Units 1-3 Practice Psychology Exam PDF

Name (please PRINT clearly): ANSWER KEY Practice Final Exam Section 1: Multiple Choice (2 POINTS EACH) 1) Which of the following is a function of the glial cells? a) structural support b) production of myelin...

Name (please PRINT clearly): ANSWER KEY Practice Final Exam Section 1: Multiple Choice (2 POINTS EACH) 1) Which of the following is a function of the glial cells? a) structural support b) production of myelin c) delivery of nutrients d) all of the above 2) The Gestalt principle that refers to people’s tendency to perceive things that look like each other as being part of the same group: a) Similarity b) Proximity c) Contiguity d) Continuity 3) Julie has a fear of riding in elevators. She is seeing a therapist who asks her to construct an ordered list of her fears related to riding in elevators. Her therapist teaches her to relax at each item on the list, first while Julie imagines an elevator, then while Julie sees a picture of an elevator, then while Julie hears the sounds of an elevator, and finally while Julie is actually riding in an elevator. Julie’s therapist is using__________. a) person-centered therapy b) psychoanalytic therapy c) systematic desensitization d) flooding 4) A client whose cognitive and adaptive skills are less developed than they should be for the client’s age, gender, and sociocultural background most likely has: a) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) b) Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) c) Intellectual giftedness d) An IQ above 130 5) Which of the following is NOT one of McLelland’s 3 psychological needs? a) Power b) Affiliation c) Interaction d) Achievement 6) Kinsey believed that ________. a) premarital sex was fundamentally destructive to society b) all adults could be put into 1 of the following 3 categories: (1) heterosexual, (2) homosexual, or (3) asexual c) sexual orientation should be conceptualized along a continuum (spectrum) d) sexual orientation was too sensitive to be studied 7) Antiretroviral medication taken as a daily pill by someone who is HIV-negative prior to engaging in risk behavior in order to decrease his or her susceptibility to acquiring HIV is called: a) contraception b) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) c) spermicide d) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) 8) A psychologist interested in studying marathon runners picks a group of 100 marathon runners, who she hopes are representative of all other marathon runners, to participate in her study. The runners selected as participants are collectively known as a __________. a) sample b) population c) target group d) control group 9) What problem-solving strategy involves mental shortcuts or “rules of thumb”? a) algorithm b) heuristic c) insight d) divergent analysis 10) Maverick presents to you, his psychologist, with the following symptoms: significant gaps in memory of everyday events; feeling “possessed,” as though his feelings and thoughts are not his own; uncontrollable urges to behave in ways that are not typical for him; and a history of childhood trauma. Based on this information, which of the following disorders is Maverick most likely to have? a) Dissociative identity disorder b) Bipolar I disorder c) Specific phobia d) Major depressive disorder 11) The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to (but not the same as) the original conditioned stimulus is called _____________. a) response integration b) stimulus generalization c) stimulus adaptation d) stimulus discrimination 2 12) What is the location of the parietal lobe in the diagram below? B B A C D 13) According to this perspective, sleep is necessary for the body’s health, allowing it to repair cellular damage and replenish chemicals: a) restorative theory b) adaptive theory c) psychoanalytic theory d) activation-synthesis hypothesis 14) Making information meaningful in some way to transfer the information from short- term memory to long-term memory is known as ______ rehearsal. a) distributive b) chunking c) elaborative d) maintenance 15) You just finished telling a joke to your friend who laughs and then suddenly and unexpectedly collapses to the floor, asleep. You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as ___________. a) enuresis b) narcolepsy c) REM rebound d) daytime insomnia 16) People’s tendency to perceive something a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions is called ______________. a) perceptual set (perceptual expectancy) b) convergent deduction c) telepathy d) bottom-up processing 3 17) According to Maslow, which of the following needs would be met first, before the others? a) Knowledge b) Thirst c) Self-fulfillment d) Self-actualization 18) In an experiment to test the effect of number of spectators on athletic performance, the independent variable is __________. a) amount of anxiety b) number of spectators c) athletic performance d) there are no independent variables in experimental research 19) In the diagram below, which letter represents the lens? C 20) Engaging in an activity because it is rewarding or satisfying in and of itself (as opposed to doing so for the reward that it will lead to) is called __________________. a) the need for affiliation b) intrinsic motivation c) extrinsic motivation d) mastery 4 21) Professor Rodriguez is interested in studying the development of motor skills in young children. She collects data from a group of one-year-olds, a group of two- year-olds, and a group of three-year olds, and does so across multiple time points. She compares motor skills across groups and within individuals to make inferences about motor skill development. What type of research design is Professor Rodriguez using? a) cross-sequential design b) longitudinal design c) behavior genetics design d) cross-sectional design 22) The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact is called: a) Recall b) Recognition c) State-dependent learning d) Recency effect 23) In monozygotic twins: a) One egg was fertilized by one sperm cell. b) Two eggs were fertilized by one sperm cell. c) One egg was fertilized by two sperm cells. d) Two eggs were fertilized by two sperm cells. 