vitamins, nutraceuticals and herbal therapy.ppt

VITAMINS, NUTRACEUTICALS AND PROBIOTICS BY DR ELUWOLE O.A DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE. GREEK PHYSICIAN HIPPOCRATES  Greek Physician Hippocrates, Known as father of Medicine. (said several cent...

VITAMINS, NUTRACEUTICALS AND PROBIOTICS BY DR ELUWOLE O.A DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE. GREEK PHYSICIAN HIPPOCRATES  Greek Physician Hippocrates, Known as father of Medicine. (said several centuries ago) “Let Food be Your Medicine” The Philosophy behind is: “Focus on Prevention”  The term “Nutraceutical” was coined from “Nutrition” & “Pharmaceutical” in 1989 by Stephen DeFelice, MD, Founder and Chairman of the Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM). Other words used in the context: Dietary supplementation, Functional, Multi- functional Foods, etc.  Nutraceutical can be defined as “A food or part of food or nutrient, that provides health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of a disease.”  NUTRACEUTICALS Nutraceuticals (health-promoting micronutrients) ◦DIs (dietary ingredients):  a vitamin,  a mineral,  an herb or other botanical,  an amino acid,  a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake (e.g., enzymes or tissues from organs or glands), or  a concentrate, metabolite, constituent or extract.  DIETARY SUPPLEMENT According to FDA (Food and Drug Agency) Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994 (DSHEA), a dietary supplement is a product that is intended to supplement the diet and contains one or more of the following ingredients : vitamins, minerals, amino acids and other substances as their constituents and are intended to be taken by mouth. They are available in capsules, tablets or liquid and labelled on the front panel as dietary supplements.  FUNCTIONAL FOODS They are normal food being prepared and aimed to provide the body with the appropriate nutrients such as protein, vitamins , fats and carbohydrate. NUTRACEUTICALS They are food or part of food nutrients that provide health benefits including prevention and treatment of diseases. Broadly can be defined as: Nutrients: Substances which have established Nutritional functions e.g. Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, Fatty acids, etc. Herbals/ Phytochemicals: Herbs or Botanical products Dietary Supplements: Probiotics, Prebiotics, Antioxidants, Enzymes, etc. EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS Class / Source Potential benefit components 1. Fatty acids Milk & Meat Improve body CLA composition, reduce cancers n-3 FA(DHA, Fish oils, berseem & Reduce CVD & EPA) maize improve mental, fodder,mustard,linseed, visual function rapeseed EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS Class / Source Potential benefit components 2. Polyphenols Anthocyanidin Fruits Neutralises free e radicals, reduce Catechins Tea,babul pods,mustard risk of cancer cake,rape seed,salseed Flavonone Citrus Flavones Fruits, vegetables,soya bean proanthocyani Cocoa, Reduce CVD dine chocolate,tea,rape seed 3. Saponins Soybeans,GNC,lucer Lower cholesterol, ne,chick pea anti cancer 4.Probiotics / Prebiotics / Synbiotics Lactobacillus Dahi,yogurt Improve GI health Fructo - Whole grains, oligosaccharides onions, combination of Pro & Prebiotics 5.Phytoestrogen Daidzein , Soybean, flax, Reduce menopause Zenistein lentilseed,maize, symptoms,  bone berseem,lucerne,sub health abul fodder Lignans Flax,rye, vegetables Reduce cancer and heart diseases 6.Caroteinoids - caroteine Berseem,lucerne ,oat & Neutralises free maize fodder, Carrots, radicals vegetables,fruits Luteine vegetables Healthy vision Zeoxanthine Eggs,citrus,corn Lycopene Tomatoes Reduce prostate cancer 7.dietary fiber Insoluble fiber Wheat bran Reduce breast, colon cancer -glucan Oats Reduce CVD Whole grain Cereal grains NUTRACEUTICALS AVAILABLE IN MARKET Brand name Components Function Betatene Carotenoids Immune function Xangold Lutein esters Eye health Lipoec -lipoic acid Potent antioxidant Generol Phytosterol CHD reduction Premium probiotics Intestinal disorder probiotics Soylife Soyabean Bone health phytoestrogen NUTRACEUTICALS AVAILABLE IN MARKET Brand name Components Function Z-trim Wheat Zero calorie fat replacer Linumlife Lignan extract flax Prostate health Fenulife Fenugreek Control