US History Semester Assessment Study Guide PDF

US History Semester Assessment Study Guide The primary goal of manifest destiny was the: expansion of the United States westward to the Pacific Ocean The passage of the Homestead Act and the completion of the transcontinental railroad helped to fulfill America's commitment to: manifest des...

US History Semester Assessment Study Guide The primary goal of manifest destiny was the: expansion of the United States westward to the Pacific Ocean The passage of the Homestead Act and the completion of the transcontinental railroad helped to fulfill America's commitment to: manifest destiny The Indian Wars that occurred between 1860 and 1890 were mainly the result of: the movement of settlers onto the Great Plains In the mid-1800's, the growth of the populations of California and the western territories was mainly a result of the: discovery of gold and silver Examine the map below. Which conclusion is most clearly supported by the information in the map? The federal government promoted transcontinental railroad construction. The following developments occurred in the late 19th Century: * Settlement of the Great Plains * Creation of standard time zones * Establishment of the first federal regulatory agency * Introduction of new methods of business management and finance These developments show the importance of: railroads on the development of the United States Examine the two graphs below. What is the relationship between corn production and corn prices? when production increases, prices decrease Who won the Battle of Little Bighorn? Native Americans led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse Which factor contributed most to the decline of the buffalo population in the West in the late 1800's? over-hunting by white settlers What was the last major conflict between Native Americans and the U.S. Army? Wounded Knee Massacre Which invention helped settlers on the Great Plains protect their property from cattle drives? barbed wire The Populist Movement of the 1890's can best be described as a: political coalition of farming interests directed against banking and railroad interests Yellow journalists created support for the Spanish-American War by writing articles about the sinking of the United States battleship Maine in Havana Harbor. Who could join the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) when it was founded? Skilled and unskilled laborers of all races and ethnicities, Immigrants and women, and Farmworkers. The Knights of Labor (KoL) demanded which of the following for their workers? An 8-hour work day, Higher wages, and Safety codes in factories. Which goal was shared by both the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor? To organize workers to demand better conditions from employers Which demographic shift occurred in the United States in the late nineteenth century as a result of industrialization? Rural residents moved into urban areas Based on the table: What was an important effect of industrialization in the US in the later part of the nineteenth century? The proportion of Americans living in cities continuously increased. The Progressive Movement achieved the following workplace reforms: Improved safety conditions in factories, Reduced work hours and increased wages, and Legal restrictions were placed on child labor. Who or what were muckrakers? Investigative journalists and novelists that provided appalling accounts of political and economic corruption and social hardships. Which Supreme Court decision said that segregation by law was constitutional as long as accommodations were equal? Plessy v Ferguson Alice Paul led the National Women's Party (NWP). A group that used more aggressive strategies which resulted in some members being arrested. The National Women's Party (NWP) was: A group that advocated for women's voting rights. What was a significant impact of the Progressive movement on American life? Increased government regulation of business The system of alliances in Europe before the First World War was a threat to peace because: an attack on one country could lead to that country’s allies becoming involved in the conflict What is the BEST definition of nationalism? the belief that one’s own nation is superior to all others. Why was imperialism a threat to peace? competition for colonies brought nations into conflict in many different locations What was the primary message relayed in the Zimmerman Telegram? The German foreign minister proposed an alliance with Mexico against the US. Sinking of the Lusitania → Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare → Intercept of the Zimmerman Telegram → ? Which statement best completes the list above? United States Enters World War I What was “unrestricted submarine warfare?” Germany’s policy of attacking neutral ships. Military Innovations Used in WWI: Poison Gas Trench Warfare Submarines Machine Guns Airplanes Hand Grenades Which statement best summarizes the effect the military innovations listed above had on World War I? They resulted in a long war with high numbers of casualties on both sides. US President and his style of diplomacy. William Howard Taft = Dollar Diplomacy William McKinley = Open Door Policy Theodore Roosevelt = Big Stick Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson = Moral Diplomacy Headlines – Journalism or Yellow Journalism Journalism = “Search for Missing Bride Continues” Yellow Journalism = “Bride Missing! Husband Remains Mysteriously Silent About Her Disappearance” Yellow Journalism = “DESTRUCTION OF THE WAR SHIP MAINE WAS THE WORK OF AN ENEMY” Journalism = “DIVERS TO FIND WHETHER THE EXPLOSION WAS FROM THE EXTERIOR OR INTERIOR” Constitutional Amendment 17th Amendment = Allows senators to be elected directly by the people 18th Amendment = Made the sale of alcohol illegal (repealed by the 21st Amendment) 19th Amendment = Gives women the right to vote Civil Rights Icons Booker T. Washington = Born into slavery, Founded the Tuskegee Institute, and Believed vocational training was most important. W.E.B. Dubois = Born free in Massachusetts, Believed the “talented tenth” should receive a classical education, and Supported women’s suffrage. Progressive Reformers and their cause Ida Tarbell = Muckraker who exposed corrupt business practices at Standard Oil Jacob Riis = Used photography to reveal extreme poverty of immigrants Upton Sinclair = Exposed the horrific conditions in the meat-packing industry Ida B. Wells = Muckraker who exposed brutality of lynching in the South Progressive Groups and their goals Politicians = Rein in big business / protect consumers Muckrakers = Expose corruption / unsanitary practices Conservationists = Preserve wildlife and natural land Female reformers = Protect women, children, and immigrants Terms and definitions War Industries Board = Government agency that coordinated private businesses to produce war supplies. Liberty Bonds = Government fundraising strategy of getting loans from citizens. Victory Gardens = Used by citizens to grow their own food during the war. Committee on Public Information = US government agency that created propaganda. Selective Service Act = Made it possible for men to be drafted to serve in the war. Espionage and Sedition Act = Law passed during WWI that made it illegal to say or do anything that undermined the war effort. Schenk v United States = Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Act. Propaganda = Misleading or biased information used to promote a specific policy or idea. The following statements are all true: Annexation is the formal act where a state declares sovereignty over territory that was previously outside its domain. The Hawaiian planters wanted to make Hawaii part of the U.S. in order to increase the sale of their sugar crop. Children usually worked in textile mills and coal mines because they could fit into small spaces and between the machine parts. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) both still exist today. The Progressive Movement (1890’s – 1920’s) was a series of social and political reforms that sought to limit the power of big business, reduce corruption, help the poor, stop injustice, and generally improve society. The laws that were put in place to uphold segregation were called Jim Crow Laws. Isolationism is the national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries. President Wilson wanted the Great War to be the "war to end all wars". The following statements are all false: Yellow Journalism is journalism based upon factual storytelling without sensationalism and crude exaggeration with the goal of informing the public and no desire to make money. Diplomacy is the method of influencing the decisions and behavior of foreign governments and peoples through war and violence. Queen Liliuokalani liked the influence that American settlers had gained in Hawaii and voluntarily abdicated (gave up) her throne when asked. Prior to their exposure by muckrakers, factories were safe places to work. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire tragedy decreased public support for passing laws to protect workers’ rights and improving factory safety. Business owners had no problems with their workers forming unions and actually encouraged them to do so. Anti-suffragists were only men. All suffragists were women. The spark that ignited WWI was the assassination of Gavrilo Princip by the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. Read the article that follows on American Imperialism in Asia and Latin America: Between 1890 and 1917, the United States took possession of Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Samoa. It established protectorates over Cuba, Panama, and the Dominican Republic, and mounted armed interventions in many of these countries as well as in China, Mexico, Haiti, and Nicaragua. What accounts for this great spasm of American energy and acquisitiveness [greed] at the beginning of the twentieth century? Did the United States consciously seek to become an "imperial" power in the years between the Spanish-American War and its entry into the First World War? If so—and even if that decision was not conscious—what was the nature of American imperialism and how did it shape the course of U.S. diplomacy in the Caribbean and Far East? These questions continue to generate spirited debate among historians of American foreign relations. The emergence of the United States as a major player in Asia and Latin America was closely related to the spectacular growth of the American economy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. During these years, the American economy was transformed from one based on small, family-owned businesses to one dominated by a highly integrated system of large corporations. A new professional and managerial class engineered this transformation and redefined middle class America by the