24) Alan always turns the aquarium light on before sprinkling fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top for the food as soon as he turns on the aquarium light, even before he sprinkles the fish food. In this example, the ________________ is the conditioned stimulus. a) hunger of the fish b) fish swimming to the top c) aquarium light d) fish food 25) A loose screw on the visor causes it to repeatedly drop down while Ben drives. He keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime and uses it to tighten the screw holding the visor. Ben’s use of the dime indicates: a) confirmation bias b) mental set c) divergent thinking d) functional fixedness 5 26) Wrinkles always hated the elf hat that Professor Calabrese bought her one year for a holiday photo shoot. It made her fur itch and felt uncomfortable around her chin. One day while Professor Calabrese was gone, Wrinkles decided it would be fun to tear all the toilet paper off the roll in the bathroom and throw it around Professor Calabrese’s apartment. When Professor Calabrese came home to discover the mess, she forced Wrinkles to wear the elf hat for 2 minutes. Professor Calabrese’s response to Wrinkles’ toilet paper antics would be considered: a) Positive reinforcement b) Negative reinforcement c) Positive punishment (punishment by application) d) Negative punishment (punishment by removal) (Sniffle… that was your last Wrinkles story.) 27) When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called ________________. a) retrieval b) encoding c) storage d) evaluation 28) Which of the following is the term used to describe annoying day-to-day stressors such as losing one’s keys or getting stuck in traffic? a) major life events b) catastrophes c) hassles d) eustress 29)Roger is insecure and terrified of abandonment. His relationships tend to be intense and unstable. He is moody and can be quick to anger. He sometimes cuts himself and engages in other self-destructive behavior. Which of the following disorders does Roger most likely have? a) Borderline personality disorder b) Antisocial personality disorder c) Avoidant personality disorder d) Schizotypal personality disorder 30)Which historical figure is associated with the psychological perspective that focused on the importance of consciousness to everyday life, including how the mind allows the body to adapt, live, work, and play? a) William James b) Ivan Pavlov c) Max Wertheimer d) Martin Seligman 6 31)A male who is born with an extra X chromosome (sex chromosomes XXY) would most likely be diagnosed with: a) Kleinfelter Syndrome b) Turner Syndrome c) Down Syndrome d) None of the above 32)Recurrent, intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing up against a non- consenting person is a symptom of: a) Frotteuristic Disorder b) Exhibitionistic Disorder c) Pedophilic Disorder d) Voyeuristic Disorder 33)The internal feeling or belief that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological wellbeing is called: a) Tolerance b) Psychological dependence c) Withdrawal d) Substance use disorder 34)According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, which of the following is true? a) The type of love experienced may vary as a given relationship progresses b) Emphasis on the three dimensions of love may vary by type of relationship (e.g., family member vs. lover) c) The fullest type of love a couple can achieve, which includes passion, intimacy, and commitment, is called consummate love d) All of the above 35) The __________ is responsible for fear responses and memory of fear. a) hypothalamus b) medulla c) amygdala d) reticular formation 36) The psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need is called __________. a) frustration b) aggression c) transcendence d) negative reinforcement 7 37) Professor Calabrese’s colleague, Professor Johnson, asks Professor Calabrese whether she will guest lecture about HIV prevention in his Sexuality and Gender class. After Professor Calabrese agrees, Professor Johnson tells her that the “guest lecturing” she committed to means not only presenting to the class during one class period, but presenting over multiple class periods, developing a corresponding homework assignment, and writing the HIV-related exam questions for his class. In this example, Professor Johnson used the __________ technique to gain compliance from Professor Calabrese. a) foot-in-the-door b) that’s-not-all c) lowball d) door-in-the-face 38) According to Bill's psychoanalyst, he became fixated in the anal stage of his psychosexual development, which accounts for Bill's fussy, neat, stingy, and stubborn tendencies. Which of the following would be Freud's term for Bill's personality? a) parsimonious b) serendipitous c) anal retentive d) anal expulsive 39) Tyler and his 3 friends find themselves lost in the woods when hiking one day. Tyler’s friends all say that they need to go left to get back on the trail. Tyler is pretty confident that they actually need to go right; however, instead of disagreeing with the rest of the group, he agrees to go left. Tyler’s behavior is an example of _______. a) Obedience b) Submission c) Conformity d) Compliance 40) Cultural relativity can be defined as: a) a cluster of co-occurring symptoms found in a specific cultural group or context b) the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place c) the occurrence of similar disorders across cultures d) the genetic aspect of psychological disorders 41) Dr. Shedrika uses a form of therapy that emphasizes revealing his clients’ unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires, which he believes are the cause of his clients’ disordered emotions and behavior. This therapist is most likely using ________. a) behavioral therapy b) psychoanalysis c) rational emotive behavior therapy d) exposure therapy 8 42) Imagine that Sigmund Freud goes to Carl Rogers for therapy. Freud’s major complaint is depression due to the negative response that his theories have gotten from many modern-day psychologists. What is Rogers most likely to say during their session? a) “You seem troubled by other psychologists’ reactions to your work.” b) “Let’s focus on your relationship with your father.” c) “Why do you think that everyone must appreciate your work?” d) “Let’s pretend that one of your critics is sitting there, in that chair in the corner. Tell him you are upset!” 