blood galactomannon sugar Teamax Green tea extract Potent antioxidant Marinol  3 FA, DHA, EPA Heart health protection Clarinol CLA Weight loss ingredient Cholestaid Saponin Reduce cholesterol  Nutraceuticals are present in most of the food ingredients with varying concentration Concentration, time and duration of supply of nutraceuticals influence human health Manipulating the foods, the concentration of active ingredients can be increased Diet rich in nutraceuticals along with regular exercise, stress reduction and maintenance of healthy body weight will maximise health and reduce disease risk  PROBIOTICS According to WHO, probiotics are live micro-organism which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Example is lactobacillus rhamnosus used in treatment of antibiotics-associated diarrhea and bacterial vaginosis. However, probiotics are contraindicated in critically ill patient, it could lead to probiotic septicemia. Also, probiotics destroy acidic condition of GIT. They are available in fermented dairy products and probiotic fortified foods. Freezed dried form in tablets, capsules, powders and sachets are also available.  NUTRIENTS Most common Nutrients used/ supplemented as Nutraceutical are: Minerals and Vitamins or in combination with other antioxidants. FUNCTIONAL FOODS Vitamins do not fit into functional foods as per definition of functional foods since vitamins have “basic nutritional functions” “A functional food is similar in appearance to, or may be, a conventional food, is consumed as part of a usual diet, and is demonstrated to have physiological benefits and/or reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions”  HEALTH BENEFITS OF DIFFERENT COMMON NUTRIENTS Vitamins Vitamin A: is an antioxidant, essential for growth and development, maintains healthy vision, skin and mucous membranes, may aid in the prevention and treatment of certain cancers and in the treatment of certain skin disorders.  Vitamin D: Essential for formation of bones and teeth, helps the body to absorb and use calcium Vitamin E: Antioxidant, helps to form blood cells, boosts immune system Vitamin K: Essential for blood clotting  Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin C: Antioxidant, necessary for healthy bones, gums, teeth and skin. Helps in wound healing, prevent from common cold Vitamin B 1: Helps in carbohydrate metabolism, essential for neurological function. Vitamin B 2: Energy metabolism, maintain healthy eye, skin and nerve function.  Vitamin B 3: Energy metabolism, brain function Vitamin B 6: Helps to produce essential proteins, convert proteins to energy Vitamin B 12: Helps in producing genetic material, formation of RBC, maintenance of CNS, synthesis of amino acids, involved in metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate. Folic acid: Helps in RBC formation, formation of genetic material of cell, very much essential during pregnancy Pantothenic acid: Aids in synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and fatty acids, crucial for intraneuronal synthesis of acetylcholine  Vitamins like Compounds L- Carnitine: Helps in oxidation of fatty acids, role in oxidative phosphorylation, Choline: Lipotropic agent, used to treat fatty liver and disturbed fat metabolism, Inositol: For amino acid transport and movement of Potassium and sodium, Taurine: Helps in retinal photoreceptor activity, bile acid conjugation, WBC antioxidant activity, CNS neuromodulation, platelet aggregation, cardiac contractibility, sperm motility, insuline activity,  Minerals: Calcium: essential for bone and teeth, maintaining bone strength, nerve, muscle and glandular function, blood clotting, Iron: energy production, Hb, oxygen transport.  Magnesium: for healthy nerve and muscle function, bone formation, Phosphorous: energy production, phosphorylation process, bone and teeth, for genetic material, Cobalt: component of Vit. B 12 and B 12 coenzymes, Copper: Hb and collagen production, function of heart, energy production, absorption of Iron, Iodine: proper function of Thyroid gland, Chromium: with insulin it helps in conversion of carbohydrate and fat into energy, treatment of diabetes,  Selenium: Antioxidant, functioning of heart muscle, part of GPX enzyme. Zinc: Essential for cell reproduction, for development in Neonates, wound healing, production of sperm and testosterone.  