMPUTER devices that comprise HARDWARE the physical entity of the device 30  Computer hardware is the physical component of the COMPUTER SYSTEM: computer system COMPUTER HARDWARE Example of Computer Hardware? 31  When dealing with computer hardware it is customary to distinguished between what is referred to as COMPUTER Computer Organization HARDWARE Computer Architecture 32 is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology Computer standards interact to form Architecture a computer system or platform. 33 is a set of rules and methods that describe the Computer functionality, organization, Architecture and implementation of computer systems 34 It determines the structure and function of computers and the technologies it is Computer compatible with – from the Architecture central processing unit (CPU) to memory, input/output devices, and storage units. 35 Computer Architecture 36 Computer organization refers to the way the various components of a computer Computer system are interconnected Organization and work together to perform tasks and execute programs. 37 It encompasses the design and arrangement of hardware components, including the central processing unit (CPU), Computer memory, input/output devices, Organization and control units, to ensure efficient and effective computer operation. 38 Computer organization deals with the physical components of a computer. it refers to the operational Computer unit and the interconnection Organization between them that achieves the architectural specifications. 39 Computer Organization 40 The quality associated with the functioning of computer system is linked Computer to computer architecture Architecture whereas those associated VS Computer to hardware aspects of the Organization computer are related to computer organization. 41 Computer Architecture Specification: Computer will have MULTIPLICATION function Computer Organization: instruction will be implemented by a Multiply unit or unit of repeated adder. 42 Computer Architecture Specification: Computer will have MULTIPLICATION function Computer Architecture: instruction of multiplication MUL AX,BX 43 Computer Architecture VS Computer Organization 44  The ARCHITECTURE may not change for Computer Architecture many years but the VS. Computer Organization ORGANIZATION changes with the change of technology 45  The slide rule was a more sophisticated computing aid invented in the early 1600s by Evolution of Microcomputer William Oughtred, an English clergyman; it helped to perform a variety of computation operations including multiplication and division. 46  Later examples of computing aids included Pascaline, the mechanical adder built in 1642 by the French Evolution of Microcomputer mathematician Blaise Pascal (to assist his father in adding long columns of numbers in the tax accounting office) 47  the stepped-wheel machine of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672 Evolution of Microcomputer (which could perform multiplication and division in addition to addition and subtraction). 48  One of the earliest attempts to automate algorithm execution was Evolution of that of Charles Babbage, a 19th Microcomputer century mathematics professor. He developed a mechanical computing machine called Difference Engine. 49  This computer was designed to execute only a single algorithm - the method of (finite) differences using Evolution of polynomials. Microcomputer Although this algorithm used only addition and subtraction operations, it permitted many complex and useful functions to be calculated. 50  After a few years, Babbage envisioned the Analytical Engine, another massive brass, steam-powered, mechanical (digital) computing machine. The radical shift that it introduced was to have the Evolution of machine accept an arbitrary solution Microcomputer algorithm (in punched card format), and execute the algorithm by itself. This approach allows arbitrary algorithms to be executed at the speed of the machine, making the machine a general-purpose computer. 51  Evolution of Microcomputer 52  Evolution of Microcomputer 53  The 20th century saw the emergence Evolution of of digital computers, which Microcomputer eventually replaced analog computers in the general-purpose computing domain. 54  Digital computer are typically built out of a large collection of electronic Evolution of switches, and use distinct voltage Microcomputer states (or current states) to represent different symbols. Each switch can be in one of two positions, on or off. 55  Evolution of Microcomputer 56  Evolution of Microcomputer Integrated Circuit 1958: Simultaneously invented by two different people: Jack Kilby (TI): required wires Robert Noyce (Fairchild): used Evaporated aluminum 57  Microcomputer was formerly a commonly used term for personal Evolution of computers, particularly any of a class Microcomputer of small digital computers whose CPU is contained on a single integrated semiconductor chip. 58