43) The defense mechanism that involves pushing painful memories into the unconscious mind is called _________. a) displacement b) repression c) denial d) regression 44) What is the 2nd step in Lazarus’ 2-step appraisal process? a) Assessing how threatening an event or potential stressor is to one’s wellbeing b) Evaluating whether one has the resources to deal with the event/potential stressor c) Using one’s resources to address the event/potential stressor d) Reflecting on one’s success or failure after the event/potential stressor has been dealt with 45) According to Carl Rogers, in which of the following circumstances is a person likely to experience a sense of discontentment and engage in neurotic behavior? a) When she receives love on a conditional basis b) When she has low motivation to self-actualize c) When her real self matches her ideal self d) When her real self differs significantly from her ideal self 9  Section 2: True or False (1 POINT EACH) On the scoring form: A=True and B=False 46) The rhythm and emphasis used in speaking is called intonation. A/True 47) Latent content refers to the true, underlying or symbolic meaning of events occurring in a dream rather than the actual events themselves. A/True 48) Self-efficacy refers to the ability of a person to give unconditional positive regard. B/False 49) Incentives are things that attract or lure people to action. A/True 50) Men who have sex with men (MSM) have higher rates of HIV as compared to heterosexual men. A/True 51) Antidepressant medication would be an example of a biomedical therapy. A/True 52) Type B personality is characterized by competitiveness, high ambition, hostility, and irritability. B/False 53) Cognitive therapy focuses on identifying, challenging, and changing maladaptive thinking patterns. A/True 54) Hallucinations refer to fixed beliefs that are unchanging in the face of contradictory evidence. B/False 55) A drug that binds to a receptor site on a post-synaptic neuron, blocking neurotransmitters that would normally bind, is called an agonist. B/False 56) Methamphetamine (meth) is a depressant that leads to feelings of calm and relaxation. B/False 57) The levels-of-processing model is a model of memory organization according to which information is stored in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other. B/False 58) Rods are responsible for color vision. B/False 59) During a clinical trial in which a new medication is being studied to treat insomnia, there are two groups: Group A is receiving the new medication, whereas Group B is receiving a sugar pill that resembles the new medication instead of the actual medication. Participants in both groups are blind to which type of pill they are receiving. If Group B starts showing improvement during the course of the trial (the severity of their insomnia decreases), this would be an example of the placebo effect. A/True 60) According to Spearman, intelligence can be conceptualized as 2 factors: the G factor (general intelligence) and the S factor (specific intelligence). A/True 61) Attributing external events to oneself without evidence supporting a causal connection is a cognitive distortion known as magnification. B/False 62) Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory proposed 3 types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and spatial. B/False 10 63) The serial position effect refers to the tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information, such as a list, to be remembered better than information in the middle of that body of information. A/True 64) The Yerkes-Dodson law states that performance improves whenever arousal increases. B/False 65) Centration is the tendency to focus only on one feature of an object rather than taking all features into consideration. A/True 66) Observer effect refers to the tendency of people and animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed. A/True 67) Axons are branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons. B/False 68) Refer to the following diagram: The perception that the gray circle is in front of the white circle and closer to you (the viewer) is due to linear perspective. B/False 69) Night terrors are experienced during REM sleep. B/False 70) The correct order of the steps of the scientific approach are: (1) Develop the research question, (2) Form a hypothesis, (3) Test the hypothesis, (4) Draw conclusions, (5) Report your findings. A/True 71) The smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time is called the absolute threshold. B/False 72) The parasympathetic nervous system is a division of the autonomic nervous system that maintains body functions under ordinary conditions. A/True 73) A woman with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is likely to have difficulty relaxing and be reluctant to work with others unless they do things her way. A/True 74) Auditory sensory memory is called echoic memory. A/True 75) The sensory system that is most developed at birth is vision. B/False 76) In diagnosing schizophrenia, all of the following would be considered negative symptoms: anhedonia, hallucinations, and decreased self-initiated activity. B/False 77) Instinctive drift has to do with an innate (inborn or biological) resistance to learning certain types of voluntary behaviors, whereas biological preparedness has to do with an innate ability to learn certain associations more quickly. A/True 78) A hypomanic episode is likely to impair functioning to a greater extent than a manic episode. B/False 11 79) A phobia is a rational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity. B/False 80) Genes are located on rod-shaped structures called chromosomes. A/True ______________________________________________________________________ Bonus Questions (1 POINT EACH) On the scoring form: A=True and B=False 81) True or False: Key features of histrionic personality disorder include being theatrical in one’s display of emotions, preoccupied with physical appearance, inappropriately seductive, and frustrated when one is not the center of attention..A/True 82) True or False: Convergence is the binocular cue for perceiving depth that is based on the discrepancy in the image of an object seen by the left vs. right eye.. B/False Congrats on finishing General Psychology! I will email you when final exam grades and final course grades have been posted to Blackboard. Thanks for a great semester and enjoy your winter break!! ☺ 12