HERBAL THERAPY Aloe vera: Anti-inflammatory, emollient, wound healing. Evening Primrose oil: Dietary supplement of linoleic acid, treatment of atopic eczema. Garlic: Antibacterial, antifungal, antithrombotic, anti- inflammatory. Ginger: carminative, antiemetic, treatment of dizziness  Ginseng: Adaptogen, Green tea: Antioxidant, reduces risk of CVD, enhances humoral and cell mediated Immunity, Vegetables, fruits, whole grain, herbs, nuts and various seeds contain an abundance of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, sulphur compounds, pigments etc. that has been associated with protection / treatment of certain disease conditions. HERBS GARLIC (Allium sativum  Phytochemicals: Phytochemicals could provide health benefits as: 1.Substrate for biochemical reactions 2.Cofactors of enzymatic reactions 3.Inhibitors of enzymatic reactions 4.Absorbents that bind to & eliminate undesirable constituent in the intestine 5.Scavengers of reactive or toxic chemicals. 6. Enhance the absorption and / or stability of essential nutrients 7. Selective growth factor for beneficial bacteria. 8. Fermentation substrate for beneficial bacteria. 9. Selective inhibitors of deleterious intestinal bacteria.  Various Phytochemicals Phytochemicals Source Role Tocotrienols & Grains Suppressed the growth of tocopherols diverse tumors cell lines via initiation of apoptosis and concomitant arrest of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle Carotenoids Fruits & Antioxidants, protects against vegetables uterine, prostate, colorectal, lung and digestive tract cancers, and protection to Limonoids Citrus fruits Inhibiting phase I enzymes & inducing phase II detoxification enzymes in liver, provide protection to lung tissue. Phytosterols Various Exhibit anti-inflammatory, plants anti-neoplastic, anti- pyretic & immune- modulating activity, decrease cholesterol Phenolic Various Antioxidants, lowers the constituents plants, risk of CHD, diabetes, wholegrain hypertension etc. Flavonoids Grapes, wines Action against free radicals, free radicals mediated cellular signaling, inflammation, allergies, platelet aggregation, & hepatotoxins Catechin & Grapes, Antioxidants, free gallic acids berries, cocoa, radical scavenging green tea, ability, inhibition of acacia spp. eicosanoid synthesis, reduces CHD Isoflavonoids Soybeans Treating cancers & osteoporosis Anthocyanidins Fruits & flowers Antioxidants & anti- mutagenic properties Glucosinolates Cruciferous Activators of liver detoxification enzymes, inhibit the neoplastic effect of various carcinogens Indoles Reduces estrogen- dependent cancer risk, Fiber Various Protects against vegetables, colorectal diseases, fruits,  VITAMINS AS NUTRACEUTICALS HEART DISEASE- beta-carotene, vitamin E are antioxidants, LDL’s content of beta-carotene and vitamin E dictate oxidation of LDL. NB- vitamin E - high (non-toxic) doses give decreased platelet function DIABETES-Beta-carotene, vitamin E are depleted in diabetes and this is believed to enhance low density lipoprotein oxidation which encourages atherosclerosis PULMONARY DISEASE- Anti-oxidant, Beta-carotene and vit e in diet cause decreased oxidation due to their antioxidant role. In smokers, beta carotene and vitamin E-hypothesized to combat oxidising agents found in smoke. VITAMINS AS NUTRACEUTICALS CYSTIC FIBROSIS fat soluble vitamins inadequately absorbed. Vitamins ADEK supplementation via intravenous if necessary (pancreatic function is not able to work in this disease CANCER- Oxidation of e.g. DNA contributes to cancer and beta-carotene, vitamin E combats this oxidation OSTEOPOROSIS- Vitamin D and calcium supplements often given to elderly to overcome hormonally induced bone loss Coeliac disease- Irritation of small intestine with gluten (a protein part of some grains) –immune response-inflammation-malabsorption Burn patients -vitamin A-important for skin and immune function Wound healing- Vitamin C aids wound healing Method to enhance active components in food Manipulating the diet to get maximum level of active components Combination of food ingredients rich in nutraceuticals Fortifying food with active ingredients By fermentation of food products Changing food habits to natural type of diet What about herbal dietary supplement and drug interaction?