dawn of the new century. In key respects, the roots of American expansion were located in the "Industrial Revolution" and its resulting crisis of overproduction by American manufacturers. American industry in the late nineteenth century was driven by technological advances in electricity and communications. Industrial leaders like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller argued that the health of American industry depended on expansion. Failure to establish new foreign markets for the swelling output of U.S. goods, they claimed, would result in an industrial slowdown and economic stagnation at home. Rising unemployment would produce further social unrest and feed the growth of subversive radicalism that could undermine political and economic institutions. Consequently, American businessmen and government officials looked to Latin America, and especially to China, as new outlets for American-made products.Imperialism, thus, is often explained primarily as an outcome of economic expansionism. This is certainly the case in Latin America, where, for example, in the cases of United Fruit in Guatemala and International Telephone and Telegraph ITT in Chile, political and military initiatives were undertaken largely to support the interests of particular corporations and to create the political climate for the expansion of U.S. economic interests as a whole. Clearly, economic imperatives, political requirements and commercial ambitions all came together to shape the course of American expansion after 1898. If the growth of the American economy was spectacular in the late 1800's, it was also extremely volatile and unleashed potentially disruptive energies upon a nation grappling with the promise and costs of industrialization. Sharp economic downturns frequently followed the booms of the 1880's, and from 1893 to 1897, the nation sank into a depression that threatened its political stability. American working men and women became restless; many became politically radicalized. American leaders strove to keep the industrial economy humming while preserving domestic peace and damping political unrest at home. Their efforts had important ramifications for American foreign policy as the pivotal year of 1898 approached.The year of the Spanish American War is generally considered a watershed in the history of American diplomacy. 1898 marks the point at which the United States translated its growing industrial might into military and political power on the global stage. It marked the beginning of the American "imperial moment," a period that scholars have long struggled to explain. In many ways, U.S. diplomacy in Latin America and Asia after the war was driven by imperialists such as Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan and Congregationalist minister Josiah Strong. These men urged Americans to pursue a "new manifest destiny" and spread the benefits of American Protestant culture overseas. Following the ruthless pacification of the Philippines, the U.S. establishment gradually settled on a justification of colonialism: the export of democracy and the preparation of the Filipino people for responsible independence. This was not simply propaganda. This justification brought the colonial enterprise into line with U.S. political values, thus preserving its legitimacy in the eyes of the American people. The idea that imperialism was “exporting democracy” served to legitimize but also functioned as a source of tension and unpredictability. Based upon the article above, the following statements are all true and correct: Two economic arguments made in support of imperialism were: Outlets for new markets and preventing the dangers of unemployment. An important result of the Spanish American War of 1898 was that the United States: became a world power with an overseas empire. The author meant that imperialism represented a “new manifest destiny” because: The idea that Americans had a god-given right to expand experienced a renewal. The author’s meaning in the above paragraph can be best explained as: Americans justified imperialism by claiming they were spreading democracy. NOTE: You will be asked to write a CER paragraph based upon the above article answering the following prompt: Did the United States' actions between 1890 and 1917 reflect a deliberate effort to become an imperial power, or were they primarily driven by economic, political, and social factors? Read the following passage: The Dawes Act of 1887 authorized the federal government to break up tribal lands by partitioning them into individual plots. Only those Native Americans who accepted the individual allotments were allowed to become US citizens. The objective of the Dawes Act was to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream US society by annihilating their cultural and social traditions. As a result of the Dawes Act, over ninety million acres of tribal land was taken and sold to non-natives. Based on the passage, one effect of the Dawes Act on Native Americans was: Native Americans lost much of the land that they had before the passage of the act. NOTE: You will be asked to write a CER paragraph answering the following prompt: What was the purpose of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School? You will be provided with the sources to write your paragraph, but you should refer to Lesson 1.5 - Education or Assimilation: Indian Boarding Schools to study and prepare in advance.